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difficulties, and sometimes denied altogether, because the persons who trusted her on her husband's account must do so at their peril, they being subject to the burden of showing a case where the law gave her the credit of her husband for necessaries suitable to her situation and his condition in life.

Notwithstanding the common law imposed the duty upon the husband to provide the wife with necessaries suitable to their condition in life, and the obstacles which, from special circumstances, sometimes lay in the way of its enforcement, still, courts of equity, though recognizing the common law duty, almost universally refused to take jurisdiction and enforce specific performance of it, but left the wife to her common law remedy. Story says: "Although it is clearly the duty of the husband to provide a suitable maintenance for his wife if it is within his power, yet, according to the course of the English authorities, it seems not to be an obligation or duty of which courts of equity will decree specific performance, by directing, in such a case, a separate maintenance. The proper remedy is by an action in a court of common law, to be brought against the husband, by any person who shall, under such circumstances, supply the wife with necessaries according to her rank and condition." 2 Story's Eq. Jur. sec. 1422.

Now, it was the inadequacy of the common law remedy, and the refusal of courts of equity to take jurisdiction for the enforcement of the husband's duty to furnish support and maintenance for his wife, that induced the legislature to pass the act of 1867, providing that married women who, without their fault, are living separate and apart from their husbands, may have their remedy in equity, in their own respective names, against their respective husbands, for a reasonable support and maintenance, to be allowed with reference to the condition of the parties in life and the circumstances of the respective cases.

In construing this act, the court must have regard to the common law duty or obligation of the husband to support

Opinion of the Court.

and maintain his wife, the remedy afforded by that law, its defects and inadequacy under many circumstances, and the remedy proposed by the statute, and it is the duty of the court to so construe the act as to suppress the mischief and advance the remedy. The object of the statute is apparent on its face. It is to confer jurisdiction upon the court of equity to enforce the common law duty of the husband to furnish support and maintenance for the wife suitable to the condition of the parties in life, upon her application, in all cases where she is living separate and apart from him without her fault, or, in other words, under such circumstances as would enable her to avail herself of the common law remedy of obtaining such support upon the credit of her husband.

The bill in this case was filed under that statute by appellee, while living separate and apart from her husband, and the only question presented is, whether she was so living separate and apart from him under such circumstances as would clothe her with the right at common law to obtain support and maintenance upon his credit. To be so, it must be without her fault. If she left his house to live apart from him, either in consequence of improper treatment, or he assented to or acquiesced in her leaving, he is liable for her necessary support, and to that extent she had credit on his account in the community, as was laid down by this court in Evans.v. Fisher, above cited.

The testimony shows that these parties were married in the State of New York, in 1841, and in 1844 they came west and settled on a farm in Kane county, in this State. Appellant had only between $500 and $600 when they came. Appellee had a moderate out-fit, and from her father some $400, which appellant had, out of which was forty acres of the land now composing his farm of 210 acres, which her father purchased, paid for and deeded to appellant as a gratuity. They raised three children, two sons and a daughter; and appellant says of her, "she was a first class housekeeper; it was hard to find her equal; she did more than she ought, in

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her early days; she has been in poor health for twenty years." And again he says: "She was a frugal and careful wife, and was particular not to get in debt." But after her health became broken down, and some fourteen or fifteen years before the hearing of this cause, he began a systematic course of ill treatment, which has continued at short intervals, and becoming gradually aggravated, down to the time when she left him, in June, 1872. He began and continued with increased bitterness, with false and unjust accusations of want of chastity. These were made in the presence of, and to their own children, to hired men, in the presence of hired girls and women, and to particular friends. After he had thus done what he could to blast her reputation and crush her spirits, he suspended her control in the household and substituted another woman in her place, against appellee's wishes and protest. On one occasion, while that woman was in control, appellant ordered appellee, with violent and insulting language, into her own room, for attempting to interfere in the household affairs, and she testifies that at the same time. he had the shovel in his hand, and flourished it in a threatening manner towards her. He admits having the shovel in his hand and ordering her to her room, but says he had previously laid the shovel down. On another occasion, this new housekeeper violently threw the fire-shovel at appellee, but missed her, and on complaining of it to her husband, he again ordered her to her room.

