Elements of Mental Philosophy: Abridged and Designed as a Text-book for Academies and High Schools

Harper, 1843 - 480 pages

Selected pages

THE INTELLECT OR UNDERSTANDING INTELLECTIVE OR INTELLECTUAL STATES OF THE MIND PART I	15

CHAPTER I	17

Of the connexion of the mind with the material world	18

Our first knowledge in general of a material or external origin 5 Shown further from what we notice in children Page	19

Further proof of the beginnings of knowledge from external causes	21

The same subject further illustrated	22

Illustration from the case of James Mitchell	23

CHAPTER II	24

CHAPTER XIV	231

Of excited conceptions and of apparitions in general 218 Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sight	232

Of the less permament excited conceptions of sound 220 First cause of permanently vivid conceptions or apparitions Morbid sensibility of the retina ...	235

Second cause of permanently excited conceptions or apparitions Neglect of periodical bloodletting	237

Methods of relief adopted in this case	239

Third cause of excited conceptions Attacks of fever	240

Fourth cause of apparitions and other excited conceptions In flammation of the brain Page	241

Fifth cause of apparitions Hysteria	243

All sensation is properly and truly in the mind 11 Sensations are not images or resemblances of objects	25

The connexion between the mental and physical change not ca pable of explanation	26

Of the meaning and nature of perception 14 Perception makes us acquainted with a material world	27

Of the primary and secondary qualities of matter	28

Of the secondary qualities of matter	29

CHAPTER III	30

Connexion of the brain with sensation and perception	31

Order in which the senses are to be considered 20 Of the sense and sensations of smell	32

Of perceptions of smell in distinction from sensations	33

Of the sense and the sensations of taste	34

CHAPTER IV	35

Varieties of the sensation of sound	36

Manner in which we learn the place of sounds	37

Page	38

ib	40

Of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch	44

Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signified	45

ib	46

Statement of the mode or process in visual perception	47

Of the original and acquired perceptions of sight	48

The idea of extension not originally from sight	49

Of the knowledge of the figure of bodies by the sight	50

Illustration of the subject from the blind	51

Measurements of magnitude by the	52

Of objects seen in a mist 41 Of the sun and moon when seen in the horizon	53

Of the estimation of distances by sight	54

Signs by means of which we estimate distance by sight	55

Estimation of distance when unaided by intermediate objects	56

Of objects seen on the ocean	57

CHAPTER VII	58

ib	62

Application of habit to the touch	64

Other striking instances of habits of touch	65

Habits considered in relation to the sight	66

Sensations may possess a relative as well as positive increase of power	68

Of habits as modified by particular callings and arts	69

The law of habit considered in reference to the perception of the outlines and forms of objects 69	70

Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine	71

Additional illustrations of Mr Stewarts doctrine	72

CHAPTER VIII	73

Of conceptions of objects of sight	74

Of the influence of habit on our conceptions	76

Influence of habit on conceptions of sight 63 Of the subserviency of our conceptions to description	77

Of conceptions attended with a momentary belief	78

Conceptions which are joined with perceptions	81

Conceptions as connected with fictitious representations	82

CHAPTER IX	83

Simple mental states not susceptible of definition 83 ib	84

Simple mental states representative of a reality	85

Origin of complex notions and their relation to simple	86

Supposed complexness without the antecedence of simple feelings	87

73	88

74	89

Complex notions of external origin	90

76	91

77	92

78	93

Mental process in separating and abstracting them	94

General abstract notions the same with genera and species	95

81	96

Early classifications sometimes incorrect 83 Illustrations of our earliest classifications	97

Of the nature of general abstract ideas 92	98

The power of general abstraction in connexion with numbers c	99

Of the speculations of philosophers and others	100

CHAPTER XI	101

Of different degrees of attention	102

Dependence of memory on attention	103

Of exercising attention in reading	104

Alleged inability to command the attention	105

Instances of notions which have an internal origin	106

CHAPTER XII	107

Dreams are often caused by our sensations	108

Ideas of existence mind selfexistence and personal identity	109

Explanation of the incoherency of dreams 1st cause 97 Second cause of the incoherency of dreams	110

Apparent reality of dreams 1st cause	111

Apparent reality of dreams 2d cause	112

Of our estimate of time in dreaming	113

Explanation of the preceding statements	114

The idea of space not of external origin	115

The idea of space has its origin in suggestion	116

PART II	117

Occasions of the origin of the idea of power	118

CHAPTER I	119

Declaration of Locke that the soul has knowledge in itself ib 100 101 102 103 104	120

