CAPPADOCIA; a country having the Euxine sea on the north, Armenia the Greater on the south, Galatia and Pamphylia on the west, and Cilicia on the east. Probably this country was peopled by the descendants of Togarmah. It was famous for horses and flocks; and traded with the Tyrians in horses and mules, Ezek. xxvii. 14. It is like, Cappadocia was a province of the kingdon of Lydia. According to Herodotus, it next passed to the Medes, and then to the Persians, whose worship tle inhabitants embraced, and afterwards added to it part of the idolatry of the Greeks. How some ancient authors came to call them [Leucosyri,] r White Syrians, I know not. The Cappadocians had kings of their own, from the time of Cyrus, to a little ifter the birth of our Saviour, when the

seventy Interpreters, and Apocryphal writers, alway represent the Philistines as come from another place. It is certain, the Cherethites, or Crethim, were a tribe of the Philistines, || if it was not once the proper name of the whole nation, Ezek. xxv. 16. Zeph. ii. 5. 1 Sam. xxx. 14. And, who sees not, that Crethim is the very same with Cretes or Cretians, one of the most ancient nations in the isles of the Mediterranean sea? Crete was very anciently stocked, if not overstocked, with inhabitants; and had an hundred cities, as early as the Trojan war, which could not be later than the days of Jehoshaphat, if it was not near 300 years sooner. The language, manners, arms, and idols of the ancient Cretians were the same as those of the Philistines. Gaza, a chief city of the Philistines, was called Minoa, after Minos, a celebrat-country was reduced to a Roman pped king of Crete. The whole of this reasoning, however, can only convince me, that the Cretians and Philistines sprung from the same root, and maintained an intercourse with one another. And it appears more reasonable to believe the Cretians a colony of the Philistines, than to believe that the offspring of Mizraim, without any reason, left Egypt, and sailed into Crete, and so stocked that island, that in, or before, the days of Abraham, they behoved to send back their supernumeraries to Canaan.

vince. From the Roman emperors of the east, it passed unto the Turls. While Heathenism prevailed, the Cappadocians were famous for their wickedness, chiefly their lewdness; but Christianity was early planted among them, perhaps by means of some who were converted by Peter's sermon at Pentecost, Acts ii. 9. Feter wrote his first epistle partly to the Christian Jews of this place, 1 Pet. i. 1. Christianity flourished corsiderably here, and a number of famous bishops laboured in the work The Jewish writers interpret Caph-of the Lord. We can trace the histor of Caphutkia, by which they un- tory of Christianity in this country derstand a part of Lower Egypt, till the 9th century; nor is it yet alchiefly Damietta, or Damiata, be-together abolished. tween the streams of the Nile. This CAPTAIN; an officer of a troop opinion is every way probable. Here or army, Deut. i. 15. A king, prince, is Caphor, properly enough called or head of a family or tribe, is called an island here is a place where one a captain. In due order, his inferiors might expect to find the Caphtorim, are marshalled under him, and may descended from MIZRAIM: here was be led forth to war by him, 1 Sam. the city Coptus, probably enough ix. 19. Numb. ii. 3. Christ is the framed from Caphtor, the son of Cas- Captain of our salvation. To purJuhim, and father of the Caphtorim, chase our salvation, with what wiswhich were either the same as, or dom and courage, he attacked and the brethren of, the Philistines, Gen.conquered sin, Satan, and the world! x. 14. Amos ix. 7. Jer. xlvii. 4.

How graciously he subdues our heart

to himself, leads us to glory through much opposition, and directs and enales us to vanquish our spiritual fees! Heb. ii. 10; and he was the Captain of the Lord's host of Israel,|| who directed, encouraged and protected them in their war with the Canaanites, &c. Josh. v. 14. The Chaldean captains opened their mouths in the slaughter, when they gave orcers for their murderous attacks; or the word may denote the destructive tattering-rams, Ezek. xxi. 22. The Antichristian captains, are their chief nilers in church or state, who comnand, direct, or excite others to oppose the Redeemer, Rev. xix. 18.

