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and I must confess, with many others, that the introduction of color at the Pan-American was a dangerous and unfortunate experiment. Making the noble columns that flanked the Dewey Arch part chocolatecolored and part white in no sense added to their architectural beauty, and certainly took away from the majesty of the general effect. At Chicago there was not wanting richness of detail in ornamentation, but this was subordinated to the purpose of the building; for beauty, Ruskin has so often said, has a purpose, which is the expression of the divine spirit of man. Each building seemed related happily to its site, and the lesson of this relation is clearer to us after seeing the jumble of buildings about the Seine and the Trocadero. The landscape gardener worked with the architect and the sculptor as if all were members of one freemasonary coöperating to a general end; so that not only were the lagoons and sites happily and appropriately disposed, but the buildings were so situated that one had perspective enough to appreciate their magnitude and sublimity of design, and was not immediately led under a building whose façade he could not see without turning his head back and wrenching his spinal column.

Many persons who visited the Chicago Fair went away with a new inspiration, and returned to their own towns determined to make them more beautiful for their fellow-men. It is possible that the Centennial Exhibition was necessary as a forerunner; but so great was the stride between the exhibition at Philadelphia and that at Chicago that it would seem as if centuries must have elapsed between the two instead of a few short years. In the Centennial Exhibition one felt the effort of the hand, the uncertainty of the creator, the lack of surety and firmness of design and technique. In the Chicago Fair, on the contrary, one felt the hand of the master. The crudeness was swept away; the aggressive selfishness exhibited often by one artist or one exhibitor in his relation to another was eliminated in the desire to make a unit, a common success, something that should hold its own against the worldin truth, a world's fair.

The Paris Exhibition of 1900 is spoken of as the summing up of the close of the nineteenth century; but it does not seem to me that it could in any sense be compared with our exhibition of the White City. It certainly cannot be accepted as "the summing-up of the close of the nineteenth century," for it did not express the greatness of any one people not even of France itself. Some of us will remember one of the earlier world's fairs, the Paris exhibition of 1867, when there was an assembly of the nations as the tribes used to gather together at Jerusalem from all

parts of Palestine, or as the clans used to gather at Athens from all parts of Greece to compete in the arena. The little glimpse of the East that was first given at this fair added a richness of color to the products of other and more civilized nations. We have to-day much to learn from the East from Egypt, from Turkey, from India, and from Japan and these countries know now how much they have to learn from us. They may learn from us how to develop a better government and a more sane relation of man to man, and in exchange they may give us the wonderful products of their looms and handicraft which we shall not be able to equal or eclipse for years to come.

It cannot be doubted that our Centennial Exhibition was an improvement on, and a step beyond, the crudities of the exhibition at Paris in 1867; and the city of Chicago consummated the work in which Philadelphia took such a bold initiative. The Centennial Exhibition was, in a sense, more commercial; but it must not be forgotten that we are a commercial people, and that a great commerce is necessary if we are to have a great art.

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World's fairs are necessary to the proper study of mankind. We may scoff at the unspeakable Turk — and Heaven knows his government is bad enough but we must respect the product of his loom and power to construct the marvellous mosaics of his We are too ready as a people to throw over what we call the dead past, not remembering that we are the heirs of all the ages, and that we must reckon with them.

of his hand, and his mosques and tombs.

Of what picturesque interest it was to the American to see the Japanese at work in Chicago; nor was the product of the Esquimaux to be despised. And think of the impression that was made upon exhibitors from all parts of the world, and of the ideas which even the most primitive peoples carried back to their own countries to be weaved in some dim way into their own national fabric. The representatives of all these nations learned lessons in cosmopolitanism. They felt well repaid for their long journeys; and when they went back to their own homes they did so with a grander conception of man's earthly journey.

I was struck with the remarks of an Indian chief who once visited Washington, and who was asked by one of our educators what impressed him most in the East and in our own beautiful capital. The questioner thought, of course, that the Capitol, which in its site and construction is as grand a building as the world possesses, would have impressed him far more than anything else on his Eastern tour. "Did you not think that the Capitol building was the greatest thing you had

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seen?" To his surprise this sturdy forerunner of our race replied: "No; the Indian can understand how one stone could be piled upon another." "What then," the questioner asked, "was the greatest thing you saw? He replied: "That wonderful bridge which is thrown across your river and makes two great cities one." The Indian could understand the placing of one stone upon another, but the spreading of a cobweb in the sky was something beyond his comprehension.

There were endless tributes from foreign nations to our world's fair, and not a few criticisms; but the great critics and the great men agreed that as an educational factor in the world's civilization it had scored a success that was of priceless value to humanity. I doubt if the Peace Conference at The Hague could have taken effect if the exhibition at Chicago had not gone before as a precursor and brought the people of the world together in harmony. WILLIAM ORDWAY PARTRIDGE.

HON. TRUXTUN BEALE was born at San Francisco in 1856. Graduated from the Pennsylvania Military College in 1874 and from the Columbia Law School, New York, in 1878. Was appointed by President Harrison Minister to Persia, and later became Minister to Greece. Has travelled in Siberia, Central Asia, and Chinese Turkestan. Has written largely on international questions. Is a member of the Chinese Exclusion Commission from California.

MR. WILHELM BERDROW, born in Germany in 1867, received his education at one of the oldest gymnasia of that country. Was for several years in the service of the city of Berlin, being associated with a number of municipal technical enterprises. Since 1892 has devoted himself entirely to literary work and studies in political economy. Is a frequent contributor to the leading newspapers of Germany.

