History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles - August Neander - Google Books

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2. Charisms relating to the government of the Church, peoẞúтeρoi, èπiσKOTO-

Elders or Presbyters, and Overseers or Bishops, originally the same-Exclu-

sion of females from the office of public teaching

Originally three orders of teachers-Apostles, Evangelists, Teachers-Relation

of the last to Elders and Overseers............

The office of Deaconesses

..............................................................................

Ordination-Election to offices......

The Christian Worship-Independence of the Mosaic Ritual-Hence no distinc-

tion of days-No Christian feasts mentioned by Paul

The Christian Sabbath-Its special reference to the Resurrection of Christ-No

yearly commemoration of the Resurrection.

Baptism The Formula-Symbolical meaning of the act of submersion and emer-

sion-Infant Baptism probably not of apostolic origin-Substitutionary Baptism

(note) The influence of the parental relation on the offspring of Chris-

The Lord's Supper.......

Advantages and disadvantages of the Gentile Converts-Preparation of mankind

for a reception of the Gospel-by a sense of guilt and unhappiness-Its direct

contrariety to Heathenism-Dangers from the corruption of Morals-and from

philosophical speculations......

CHAPTER VI.-Second Missionary Journey of the Apostle Paul.

The separation of Paul and Barnabas on account of Mark-Paul and Silas visit

Isauria and Pisidia-Meet with Timothy-Phrygia-Galatia-Troas-Philippi

-Baptism of Lydia-Persecution-Conversion of the Philippian Gaoler... 168-179

Paul at Thessalonica-Addresses both Jews and Gentiles-Gains a livelihood by

tent-making-His expectations of the near approach of the second coming of

Christ-Fanatical opposition of the Jews-Proceeds to Beroa
179-185

Paul at Athens-The religious character of the Athenians-Paul disputes with

the Philosophers The relation of the Stoics and Epicureans to Chris-

tianity..........
........ 186-188

Paul's discourse-His appeal to the religious principle implanted in human

nature-The Altar to an unknown God-Polytheism-The one living God-

Announcement of a Redeemer-The effect of his discourse-Dionysius the

Areopagite-Timothy sent to Thessalonica
188-195

Paul at Corinth-Two chief obstacles to the reception of the Gospel-Fondness

for speculation-and for sensual indulgences-Meets with Aquila and Priscilla

-The Church formed principally of Gentile converts-The Proconsul Gallio-

Paul's labours in Achaia
196-201

Thessalonica-Information of the state of the Church brought by Timothy-The

First Epistle to the Thessalonians-Enthusiastic tendencies-A forged epistle

-The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians-The signs preceding the second

coming of Christ-Marks of a genuine epistle

CHAPTER VII.-The Apostle Paul's Journey to Antioch, and his renewed Missionary

Labours among the Heathen.

Paul's journey to Jerusalem-His vow and offering in the Temple

Paul at Antioch-His meeting with Barnabas and Peter-His reprimand of

Peter Revival of the controversy between the Jewish and Gentile

Christians.....

Paul visits Phrygia and Galatia.....
..... 213, 214

Paul at Ephesus-His labours first in the synagogue-Then among the Gentiles

-the Jewish Goeta-the disciples of John the Baptist rebaptized
......... 215-218

State of the Galatian Churches-Paul's Epistle to the Galatians written by his

own hand-Asserts his independent apostleship-States the relation of

Christianity to Judaism and Heathenism--Warns them against seeking for

justification by the law-Date of this epistle

State of the Church at Corinth-Causes of its disorders; superficial conversion,
general immorality, divisions occasioned by false teachers

Parties in the Corinthian Church-The Petrine-The Pauline-That of Apollos

-That of Christ

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Disputes in the Corinthian Church-Meat offered in sacrifice to idols-Marriage

and celibacy-Litigation in heathen courts of justice-Irregularities at the

celebration of the Agapa-Overvaluation of extraordinary gifts-Opposition to

the doctrine of the resurrection .....

............241-253

Paul's second visit to Corinth-His last Epistle to the Corinthians...
..253-256

The First Epistle to the Corinthians-Occasioned by certain questions proposed

by the Church, relative to the epistle not now extant-Its contents-On parties

-On meat offered to idols-On marriage and celibacy-On slavery - Its

date
....257-264

Paul's plans for his future labours-Mission of Timothy to Macedonia and

Achaia-Return of Timothy-Titus sent to Corinth-Popular Commotion at

Ephesus against Paul-Demetrius-Alexander-The Asiarchs-Paul leaves

Paul in Macedonia-Titus brings information respecting the Church at Corinth-

The Second Epistle to the Corinthians ....
..274-278

Paul in Illyria-In Achaia-His intention of visiting Rome-His Epistle to the

Romans-Sent by the deaconess Phoebe-State of the Church at Rome-con-

tents of the epistle

.............278-295

CHAPTER VIII.-The fifth and last Journey of Paul to Jerusalem-Its immediate

Consequences-His Imprisonment in Palestine.