|| They themselves pretend to be the remains of the ten tribes led captive by Shalmaneser. Wolfius, from the Memoirs of Mardacheus, a Carite, refers their origin to a massacre among the Jewish doctors, under Alexander Jannæus, their king, about 100 years before Christ. Wolfius reckons not only the Sadducees, but also the Scribes, in the number of the Caraites. The works of the Caraites coming into the hands of only a few, they are but little known, even among the greatest Hebraists: Buxtorf never saw more than one; Seldon two; but Mr. Trigland says he has recovered enough to speak of them with. CAPTIVE; one taken prisoner assurance: He asserts, that soon afh war. There is a threefold capti- ter the prophets had ceased, the Jews vity (1) Natural, when men are became divided on the subject of works apprehended by the enemy, and are and supererogation: some maintaincarried out of their own land, and ing their necessity from tradition; held in slavery, Deut. xxviii. 27, 48. whilst others keeping close to the (2.) Evangelic, when one is appre-written law, set them aside; and it lended and drawn by Christ's alnighty love, and hath his whole heart and affections subdued to the obedience of faith, 2 Cor. x. 5. (3.) Sinful, when one is carried away, and oppressed or enslaved under the power of Satan, and his own inward corruption, Rom. vii. 23. 2 Tim. ii. 26. Captivity also signifies a multi-lowers of the Rabbins. tude of captives, who had made otlers captive. Jesus leads captivity captive, when he makes devils and wicked men serve as his slaves in promoting his work; and when he apprehends and subdues his people by the word of his grace; and places them in their new-covenant state, Psil. Ixviii. 18. Barak led captivity captive, when he took prisoners the Canaanites, who just before had terribly enslaved Israel, Judg. v. 12. The various turns of servitude and captivity that happened to the Hebrews will be seen under the articles ISRAEL and JUDAH.

CARAITES, in the ecclesiastical history of the Jews. There is much dispute among the learned, who were the Caraites, and whence their origin.

was from these last that Caraitism commenced.

The modern Caraites, Leo of Modena observes, have their synagogues and ceremonies; they pretend to be the sole proper Jews, or observers of the laws of Moses; calling the rest by the name of Rabbanim, or fol

Peringer observes of the Caraites in Lithuania, that their mother tongue is the Turkish, which they use in their schools and synagogues; that in visage they resemble the Mahometan Tartars. Their synagogues are placed north and south; and their reason for it is because Shalmaneser brought them northward: so that in praying, to look to Jerusalem, they must turn to the south. He adds that they admit all the books of the Old Testament, contrary to the opinion of many of the learned, who hold that they reject all but the Pentateuch. Ency.

CARBUNCLE; a very elegant jewel, of a deep red, mingled with scarlet, second in value to the diamond, and of equal hardness with the sapphire. It is generally of an angu,

selves, whether in cities or fields, thither should the eagle-bannered and ravaging Roman armies come, and find them out, Matth. xxiv. 28. Luke xvii. 37. Job xxxix. 30.

lar form, about a quarter of an inch || soever the carcase is, thither shall the
in length, and a sixth part of one in eagles be gathered together. Some
breadth. But the king of Ceylon in || have interpreted these words, Where-
the East Indies, where the finest car- soever a crucified Redeemer is preach-
buncles are found, hath one about foured, thither shall hungry sinners, and
inches broad, and three thick, of the affectionate saints, gather to him.-
brightness of fire. Carbuncles bear But the context shews, that the real
the fire, without the least alteration; meaning is, That wheresoever the
but when they are held up against corrupt Jews, who had lost the true
the sun, they lose their beautiful || religion and zeal for God, and wal-
tinge, and become like a burning lowed in the most abominable wick-
charcoal. They are very rare, foundedness, should hide or secure them-
only in the East Indies, that I know
of; but it seems the Tyrian king had
his robes set thick with these spark-
ling stones of fire, Ezek. xxviii. 13.
The carbuncle in the high-priest's
breastplate, might figure out the CARCHEMISH; a city on the
saints, as having their faith tried in bank of the Euphrates, and probably
the furnace of affliction; and having the same with Circesium, on the east
their hearts flaming with love and side of that river. About the down-
holy zeal for the honour of God, fall of the Assyrian empire, the E-
Exodus xxviii. 17. The carbuncle || gyptians seized on it; but Nebuchad
gates of the church, may denote Jesus nezzar, after giving Pharaoh-necho a
in his flaming love, and fiery suffer- terrible defeat hard by it, took it, and
ing, as the means of our access to cut the garrison to pieces, Isa. x. 9.
God; or holy, compassionate, and 2 Chron. xxxv. 20. Jer. xlvi. 1—12.
zealous ministers, who, with due tri- CARE; thought and concern a-
al, admit persons into the visible bout a thing. God's providence to-
church; or that bright and burning wards his creatures, especially his
love which flows from that faith by people, is called his care for them.
which we enter into our new-cove-He considers their case, preserves
nant state, Isa. liv. 12.

their existence and powers, governs their acts, and promotes their welfare, Matth. vi. 26, 30. 1. Cor. ix. 9.