Appellant's conduct towards appellee had a direct tendency to drive her from the house, and it is a fair inference, from all the evidence, that he so intended it; for, but a short time before she left, he declared to her that she was a lewd woman -did not care for him; and, therefore, he did not care how soon she left the house, and ran with other men. And again: one of appellant's own witnesses testified that, shortly before she left, she told him she would leave the next day unless he fixed things differently; that she had always taken care of his shirts and collars, until he would not let her any longer.

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Then he replied, "that she could do that for somebody she liked better." What was this but a suggestion to leave? She left the 4th of June, 1872. On the 10th of September next following, he wrote and sent to her the following letter, which embodies the same spirit which he had manifested towards her for the previous fourteen years, as shown by the evidence: "ELGIN, September 10, 1872.

"SUSAN ROSS: Plain facts are what we need; therefore, remember what your name was registered at Beloit four years ago this fall. It was not Mrs. Ross; it was Mr. Long and lady. Who did you see there that you knew? I was told to go to Beloit, to a certain hotel by the name of the Salisbury House, and see if your wife's name is on the register at that house. There is where she staid over night. All names that stay there over night are registered. I went there last winter. I found these facts. Honesty is the best policy. I am getting along well. I have a good cook, and have plenty to eat. I do not have to set a plate, teacup and saucer on your and Joe's table, and be sneered at and hounded like some old dog, as I was last spring. You will hear the sound of Beloit some other time. I wish you a good time and plenty of fun. I have no doubt you had plenty of fun at Darien this summer. Go it while your young; when you get old you can't. "Yours,

"THOS. ROSs."

He had repeatedly made this charge against her before she left, and, according to the evidence, a more base and cruel calumny of a woman's honor was never uttered. This letter, besides showing by what means he had persecuted appellee out of her home, shows appellant's acquiescence in her living apart from him, and brings the case fairly within the common law rule of making him liable for her necessary support. It is therefore within the statute, and, as there is no complaint relative to the amount appellant was required to pay, we are of opinion that the decree of the circuit court should be affirmed. Decree affirmed.

1. AGENCY-ratification inferred from circumstances. Where an agent 208 4140 exceeds his authority, there need not be an express ratification to bind the principal, but a subsequent assent may be inferred from circumstances, which the law considers equivalent to an express ratification.

2. Thus, where a party directed a commission merchant to sell a lot of wheat for him at not less than $1.05 per bushel, with the privilege to the seller to deliver the same at his option, at any time during the current year, and the merchant sold the same at $1.02 per bushel, and immediately notified the principal, who made no reply, and expressed no intention to disaffirm the sale until about a month afterwards, when wheat had advanced considerably: Held, that a ratification of the sale was properly inferred from the circumstances.

3. SAME-liability of principal to agent. Where a commission merchant, by direction of his principal, sold for the latter 5000 bushels of wheat, to be delivered at any time during the current year, at the seller's option, and after an advance in the price the principal refused to stand to the contract, and the merchant settled with the buyer by paying him the difference between the contract price and the market value, the principal being unknown to the purchaser: Held, that the principal was liable to his agent for the sum so paid by him, and also for his commissions.

4. PLEADING AND EVIDENCE-allegation as to time not necessary to be proved as laid. Where a party selling grain for another, who refuses to deliver, settles with the purchaser, paying him the difference between the contract and market prices, alleged in his declaration, in a suit against the principal, that he was compelled to and did pay such difference on a certain day: Held, that the allegation was not material as to time, and therefore not necessary to be proved as laid.

APPEAL from the Circuit Court of Livingston county; the Hon. CHARLES H. WOOD, Judge, presiding.

This was an action of assumpsit, by Josiah R. Butler and Windsor P. Freeman, partners, against Aaron B. Searing and Joseph R. Searing, partners. The declaration contained three special and the common counts.