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Similarly, there is a provision for this in Hoo or Hu, as Cliffe-at-Hoo in Kent, or in the
Canon 19, which enjoins :-
common names Hutton and Houghton.
ISAAC TAYLOR.

"The Churchwardens or Questmen and their assistants shall not suffer any idle persons to abide either in the churchyard or church porch, during the time of Divine Service or Preaching; but shall cause them either to come in or depart.'"

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It seems from these canons that they have an equal authority with the churchwardens. Their appointment is at the same time with that of the churchwardens by Canon 90, the title of which is 'The Choice of Sidemen, and their Joynt Office with the Church wardens.' Consistently with this character of the office, in the Articles of Visitation in the Appendix to the Second Report of the Royal Commission on Ritual' the sidemen, or sworn men are classed with the churchwardens, as p. 436, “The oath of the churchwardens and sidemen"; the same, p. 446. At p. 438 there is, "We, the churchwardens and sidemen, present." In 1686 Archbishop Sancroft, in his Metropolitical Visitation at Lincoln,' delivers a "Charge to the Churchwardens and Sidemen," with a form of oath which he enjoins to be taken "before their minister."

ED. MARSHALL, F.S.A.

66

THE TERMINATION -HALGH" (9th S. i. 345), -The Lowland Scotch and Northumberland termination -haugh or -hauch, and the Lancashire -halgh or haigh, representing an old Northern -halgh or -halc, exhibits one of the most remarkable dialectical variations in existence. It corresponds to the Southern -hall, the Mercian -ill, and the Yorkshire -all, which are all descended from the W. Saxon heath, a "slope," and not, as Kemble and Leo supposed, from the A.-S. heall, a stone house." Thus we have Kirkhaugh in Northumberland (formerly Kirkhalgh); Great Haughton and Little Haughton in Durham, called Haletona and Halghtona in the Boldon Book; and Haighton in Lancashire is Halctun in Domesday; while Willenhall in Staffordshire is called Willanhalch in a charter, and Holton in Somerset is A.-S. Healhtun. We have also Humshaugh on the Tyne, and Braimhaugh and Pepperhaugh, both on the Coquet. From healh we have A.-S. Iddesheath (probably Iddinshall in Cheshire); Ticknall in Derbyshire, and Tichenall in Staffordshire; Ludgershall in Wilts, Buxhall in Suffolk, Breadshall in Derbyshire; and in Yorkshire Crakehall, Strensall, Birdsall, Upsall, Ricall, Roall, and Elmsall. It appears as a prefix in Hawick in Roxburghshire and Haighton in Lancashire, Holton in Somerset and Halton in Bucks. But the Northumbrian -heugh, as in Keyheugh or Ratcheugh, is the West Saxon hógh or hóh, which is now usually

MR. PLATT takes exception to the members of the Keighley family persisting in calling themselves Keithley. As a native of the parish of Keighley, W.R. Yorks, perhaps I may be allowed to state, for the information of MR. PLATT, that the inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood always call it Keethley. In all documents of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that have come under my notice the name is written Kighley, and even down to the early part of the present century it was generally so spelled. Further, guttural sound, and that it has been softened I believe the gh in this name had formerly a down to its present form during the last hundred and fifty years or so by a process of evolution. In support of this hypothesis I may say that an ancestor of mine, who died over forty years ago aged eighty, and who lived all his life in this parish, used to pronounce the name something like Kishley (the sh as a soft guttural).

Probably many of the gh terminations in place-names in the north of England had originally a guttural sound, which has gradually been melted down to a variety of forms, according to dialectic idiosyncrasies rather than by rule of grammar or orthography.

A. S.

The name Dunkenhalgh is pronounced as Dunkenhalge. There are in this neighbourhood families named respectively Ridehalgh and Greenhalgh. These are here pronounced each as with the termination -halge. That this has not always been the case seems probable, as there are also in the near neighbourhood one or more families with name pronounced and spelt Redihoff or Ridehoff. B. T. G

Accrington.