Paul at Philippi-Meets the overseers of the Ephesian Church at Miletus-His

farewell address..........
........295-300

Paul's journey to Jerusalem-His conference with James and the elders of the

Church-His Nazarite's vow-The rage of the Jews-His rescue by the Roman

tribune-His appearance before the Sanhedrim ....

Paul's imprisonment at Cæsarea- - His appearance before Felix-Appeals to
Cæsar-Address to King Agrippa-Sent to Rome-Duration of his con-
finement

CHAPTER IX.-Paul during his first Confinement at Rome, and the Development

during that period of the Churches founded by him.

Paul's relation to the Roman State-To the Church at Rome-And to other

Churches-His care of the Asiatic Churches-Date of the Epistles to the

Colossians, Ephesians, and Philemon-Epaphras his fellow-prisoner.........314-319

False teachers at Colossæ-Peculiarities of the party-The germ of Judaizing

Gnosticism-Allied to the sect of Cerinthus-Paul's Epistle to the Colossians 319-328

Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians-Sent by Tychicus-A general Epistle to the

Churches in Lesser Asia .........

Paul's Epistle to the Philippians

CHAPTER X.-Paul's Labours after his Release, from his first Confinement at Rome, to

Evidence of Paul's release from his first confinement at Rome-Testimony of

Clemens of Rome-The Second Epistle to Timothy-Causes of the Neronian

persecution
......331-337

Paul's labours after his release-In Ephesus-In Macedonia-The First Epistle

to Timothy-Paul in Crete-The Epistle to Titus-Paul in Nicopolis-In

Spain-His Second imprisonment-The Second Epistle to Timothy-The date

of his martyrdom-The Epistle to the Hebrews written by an apostolic man of

the Pauline school..........................................................................................................................................................................338-348

A REVIEW OF THE LABOURS OF JAMES AND PETER DURING

CHAPTER I.-The Character of James-Remarks on his Epistle.

Whether he was a brother or only a near relation of the Lord, and identical

with the Apostle? Dr. Schneckenburger's hypothesis that there was only one

James, examined

James distinguished by the strictness of his life; hence called The Just-The

testimony of Hegesippus

.............354-356

His epistle important for illustrating the state of the Jewish Christian churches

356, 357

Reasons for believing that it was not written with a reference to Paul's doctrinal

views........
........357-362

The epistle addressed to churches consisting entirely or chiefly of Jewish

believers, mostly poor....

The Christian doctrines imperfectly developed in it-Its importance in connexion

with the other writings in the New Testament

The Martyrdom of James

CHAPTER II.-The Apostle Peter.

His parentage-Natural character-Call to the apostleship ........................368-372

His labours in propagating the Gospel............................

His First Epistle

.................372, 373

Probable spuriousness of the Second Epistle

Traditions respecting Peter's martyrdom at Rome

THE APOSTLE JOHN AND HIS MINISTRY AS THE CLOSING POINT

OF THE APOSTOLIC AGE.

His education-Maternal influence-Early piety-General character-Contem-

plative yet ardent-His piety moulded by personal intercourse with the

................................................................ 384-388

...........388, 389

His labours among the churches in Lesser Asia

Errors prevalent in these churches, practical and theoretical-Especially the

Judaizing-The Antinomian, the anti-Judaizing Gnostic, and the Cerinthian 390-394

Tradition of John's banishment to Patmos-Authorship of the Apocalypse...395-399

John's writings-Their general character-His Gospel ............................. 399-403

His First Epistle...........
............403-408

His Second Epistle-Injunctions respecting intercourse with false teachers...408, 409

His Third Epistle-Diotrephes
..409, 410

Traditions respecting John's labours preserved by Clemens Alexandrinus and

Jerome The close of the Apostolic Age................................................411-413

THE APOSTOLIC DOCTRINE.

The living unity of the doctrine of Christ combined with a variety in the forms

of its representation-Three leading varieties-The Pauline, the Jacobean

(with the intermediate Petrine), and the Johannean.................................... 414

CHAPTER I.-The Pauline Doctrine.

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1. The connexion and contrast of Paul's earlier and later standing-point are con-

tained in the ideas of dikatoσúvŋ and vóμos, which form the central point of

The dikαιoσúvn of his earlier standing-point depended on the observance of the

Mosaic law (νομική)The Christian δικαιοσύνη and ζωή correlative ideas ...... 417

The fundamental principle of his late standing-point-No righteousness by the

works of the law available before God-No essential distinction between the

ritual and moral épya vóμov-The idea of the law as a unity; an outward rule

of action, requiring not effecting obedience-Applicable to the universal law of

Works the marks of the state of the disposition; but the law can effect no change
in the disposition-Hence ἔργα νόμου are set in contrast to ἔργα ἀγαθὰ (Eph.
ii. 10).....

The law not deficient as a standard of duty

2. The central-point of the Pauline anthropology-Human nature in opposition
to the law.

a. The nature of sin.