CARCASE; the dead body of a man or beast, Numb. xiv. 25. Idols are called carcases, because lifeless Pet. v. 7. Mens care is either, and abominable, Jer. xvi. 18. The (1.) Lawful, consisting in a serious carcases of Jewish kings, that defiled thought, and earnest endeavour to God's house, are either the idolatrous please God, embracing his Son, oimages of their kings, or human bo-beying his law, turning from sin; dies sacrificed to Moloch, Ezek. xliii. and to promote cur neighbour's tem7, 9. Christ's witnesses are like un- poral or spiritual advantage; and in buried carcases, when they are in a a moderate endeavour to gain a comvery weak and languishing condition, petent portion of the good things of inhumanly used by the Papists, and this life, 2 Cor. vii. 11, 12. Phil. ii. yet not permitted by Providence to be 20. 1 Pet. v. 7. (2.) Sinful, in enutterly undone, Rev. xi. 8, 9. The deavouring to fulfil sinful lusts or carcases of transgressors, whose worm pleasures; and in immoderate condieth not, and their fire is not quench-cern and endeavour to obtain carnal ed, are the Jews and Antichristians advantages; such care is forbidden, fearfully distressed by divine judg- Matth. vi. 34, and Phil. iv. 6. The ments, and the damned for ever tor- cares of this world, that choke the mented in hell, Isa. Ixvi. 24. Where-word of God, and render it unfruit

ful, are immoderate and anxious con- || like Carmel; Jesus their head of gocem for earthly enjoyments, which vernment and influence is infinitely prevents the word from having a pro- high, glorious, and fruitful: hope, per effect on our heart, Matth. xiii. their top grace, enters within the vail, 22. To eat bread with care or careful- has a wide prospect, and is extremely ness, is to do it under pinching straits, delightful, and fruitful in good works, and under apprehensions of terrible Song vii. 5. But the word may be judgments, Ezek. iv. 16. and xii. rendered crimson. 18, 19. We are not careful to answer thee in this matter; we need give no answer in words, being ready to manifest our fixed resolution by the enduring of suffering, Dan. iii. 16.

CARNAL; fleshly, sensual, sinful. Worldly enjoyments are carnal ; they but please and support the body, Rom. xv. 27. 1 Cor. ix. 11. Ministers' weapons are not carnal, are not merely human and natural, 2 Cor. x. 4. The ceremonial ordinances were carnal; they related immediately to the bo1ies of men and beasts, Heb. vii. 16. and ix. 10. Wicked men are carnal, and and carnally minded; are under the dominion of their sinful lusts, and habitually think of, desire after, and delight in, sinful and fleshly pleasures and enjoyments, Rom. viii. 6, 7.— Saints, especially if weak, are carnal ; much sin continues in, and prevails over them; and their care for, and delight in, worldly things is great, Rom. vii. 14. 1 Cor. xiii. 1-4.

CARMEL. (1.) A city, situate in a mountain of the same name, in the south part of the inheritance of Judah, about ten miles south-east of Hebron. Here Saul erected a triumphal monument, as he returned from the slaughter of the Amalekites. Here Nabal the Carmelite dwelt; and here, it is said, the Romans, many ages after, had a garrison, 1 Sam. xv. 12. and xxv. 2. (2.) A pleasant hill on the coast of the Mediterranean sea, about 16 miles north-west from Jezreel, in the border between Issachar and Manasseh. It abounded with vines and|| olives, and at the west foot of it, was a fishing of the Carmel or purple fish. Here Elijah offered his famed sacrifice, and was answered by fire from heaven, and ordered the 450 prophets of Baal to be slain, 1 Kings xviii. 19|| -40. Here the Heathens, in after CARPENTER;. a wright, [or arages, revered a noted deity, without tificer in wood,] 2 Kings xii. 11. Reimage or temple, but merely an altar. forming magistrates and ministers, To this deity the Roman emperor like carpenters, rectify the frame of Vespasian sacrificed; and consulted church and state, and duly join and it, whether he should obtain the em-polish the various members thereof. pire. About A. D. 1180, an order of Zerubbabel, Joshua, Ezra, Nehemiah, Carmelite friars were appointed, who or Mattathias, with his sons Judas, erected a monastry here, and pretend Jonathan, and Simeon, were the four to be the successors of the children carpenters that frayed away the four of the prophets left here by Elijah.-horns, the harassing Samaritans, AraAny fertile place is called Carmel or bians, Philistines, and Syrians, Zech. Sharon, Isa. xxix. 17. and xxxii. 15. i. 20.* and xxxiii. 9.* The saints' head is

In the two former of these places Carmel is, in our translation, rendered a fruitfil field.

CARNEDDE, in British antiquity, denotes heaps of stones supposed to be druidical remains, and thrown together on occasion of confirming and commemorating a covenant, Gen. xxxi. 46. Ency.

The four horns, according to Vitringa, were the Babylonians or Chaldeans, the Persians or Medes in respect of their satraps or governors, who oppressed the Jews, Darius Codomannus, and the Syro