I take the terminations -halgh, -haulgh, and -hough to be variants of some old form, probably meaning field. Halgh is pronounced halch, haff, and huff. Haulgh is pronounced hoff; and hough is sounded by some as hoff and huff, and by others as hoo. Greenhough, which I take to be a form of Greenhalgh, has become in some cases Greenup, and Harrop seems to be a form of Harehough. There is near Bolton-le-Moors a place called Tonge-with-Haulgh, the haulgh here being by some pronounced hoff and by others huff. In the focality of Bolton there is a name Fernihough, called or pronounced as Fernihuff and Ferniho. Close to Chorltoncum-Hardy there is an old hall, formerly a

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GLADSTONE AS A VERSE-WRITER (9th S. i. 481). The Alliance News of 18 June, the date on which my former communication on this subject appeared, says :

only. For some particulars not much to his
credit see the Gentleman's Magazine, 1804,
vol. i. pp. 485 and 594. For the trial see Cox's
'Recollections of Oxford' (1870) under the
year 1804, the 'Annual Register,' and Gentle-
man's Magazine. See also Letters of Charles
Kirkpatrick Sharpe,' vol. i. pp. 248 and 530.
W. K. R. BEDFORD.

His wife died, "of a broken heart," in her twenty-first year. See Annual Register, xlvi. 484. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A.

Hastings.

STYLE OF ARCHBISHOPS (9th S. i. 389).Your correspondent is not quite correct in this matter. The Archbishop of Canterbury styles himself "by divine providence," the Archbishop of York "by divine permission." The Bishop of Durham styles himself "by

"The following is a copy of Mr. Gladstone's poem divine providence," all the other bishops “by to his grandchild called Dorothea :

TO LITTLE DOROTHY.

I know where there is honey in a jar,

Meet for a certain little friend of mine;
And, Dorothy, I know where daisies are

That only wait small hands to intertwine
A wreath for such a golden head as thine.

The thought that thou art coming makes all glad;
The house is bright with blossoms high and low,
And many a little lass and lad

Expectantly are running to and fro;
The fire within our hearts is all aglow.

We want thee, child, to share in our delight
On this high day, the holiest and best,
Because 'twas then, ere youth had taken flight,
Thy grandmamma, of women loveliest,
Made me of men most honoured and most blest.
That naughty boy who led thee to suppose

He was thy sweetheart has, I grieve to tell,
Been seen to pick the garden's choicest rose
And toddle with it to another belle,
Who does not treat him altogether well.
But mind not that, or let it teach thee this,
To waste no love on any youthful rover
(All youths are rovers, I assure thee, miss).
No, if thou wouldst true constancy discover,
Thy grandpapa is perfect as a lover.
So come, thou playmate of my closing day,
The latest treasure life can offer me,
And with thy baby laughter make us gay.
Thy fresh young voice shall sing, my Dorothy,
Songs that shall bid the feet of Sorrow flee.'
I do not know where this was first pub-
WILLIAM E. A. AXON.

lished.

divine permission."

Sunderland.

JAMES PEACOCK.

According to the Spectator, 18 July, 1891, among the bishops Durham alone is "by divine providence." W. C. B.

ANGELS AND THEIR TRADITIONAL REPRESENTATION (9th S. i. 407).--Mrs. Jameson, who is an undoubted authority on angels (nearly a hundred pages of the first volume of her 'Sacred and Legendary Art' are devoted to them), has apparently no doubt as to their sex-at least in art. "They are always supposed to be masculine," she tells us, and this because, according to Madame de Staël, "the union of power with purity (la force avec la pureté) constitutes all that we mortals can imagine of perfection."

OSWALD HUNTER BLAIR, O.S.B. Fort Augustus, N.B.

It is safe to say that there was no such thing as the representation of a feminine angel prior to the Renaissance. In a general sense they were messengers and sons of God. The duties of the angels were not of a feminine character. They were divided into counsellors, governors, and ministers. This last class, which might have been supposed to exhibit feminine characteristics, was the most masculine, for its symbols were "the soldier's garb, golden belts, holding lanceREV. LOCKHART GORDON (9th S. i. 348).-In headed javelins, and hatchets in their hands" reply to your correspondent who wishes for (Didron). There is, however, a larger quessome identification of this person, I beg to tion which covers that asked, and goes to say that he and his brother Loudon Harcourt the root of the case. It lies in the distinction Gordon were the two sons of the Hon. Lock-between a symbol and a figure. 'Christian hart Gordon, Judge Advocate-General of Iconography, Didron-Stokes (Bohn, 1888), Bengal, who died at Calcutta in 1788. He was son of John, third Earl of Aboyne. Lockhart Gordon was in deacon's orders

i. 343, says, inter alia, "We are required to receive a symbol, but may be persuaded to admit a figure." A further development shows

that the symbol is a myth as appertaining to attempt to explain Rotten from the German faith, and that a figure is an allegory which word for red. It is perfectly clear that I was rests on opinion. Angels as such may be speaking of the Teutonic d in single words, treated as women, but the angelic idea is unaffected by other consonants. The final neither masculine nor feminine. It has been-it for -ed in Scottish is also quite another portrayed by oxen, eagles, lions, and fiery matter; for in such cases the final syllable is winged wheels full of eyes. For further unaccented, which makes all the difference. points see the above work, i. 85 et seq. It is difficult to obtain any final result in our discussions unless we adhere to the points discussed.