σὰρξ σαρκικός - The disunion in human nature not necessary-but

voluntary and blameworthy

419

σaρkikos does not import merely the predominance of the senses, or sensual

appetite-Sometimes equivalent to ψυχικός, in opposition to the θεῖον πνεῦμα;

but sometimes the body as the organ of sinful tendencies..................... 421, 422

b. Origin of sin and death.

The consciousness of sin and of the need of redemption presupposed as a

universal fact; hence the origin of sin seldom adverted to, but the idea of

an original state of perfection, and the voluntary fall of the first man, lies

at the basis of Paul's doctrine

The first man not the representative of human nature generally-The

origin of sinful desire from apparent guiltlessness (Rom. vii. 9) not referable

According to Rom. v. 12, the sinful direction of the will was produced by

Adam's voluntary act, from original sinlessness, and continues itself in the

whole development of the race.......

Through sin death comes upon all men, not by an essential change in the

physical organization of man, but in man's view of death-Death appears

not as a step in the development of life, but as a consequence of the with-

drawment of the divine life through sin

c. Suppression by sin of the natural revelation of God.

The original affinity to God not destroyed but suppressed -The use of the

works of creation in awakening the religious sentiment-Religious suscep-

tibility injured by sin-the origin of idolatry-Deterioration of man's moral

nature, yet the power of convenience not destroyed ........................................................... 428-430

d. The state of disunion.

Two contending principles in human nature-Spirit and flesh-States of

bondage-Either unconscious, living without law, or conscious, living under
the law-Rom. vii. a delineation of both these states, taken from Paul's own
experience, but applicable to all mankind......
430-433

8. Preparatives for Redemption-Judaism and Heathenism.

a. Judaism-Preparative in two ways-By awakening an anxiety for redemp-

tion, and by pointing to the means by which it would be effected-Only one

universal purpose of God, who reveals his redeeming grace in its promise

and its fulfilment-Faith, one universal condition-The fundamental relation

between God and man not altered by the law, which served partly to repress

the outbreakings of sin-partly to excite the consciousness of sin ......... 434-436

b. Heathenism.

Judaism a progressive revelation, but heathenism only a development of
nature-Though idolatry suppressed the original revelation of God in the

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works of Nature, stil! the law of conscience remained (of which the Mosaic

law was a representative), and with that a sense of the need of redemption-

Partial fulfilment of the law by heathens.................................................................................... 437-439

c. Hindrances and conditions of salvation in both Jews and Heathens.

The gross security of heathenism-The legal righteousness of Judaism-

The sign-seeking of the Jews, and the wisdom-seeking of the Gentiles-Re-

demption the object of the whole history of mankind-Attestations to the

universal need of redemption in Christ's discourses as recorded in the three

first Gospels
439-444

4. The Work of Redemption.

A. Its accomplishment by Christ, both actively and passively.................. 444—446

a. The life of Christ exhibits the destruction of sin, and the realization of the

law in human nature ...........................................

b. The sufferings of Christ (constantly to be viewed in connexion with his own

life)
..................................................... 446-449

B. The results of the work of Christ.

a. Reconciliation with God.

The life and sufferings of Christ a revelation of the eternal love of God-

Men, once the enemies of God, become through Christ objects of divine

Possibility of reconciliation as merely subjective-A change in the dispo-

sition of man towards God effected by the work of Christ-But even on this

supposition the amendment in man is the effect, not the cause of God's love;

2 Cor. v. 20..............

But this view inadequate and untenable-The sense of the wrath of God

has an objective basis-A revelation of the divine holiness ................

The distinction between πάρεσις and ἄφεσις

The divine holiness revealed in Christ in a twofold manner.....................................

δ. ἀπολύτρωσις and σωτηρία, freedom from guilt and punishment; in a wider

sense as effected objectively by Christ, and realized in individuals in a more

limited sense ...................................................

2. δικαίωσις.

The Pauline dikaiwois, like the Jewish, inseparable from a participation in

all the privileges of the kingdom of God-but only to be obtained through

fellowship with Christ, the only perfect dikaιos:

Hence dikaiwas the induction of a believer in Christ into the relation of

3 δίκαιος ; δικαιοσύνη the appropriation of Christ's righteousness as the

objective ground of faith, as well as the subjective principle of life; hence

its necessarily supposed departure from a life of sin, and entrance into the

holy life of Christ

5. The Appropriation of Salvation by Faith.

a. The nature of Faith.

The reception of divine revelation by an internal determination of the

will-In this respect, and not in reference to the object, Abraham was a pat-

tern of the righteousness that is by faith; Rom. iv. 19

Christian faith modified by its object-A twofold reference to Christ as

crucified and risen

b. Tíoris the peculiarity of the Christian standing-point, in distinction from the

The law requires everything which faith already contains; Rom. x. 5.. 460,461

The law is in itself a deadly letter-The gospel a life-giving spirit-In the

believer, the law is not an object merely of knowledge, but of efficient love... 461

The law is so far abrogated for believers, that their dikatoσúvn and Cwn are

independent of it through faith, from which ếpya ayala spontaneously

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