MR. CLARENCE E. BLAKE is a native of Vermont and a graduate of Middlebury College. For a short time was in charge of the Greek Department of a Western college. Is the author of a Homeric Lexicon. Was the projector of the Academic and High School Teachers' Association of Western Massachusetts. Has been a frequent contributor to magazines, and to the religious and secular press generally.

PROF. ANDREW ALEXANDER BRUCE, of Scotch ancestry, was born in a mountain fort in Southern India, in 1866, his father being an officer in the British army. Received his earlier education in England. Came to America when a youth. Entered the University of Wisconsin in 1886, and was graduated therefrom in 1890. Two years later received the degree of LL.B. Then practised law in Chicago for six years, and in 1898 became an Assistant Professor of Law in his alma mater. Has been active in the work of the Hull House Social Settlement, Chicago, and has taken a leading part in the enactment and enforcement of the child labor and sweatshop laws of both Illinois and Wisconsin.

HON. CHARLES DENBY, born in Virginia in 1830, was educated at Georgetown University and at the Virginian Military Institute, graduating from the latter in 1850. Was Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-Second Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, and Colonel of the Eighteenth Regiment, Indiana Volunteers. In 1885 Mr. Denby was appointed Minister to China, and remained at Peking in that position until July, 1898. Was a member of the Commission to investigate the conduct of the war with Spain, and also of the Philippine Commission.

Mr. Walker D. HINES was born in 1870. Was reared at Bowling Green, Ky., and received his academic education there at Ogden College. Took the law course at the University of Virginia. Entered the law department of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company in 1890. Was made Assistant Chief Attorney of that company in 1897, and First Vice-President in 1901.

PROF. JACOB H. HOLLANDER was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1871. Was educated at Johns Hopkins University, from which he received the Ph.D. degree in 1894. Has been a member of its faculty since that time. Was Secretary of the United States Bimetallic Commission sent abroad in 1897. In 1900 was appointed Special Commissioner to revise the laws relating to taxation in Porto Rico. While engaged in this service was appointed by President McKinley, upon the establishment of civil government in Porto Rico, as Treasurer of that island. Formulated the present revenue system of Porto Rico, and put it into successful operation. On July 25, 1901, the island having been declared self-supporting and free-trade with the United States having been secured, he relinquished his office and returned to the post of Associate Professor of Finance in Johns Hopkins University.

HON. ROBERT HUTCHESON was born in Pennsylvania in 1828, and removed at an early age with his parents to Ohio. Was educated in the common schools and at Wittemberg College, Springfield, Ohio. Studied law and became a prominent member of the bar of that State. Was a member of the Ohio Legislature for four years, in House and Senate. Removed to New Orleans in 1870, and served for four years as Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana. Has resided in Washington, D. C., for the last twenty-five years. Is a member of the bar and Examiner in Chancery for the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.

Prof. George TRUMBULL LADD was born at Painesville, Ohio, in 1842. Graduated from Western Reserve College in 1864 and Andover Theological Seminary in 1969. After holding a Congregational pastorate for several years was appointed Professor of Philosophy at Bowdoin College, in 1879. Has held a similar post at Yale University since 1881. Has lectured in Japan on the invitation of the Tokyo Imperial University, and at the University of Bombay. Is the author of a large number of books on philosophical subjects, especially on the psychological side.

MR. R. E. C. LONG is a well-known London journalist. Is on the editorial staff of the "Review of Reviews," and a contributor to other prominent British publications. Resided for some time in Russia, and is personally acquainted with many leading public men-including Count Tolstoy and several high governmental personages-in that country. His present article is written from facts collected by him in Russia.

MR. CHARLES S. NEWHALL is a native of Boston, Mass., and has spent much of his time since graduation from Amherst College and Union Seminary in travel, study, and literary work. In 1897 went to California, under appointment by the United States Government, for work in connection with the forest reserves. Mr. Newhall's present position is that of Forest Superintendent, in charge of the forest reserves of northern and central California.

MR. WILLIAM ORDWAY PARTRIDGE was born in Paris in 1861. After studying at Columbia College, received his art education in Rome, Florence, and Paris. Has been Professor of Fine Arts at the Columbian University. Has been an exhibitor at the Paris Salon and at the Royal Academies of London and Berlin. His works include the statue of Shakespeare, in Lincoln Park, Chicago; the bronze statue of Alexander Hamilton, in Brooklyn; the Kauffmann memorial in Washington, etc.

MR. ALBERT WATKINS was born in Worcester, England, in 1848, and removed to Wisconsin the following year. Graduated from the University of Wisconsin in both the academic and the law departments. Subsequently became interested in, and editor of, the "Democrat," of Mineral Point, Wis., the "Tribune" of Sioux City, Ia., and the "Daily State Democrat" of Lincoln, Neb. Was always a strong advocate of "sound money." Was postmaster of Lincoln from 1885 to 1890. Opposed Mr. Bryan on the silver question as early as 1892, and left the Democratic Party in 1896 on that issue. Was a delegate to the Indianapolis Convention of 1896.

MR. JAMES GUSTAVUS WHITELEY was born in 1866 at Baltimore, Md. Has devoted his life to diplomacy and international law and also to the cultivation of international relations. A number of his writings upon historical and diplomatic questions have appeared in the magazines of England and America. Mr. Whiteley is Vice-President, and one of the founders, of the International Congress of Diplomatic History. Is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society of Great Britain, a member of La Société d'Histoire Diplomatique, of France, and a corresponding member of La Société des Études Historiques, of Paris.

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