ARTHUR MAYALL.

In the Bible there is no mention of female angels. I think Myths of the Middle Ages,' by Baring-Gould, discusses the question. I have once or twice found Angell as a man's

Christian name.

E. E. T.

SIR RICHARD HOTHAM, KNT. (9th S. i. 448).If the following rather meagre details are of use to MR. BODDINGTON, I am glad to give them. They come direct from the present head of the Hotham family The facts as stated in the query about the Hothamton property are correct; Sir Richard had also in Bognor a house, which still exists. He left, it is believed, four sons: one-remembered by people now living-was known as "old Mr. William Hotham another was a cutler in Millsom Street, Bath; and a third was in a cloth manufactory at Leeds, near the Town Hall. Nothing is known of the other names mentioned. Sir Richard was not in any way related to the Hothams of Yorkshire. LONSDALE.

He attempted to exploit Bognor, and wished to change the name to Hothamptonbut unsuccessfully. See Horsfield's 'Sussex,' ii. 64, and 'Sussex Arch. Colls.,' xxv. 115 ff. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A.

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The

The latest suggestion is that, if G. rothen can exist in one place, viz., "Rotten-herringstaith," it can exist in others. This is extremely unlikely, because the instance given is one of a most exceptional kind. introduction of a High-German form has been shown in that case to be due to a special importation from Germany. But I always settled down in every place where cannot admit that a German family has the name Rotten Row is known. That would be a very big guess indeed, and I decline to make it. WALTER W. SKEAT.

PASSAGE IN DICKENS (9th S. i. 507). — In John Francis, Publisher of the Athenaeum (Bentley), vol. ii. p. 525, will be found the following:

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The Keepsake, the Atheneum quotes a poem by "On the 18th of November, 1843, in reviewing Dickens entitled A Word in Season,' which, we should think, will startle a round hundred at least of aristocratic readers in their country houses.''

The poem is given in full. The verse quoted by CAPT. KELSO should read as follows:So I have known a country on the earth,

Where darkness sat upon the living waters, And brutal ignorance, and toil, and dearth, Were the hard portion of its sons and daughters; And yet, where they who should have oped the door

Of charity and light, for all men's finding, Squabbled for words upon the altar-floor, And rent The Book, in struggles for the binding. N. S. S.

"MESS OF POTTAGE" (9th S. i. 466).—This was a "familiar expression" more than one hundred years before the Genevan Bible was published. In the heading of Genesis xxv., Matthew's Bible, 1537, it says, "Esaw sellith his byrthright for a messe of potage." It is the same in Crumwell's and Cranmer's Bibles, 1539-41, &c., Taverner's 1539, Becke's 1549, and all the early Bibles I have consulted, except Coverdale's 1535, but in the text of that it has "And Jacob dight a meace of meate." R. R.

Boston, Lincolnshire.

BRITISH MUSEUM READING-ROOM (8th S. xii. 465).—While "M.P." appended to a name may mean Member of Parliament, the ex

pression obviously cannot have that meaning
when used as the initials of the name of an
author, and the Museum authorities, in
placing the title under the last initial, simply
carried out not only their own long-established
rule, but that of libraries in general.
GASTON DE BERNEVAL.

Philadelphia.

"HARRY-CARRY" (8th S. xi. 427, 475; xii. 70; 9th S. i. 429).-MR. HOOPER's interesting contribution at the last reference recalls to

my mind the fact that there is a fine specimen
of a harry-carry on exhibition in the museum
at the Old Tol House, Great Yarmouth. On
the occasion of a visit to this "playground
by the sea" last year, I took the opportunity
of going over this ancient house, and saw the
harry-carry there. Affixed to it was a card
bearing an inscription to the effect that the
carts came into use in Henry VII.'s reign,
and, although I cannot be sure of the exact
words, some reference was made to their
having been called harry-carries after the
monarch in whose reign they were first
devised.
C. P. HALE.