105	121

107	122

108	123

110	126

111	127

113	128

114	129

135	135

Consciousness the 2d source of internal knowledge its nature	136

Further remarks on the proper objects of consciousness	137

Consciousnes a ground or law of belief 126 Instances of knowledge developed in consciousness	138

CHAPTER IV	140

Occasions on which feelings of relation may arise	141

Of the use of correlative terms 130 Of relations of identity and diversity	142

11 Relations of degree and names expressive of them	143

11 Of relations of proportion 137	144

IV Of relations of place or position	145

VII Of relations of cause and effect	148

Of complex terms involving the relation of cause and effect	149

Connexion of relative suggestion with reasoning 149	150

CHAPTER V	151

Of the general laws of association	152

Resemblance the first general law of association	153

Of resemblance in the effects produced	154

Contrast the second general or primary	155

Contiguity the third general or primary	157

Cause and effect the fourth primary	158

ASSOCIATION 11 SECONDARY LAWS Section Page 147 Secondary laws and their connexion with the primary	159

Of the influence of lapse of time	160

Secondary law of repetition or habit	161

Of the secondary law of coexistent emotion	162

Original difference in the mental constitution	163

The foregoing as applicable to the sensibilities	164

CHAPTER VII	166

Of memory as a ground or law of belief	167

Of differences in the strength of memory	168

Of circumstantial memory or that species of memory which is based on the relations of contiguity in time and place	169

Illustrations of specific or circumstantial memory	170

Of philosophic memory or that species of memory which is based on other relations than those of contiguity	171

Illustrations of philosophic memory	172

Of that species of memory called intentional recollection	173

Nature of intentional recollection	174

Marks of a good memory	175

Directions or rules for the improvement of the memory	177

Further directions for the improvement of the memory	179

Of observance of the truth in connexion with memory	180

CHAPTER VIII	181

Mental action quickened by influence on the physical system	183

Other instances of quickened mental action and of a restoration of thoughts	184

Approval and illustrations of these views from Coleridge	185

Use of definitions and axioms in demonstrative reasoning	186

Application of the principles of this chapter to education	187

Demonstrations do not admit of different degrees of belief	188

life	189

CHAPTER IX	190

Definition of reasoning and of propositions	191

Process of the mind in all cases of reasoning	192

Illustration of the preceding statement	193

Grounds of the selection of propositions	194

Reasoning implies the existence of antecedent or assumed propo sitions	195

Further considerations on this subject	196

Of differences in the power of reasoning	197

Of habits of reasoning	198

Of reasoning in connexion with language or expression	199

Illustration of the foregoing section	200

Page	201

Of being influenced in reasoning by a love of the truth	211

Care to be used in correctly stating the subject of discussion	212

Consider the kind of evidence applicable to the subject 199 Reject the aid of false arguments or sophisms 212 213	213

Fallacia equivocationis or the use of equivocal terms and phrases	215

Of the sophism of estimating actions and character from the cir cumstances of success merely	216

Of adherence to our opinions	217

Effects on the mind of debating for victory instead of truth 216 217	218

CHAPTER XIII	219

The imagination closely related to the reasoning power	220

Definition of the power of imagination 219 220	221

Illustration of the statements of the preceding section 214 On the utility of the faculty of the imagination 210 Grounds of the preference of one conce...	224

Illustration of the subject from Milton 224 225	225

Importance of the imagination in connexion with reasoning	229

DISORDERED INTELLECTUAL ACTION II INSANITY 227 Meaning of the term insanity	244

Of disordered or alienated sensations	245

Of disordered or alienated external perception	246

Disordered state or insanity of original suggestion	247

231	248

232	249

Disordered or alienated association Lightheadedness	250

235	251

Of the power of reasoning in the partially insane	253

Instance of the above form of insanity of reasoning	254

Partial mental alienation by means of the imagination	255

Insanity or alienation of the power of belief	256

DIVISION II	259

INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF THE SENSIBILITIES 240 Reference to the general division of the whole mind 244 245	261

Division of the sensibilities into natural or pathematic and moral	262

The moral and natural sensibilities have different objects	263

The moral sensibilities higher in rank than the natural 245 The moral sensibilities wanting in brutes	264