POPLADIES (9th S. i. 448).—Mr. Ditchfield, in
his 'Old English Customs extant at the
Present Time, 1896 (p. 46), states that on
New Year's Day "at St. Albans Pop Ladies are
cried and sold in the streets." Why so cried
and sold Mr. Ditchfield does not explain.
H. ANDREWS.

A READING IN MILTON (9th S. i. 464).—I agree with the emendation of the editors from 1692 downwards. But is MR. THOMAS BAYNE quite accurate in saying that the oldest reading "yet found he relief" is in accordance with the drift of the Scriptural narrative, when in Genesis xxi. 17 we read, "And God heard the voice of the lad"?

Harpenden.

T. WILSON.

BAYSWATER (8th S. xii. 405; 9th S. i. 13, 55, 154, 293).-Until the origin of that particular Bayswater is proved by a chain of connected links leading up from it to bayard, a horse, the most that can be said in its favour is that such may be its origin; for since other origins are possible, to fix upon any one without proof is but guessing, and any one may be guessed as well as another. learned critic, of course, never gives fancies My for facts, and therefore, no doubt, has at least one example of some place now called Bayswater which did positively and demonstrably, as above noted, get its name from bayards (horses) being watered there. He will, of course, produce it.

Bayswater, instead of Baywater, may be "L difficult" not, for the connecting s, giving fluency, parlance to him; but to me it is annuls the jolt of disconnected syllabification, and so the parlance is easy instead of rough. That this is so, at least to many, is proved by the names which have acquired's-because it makes them fluent and easy of vocalization. See, for instance, The Finals' (8th S. ix. 373). the's is a final; in Bayswater it is not. Stop But, it may be objected, in those instances water, so there was a time when the name a bit. The word is a compound of Bay and Bay stood alone, and hence it is just as likely that it acquired a final s as has Marseille(s), Thebe(s), et al., and retained it when joined to water, as the two cities mentioned do when the word denoting their character is added; thus, Marseillestown, Thebestown. because the first is sufficiently easy to say, Red man has not turned into redsman it. Ease in parlance has no law but ease; if no matter how many other reasons exist for that at times demands addition instead of subtraction, it cannot be helped.

And now as to my, as printed, declaration that "no horse, in serious earnest, could ever have been called bayard unless he were of a bay colour." I first wrote it as a question, not as a positive assertion; but in rewriting, its form got changed by my inadvertence. However, even with my critic's examples, I am rather more inclined to believe in its fitness as a declaration than as a mere question. answered in the affirmative, provided the But take it as a question, one which is examples have no arrière-pensée lurking in them, a thing very likely in the instance of Piers Plowman,' since it is a satirical poem.

Philadelphia, U.S.

X.

GENERAL BENEDICT ARNOLD (9th S. i. 429). -He died 14 June, 1801, in London. I think I can find particulars if M. W. will write to MRS. STEPHENSON.

me.

Warley Barracks, Brentwood.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. The Church of St. Martin, Canterbury. By the Rev. C. F. Routledge, M.A., F.S.A., Hon. Canon UNIFORM in shape and appearance with Bell's of Canterbury. (Bell & Sons.) "Cathedral Series," and issued under the same editorship, the present work will, with accounts of Beverley Minster and other edifices of kindred to the series. Good reason exists for a new history position, form a pleasing and valuable supplement of the edifice. During many years the opinions of antiquaries have been divided as to its antiquity.

Thomas Wright, constituting himself the mouth- writings of this voluminous expounder of myspiece of an intelligent class of archæologists, in-teries, and the digest deserves its name, since cluded St. Martin's in his category when he it compresses into a few pages matter in the declared, in 'The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon,' original spread over volumes. Prefixed to the that not a trace of Christianity is found among book, which may be obtained through Mr. Robert the innumerable religious and sepulchral monu- H. Fryar, of Bath, is a portrait of Cahagnet, ments of the Roman period in Britain." Against the date of whose birth is given as 1803, instead this sweeping assertion Canon Routledge pits the of, as we believed, 1809. The work deals with fact that since 1880 further explorations have been theurgic mirrors, cabalistic mirrors, and similar carried out, with the result that it seems more than objects, in which the young and pure may or may probable that parts of the original structure men- not see marvels, with "pacts," talismans, and tioned by Bede are still standing, and that "the other magic or mysterious objects, the very names present walls were not only consecrated by the of which are unknown to us. We are not of the preaching and actually touched by the hand of initiate, and have gazed intensely and long into St. Augustine, but may be traced back to a con- magic crystals and the like, and have seen nothing. siderably earlier period." Into this dispute we will We are glad, however, to tell those who seek not intrude, nor will we deal with the question of further information where they may look for it. the value of legend and tradition with regard to The work, which is intended to be strictly private, ecclesiastical edifices. We will concede, however, constitutes, we are told, an elementary initiation the unique position of St. Martin's, Canterbury, into Experimental Occultism." What this may as being "the one remaining building that [can] mean we know not. Many things with which-as certainly be associated with St. Augustine's preach the remnants of exploded superstitions-folk-lorists ing; the one spot that without doubt felt his concern themselves are spoken of as still operative, personal presence." Canon Routledge supplies a and we learn to some extent only, since the inhistory of the building, giving all that is known structions can scarcely be held to be practicalconcerning its origin and development until, in the how, with Sister Helen, to melt our waxen man, as last century, it fell into neglect, from which it has was reputedly done with fatal effect by a dramatist only been rescued in times comparatively modern. recently deceased against an unappreciative critic. A full and valuable description of the church is abundantly illustrated from prints and photographs. Bygone Devonshire. By the Rev. Hilderic Friend. Those interested in the question of date may be (Andrews.) specially referred to Appendix B.