Classification of the natural sensibilities	265

Classification of the moral sensibilities	266

PART I	267

CHAPTER I	269

The place of emotions considered in reference to other mental acts	270

perceptions	271

Emotions characterized by rapidity and variety	272

EMOTIONS OF BEAUTY Section Pago 252 Characteristics of emotions of beauty	273

Of what is meant by beautiful objects	274

Of the distinction between beautiful and other objects	275

Grounds or occasions of emotions of beauty various	276

All objects not equally fitted to cause these emotions	277

A susceptibility of emotions of beauty an ultimate principle of our mental constitution	278

Remarks on the beauty of forms The circle	279

Original or intrinsic beauty The circle	280

Of square pyramidal and triangular forms	281

Of the original or intrinsic beauty of colours	283

Further illustrations of the original beauty of colours	284

Of sounds considered as a source of beauty	286

Illustrations of the original beauty of sounds	287

Further instances of the original beauty of sounds	290

Of motion as an element of beauty	291

Explanation of the beauty of motion from Kaimes	292

CHAPTER III	293

Objects may become beautiful by association merely	294

Further illustrations of associated feelings	295

Instances of national associations	297

The sources of associated beauty coincident with those of human happiness	298

Summary of views in regard to the beautiful	299

CHAPTER IV	300

The occasions of the emotions of sublimity various	301

Great extent or expansion an occasion of sublimity	302

Of depth in connexion with the sublime	303

Of colours in connexion with the sublime	304

Of motion in connexion with the sublime	305

Indications of power accompanied by emotions of the sublime 306	308

CHAPTER V	309

Occasions of emotions of the ludicrous	310

Of what understood by wit	311

Of wit when employed in aggrandizing objects	312

Of the character and occasions of humour	313

Of the practical utility of feelings of the ludicrous	314

Emotions of melancholy sorrow and grief	315

Emotions of surprise astonishment and wonder	316

Emotions of diffidence modesty and shame	317

CLASS II	318

THE DESIRES	319

CHAPTER I	321

Of the place of desires in relation to other mental states	322

The desires characterized by comparative fixedness and perma nency	323

Desires always imply an object desired	324

Of variations or degrees in the strength of the desires	325

Classification of this part of the sensibilities	326

The principles based upon desire susceptible of a twofold op eration	327

CHAPTER II	328

Instances of instincts in the human mind	330

Further instances of instincts in men	331

Of the final cause or use of instincts	332

CHAPTER III	333

Of the prevalence and origin of appetites for intoxicating drugs	334

Of the twofold operation and the morality of the appetites	335

CHAPTER IV	336

Principle of selfpreservation or the desire of continued existence	337

Of the twofold action of the principle of selfpreservation	338

Further illustrations of the principle of curiosity	339

Of the twofold operation and the morality of the principle of curi osity	340

Imitativeness or the propensity to imitation 341	341

Practical results of the principle of imitation	342

Section Page 328 Of the natural desire of esteem	344

Of the desire of esteem as a rule of conduct	345

Of the desire of possession	346

Of the moral character of the possessory principle	347

Of perversions of the possessory desire	348

Of the desire of power	349

Of the moral character of the desire of power	350

Propensity of selflove or the desire of happiness	351

Of selfishness as distinguished from selflove	352

Reference to the opinions of philosophical writers	353

The principle of sociality original in the human mind	354

Evidence of the existence of this principle of sociality	355

Other illustrations of the existence of this principle	356

Relation of the social principle to civil society	357

CHAPTER V	358

Of the complex nature of the affections	359

Of resentment or anger	360

Illustrations of instinctive resentment	361

Of voluntary in distinction from instinctive resentment	362

Tendency of anger to excess and the natural checks to it	363

Other reasons for checking and subduing the angry passions	365

Modifications of resentment Peevishness	366

Modifications of resentment Envy	367

Modifications of resentment Jealousy	368

Modifications of resentment Revenge	369

CHAPTER VI	371

Love in its various forms characterized by a twofold action	372

Illustrations of the strength of the parental affection	374

Of the filial affection	375

The filial affection original or implanted	376

Illustrations of the filial affection	377

Of the nature of the fraternal affection	379

On the utility of the domestic affections	380

Of the moral character of the domestic affections and of the be nevolent affections generally	381