Lyrical Ballads. By William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge, 1798. Edited by Thomas Hutchinson. (Duckworth & Co.)

MR. THOMAS HUTCHINSON, to whom the world is indebted for a handsome reprint of Wordsworth's 'Poems in Two Volumes,' 1807, has conferred a fresh obligation on students of Wordsworth and Coleridge by reprinting the Lyrical Ballads.' The book is indeed a precious boon. How widely The Ancient Mariner' differs in the Lyrical Ballads' from the version subsequently published the lover of poetry knows, and it is a luxury to read the poem as it issued from the brain of Coleridge. Mr. Hutchinson is in his line one of the foremost of scholars, and his introduction is a commendable piece of work. No less excellent are his notes, which are both readable and helpful. Peter Bell, The Three Graves,' and 'The Wanderings of Cain' are included in the volume in an appendix, because, "having been written in 1798, they appear to share a common psychological motive with The Ancyent Marinere' and 'Goody Blake."" When one thinks how important an influence was exercised over the future of poetry by this experiment of the two friends in the direction of simplicity, one cannot do otherwise than rejoice in the possession of the original text, now faithfully reproduced. Portraits of Wordsworth and of Coleridge are prefixed to a volume which is sure of a place in the library of every lover of poetry.

Magnetic Magic. (Privately printed.) We have here, in an edition limited to one hundred copies, "a digest of the practical parts of the masterpieces of Louis Alphonse Cahagnet," to whose name are affixed the mysterious letters H.F.T.S. The works in question are the 'Arcanes de la [vie] future dévoilés' and the 'Magie Magnétique.' These are but two out of the many

66

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Bygone Hertfordshire. Edited by Wm. Andrews. (Same publisher.)

Two volumes have been added to what Mr. Andrews calls his "Bygone Series of County Histories." Though the same in aim, the works are different in execution. Bygone Devonshire' is the work of a single man, a local antiquary, better known in connexion with folk-lore, and especially with flowerlore, than with history. We find, accordingly, in his contribution to the series, in addition to unity of design and workmanship, a large amount of quaint and curious information. The picturesque and historical associations of Devonshire are, of course, not neglected, and we have, naturally, a full account of the noble Cathedral of Exeter as well as of Devonshire worthies-Reynolds, Coleridge, Drake, Kingsley, Ford, Fortescue, and the rest. The chapters, however, to which our readers will most readily turn are those on "Churches as Garrisons,' "Churchwardens' Accounts and Parish Registers," "Plant-Names and Flower-Lore," and "Devonian Facts and Fancies." Our author's flower knowledge he illustrates from literary sources, as when, à propos of origane, he speaks of Spenser's "bath of origane and thyme." He tells us of strange singulars-as flock" for the singular of phlox, and an orchey" as that of the orchis flowers. By a curious transference of idea, the aconite, or monkshood, is known as "parson-in-the-pulpit." Curious information is supplied as to leprosy. The volume is as pleasingly illustrated as those with which it is associated, and is worthy in all respects of its place.

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'Bygone Hertfordshire' is compiled from various sources, and is in interest principally historical. Mr. Thomas Frost and Mr. Edward Lamplough are largely responsible for the historic portion, the latter sending accounts of the two battles of St. Albans and the battle of Barnet. Mr. Frost deals generally with historic Hertfordshire and with the Rye House Plot. A short account of the Roman theatre once existing at Verulam is supplied by

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