Of the moral character of the voluntary exercises of the benevo lent affections	382

Of the connexion between benevolence and rectitude	383

Of humanity or the love of the human race	384

Further proofs in support of the doctrine of an innate humanity or love for the human race	386

Proofs of a humane or philanthropic principle from the existence of benevolent institutions	387

Other remarks in proof of the same doctrine	388

Of patriotism or love of country	389

Of the affection of friendship	390

Of the affection of pity or sympathy	391

Of the moral character of pity	392

Of the affection of gratitude	394

LOVE TO THE SUPREME BEING	395

Further illustrations of the results of the absence of this principle	401

Of the origin of secondary active principles	408

Classification of the moral sensibilities	414

Of the close connexion between conscience and reasoning	420

Further proof from language and literature	426

Feelings of obligation have particular reference to the future	430

Diversities in moral decisions dependent on differences in	436

CHAPTER V	442

THE SENSIBILITIES OR SENSITIVE NATURE	449

426	451

Section Page 428 Disordered action of the principle of selfpreservation	454

Disordered and alienated action of the possessory principle	455

Disordered action of imitativeness or the principle of imitation	456

Disordered action of the principle of sociality	457

Further remarks on the disordered action of the social propensity	458

Of the disordered action of the desire of esteem	459

Disordered action of the desire of power	460

CHAPTER II	461

Familiar instances of sympathetic imitation	462

Instances of sympathetic imitation at the poorhouse of Harlem	463

Other instances of this species of imitation	464

CHAPTER III	465

Of sudden and strong impulses of the mind	467

Insanity of the affections or passions	468

Of the mental disease termed hypochondriasis	469

Of intermissions of hypochondriasis and of its remedies	471

Disordered action of the passion of fear	473

CHAPTER IV	475

Of accountability in connexion with this form of disordered con science	476

Of natural or congenital moral derangement	477

Of moral accountability in cases of natural or congenital moral derangement	479

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Elements of Mental Philosophy: Abridged and Designed as a Text-book for ...
Thomas Cogswell Upham
Full view - 1860

Elements of Mental Philosophy: Abridged and Designed as a Text-book for ...
Thomas Cogswell Upham
Full view - 1857

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Thomas Cogswell Upham
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Common terms and phrases

abstract ideas acquired antecedent apparent magnitude appear apply ascribed asso attention belief blind body called cause circumstances colour combined complex notion conceptions connexion consciousness consequence consideration considered degree direct direct object distance distinct dreams effect emotions ence eral exercise existence experience expressed extempo external objects external origin fact give hearing Hence illustrated imagination instance intellectual internal James Mitchell jects Julius Cæsar knowledge Kubla Khan language Lavallette less means memory MENTAL PHILOSOPHY merely mind mon language moral nature ness notice occasion operations optic nerve outward papillæ particular perceived person possess present principle propositions Puiseaux qualities reasoning recollection reference relation relative suggestion remark remember respect result retina rience sensations and perceptions sensations exhibit sense of touch sensible separate smell sophism soul sound speak supposed susceptible taste term things thoughts and feelings tion truth tympanum visual perception volition whole words

Popular passages

Page 103 - The crow doth sing as sweetly as the lark, When neither is attended ; and, I think The nightingale, if she should sing by day, When every goose is cackling, would be thought No better a musician than the wren.

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Page 165 - Where the great Sun begins his state Robed in flames and amber light, The clouds in thousand liveries dight; While the ploughman, near at hand, Whistles o'er the furrowed land, And the milkmaid singeth blithe, And the mower whets his scythe, And every shepherd tells his tale Under the hawthorn in the dale.

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Page 120 - ... as we do from bodies affecting our senses. This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself; and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense.

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Page 412 - God, but the doers of the law shall be justified : for when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves : which shew the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the mean while accusing or else excusing one another ;) in the day when God shall judge the secrets of men by Jesus Christ according to my gospel.

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Page 388 - Lands intersected by a narrow frith Abhor each other. Mountains interposed Make enemies of nations, who had else Like kindred drops been mingled into one.

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Bibliographic information

Title	Elements of Mental Philosophy: Abridged and Designed as a Text-book for Academies and High Schools
Author	Thomas Cogswell Upham
Publisher	Harper, 1843
Original from	Harvard University
Digitized	24 Apr 2007
Length	480 pages

Export Citation	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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