peasants, land proprietors, etc.) found vent for the declaration of their sentiments in the same humorous way, styling themselves "Cacos," after a black parrot that feeds upon lizards. (A different account of the name and the character of the "Cacos" is given below in the biographical sketch of Salnave.) The "Piquets," who are also frequently mentioned in the accounts of the civil war, as firm supporters of Salnave, are said to be the semi-savages of the woods of the interior.

In July, President Salnave issued a proclamation to the Haytiens, reviewing and defending his course of action in the past. As to the charge that he had made himself dictator, he says that, although he had been offered that power by the army as necessary to enable him successfully to grapple with the Cacos insurrection, he had declined the title, and had continued, as much as the existing state of war would permit, to abide by the Constitution. With regard to the attempts of what he calls "the pretentious and aristocratic faction" to overthrow the Government in the name of the Constitution, the address says: "Do they forget that I am constitutional President? Are they ignorant that I cannot myself overlook, violate, or suspend this fundamental act with out breaking my oath and committing treason to the people at whose hands I hold my power?" After calling upon the Haytiens to give him their confidence, Salnave concluded by assuring them that as their legal defender he wished no other powers than those which belonged to him by right, and which were necessary to their welfare, and that the dearest wish of his heart was to see Hayti fulfilling the destiny marked out for her by Providence, and to see her people accomplishing, in spite of the obstacles before them, the grand work of progress and civilization as the fruits of their liberty and their independence, in furtherance of which ends he pledged himself to employ the best energies of his mind and body.

In order to prevent conflicts between foreigners and the Government, arising out of the execution of orders given by the authorities, Salnave in August addressed a circular to the generals in command of the different military posts, enjoining upon them to afford all the protection in their power to such foreigners as abstain from mixing themselves up in the affairs of the country, and conform to the laws of the republic; but at the same time to denounce to the Government all those, of whatever nationality, who shall be found acting in contravention of the laws, and giving encouragement to the rebellion, in order that legal measures might be adopted against them. He required that all violence against such persons should be carefully avoided.

The new Secretary of State for Public Worship, in August, addressed an official communication to the Vicar-General of Hayti, calling upon him to urge upon his clergy the duty of using

their influence with the people in the interests of order and peace in the Republic, and especially to remember the President in all the prayers of the Church used by them. They are to be asked to remind the people that "the powers that be are ordained of God" for the " punishment of evil-doers and for the praise of them that do well," and to give prominence in their preaching to those divine truths of Christianity which are the surest basis of all virtue, whether private or public. The Government hopes, says the Secretary, that the word of God, faithfully preached to the Haytien people, will inspire them with a holy love of country, and teach them to turn to profitable account the sad lessons which they are now receiving.

The reports from Hayti on the character and the ability of President Salnave are of the most contradictory nature. Salnave, during the year 1868, was on good terms with the minister of the United States, and was reported even to be favorable to an annexation of Hayti to the United States. A citizen of the United States, who has lived many years in Hayti, gives the following biographical sketch of the President:

in the year 1832, and, after having passed through the Silvain Salnave was born in the city of Cape Haytien various changes of youth, finally entered the service of his country as a common soldier, and gradually rose to the position of captain of Cavalry of the North, better known at the time as the "Chevaux Legers," ," which position he held after the establishment of the empire under Soulouque, although never sympathizing with the assumption of the imperial robes by his then chief, being at heart then, as he is now, a thorough republican, and totally ignoring the divine right of kings.

When, on the morning of December 22, 1858, Geffrard raised, in the name of the people, the standard of revolt, and the cry of "Vive la Republique!" was shouted from valley to hill-top, till its echoes reached the capital, the Imperial Guard were at once mustered forth to quell with their prestige what was deemed proved but for the prompt intervention of the subject but a mad enterprise; and such it would indeed have

of this sketch.

So inert and enslaved had the people become to every caprice of Soulouque, that, when, in response to the call of Geffrard in the name of liberty, some of the prominent generals of the north assembled in Cape Haytien for secret conference, in a large room bedecked with the trappings of royalty, having at one end a life-size bust of the Emperor, elaborately painted and gilded, they seemed almost awed by the presence of this "counterfeit presentment," and trembled lest the movement should prove futile, and that summary vengeance might be visited upon them. One by one they were preparing to depart, when young Salnave, springing to his feet, threw open the doors, and drawing his pistol from his belt, fired its contents into the bust of the emperor, shattering it into a thousand fragments, shouting, "Down with Soulouque! Vive la Republique!" Like a spark of electricity the enthusiasm sped from house to house, and from that moment the whole north rallied to the overthrowing the empire and reestablishing the recause of Geffrard, and finally resulted in completely public. Geffrard, being a vain, ambitious man, used little discretion in rewarding those who espoused his cause, and, among others, conferred the position and bravery, energy, and persistency, he actually owed title of major in the army upon Salnave, to whose his exalted position. Soon, there came another call for his services. Spain, having taken advantage of

the civil war in this country, sent a strong force, and assumed to have annexed the Dominican portion of the island, and reestablished it once more as a colony -and most boldly did he respond to that call, sacríficing most of his property to supply arms and ammunition, as well as throwing his whole influence and prestige into the cause, leading in person a portion of her troops; and to him, as much, if not more than any one person, is due the credit of exterminating the Spaniards from the island, and placing the Government once more in the hands of the natives.

During his absence, the affairs of his country had undergone a great change. Geffrard, having once tasted the sweets of political honor, and having the means and opportunity of gratifying to the fullest extent his sensuality (for it is said that he was a notoriously licentious man), began to look about him to see who might possibly stand in the way of his remaining in power, and from some unexplained cause, fearing the popularity and influence of one General Oge Longuefosse, an old and valued friend of Salnave's, he ignominiously laid a snare to entrap him, then ordered his arrest, and had him confined in a dark, damp dungeon, with shackles upon his hands

and feet.

Knowing the unjustness and treachery of the act, Salnave rallied around him at once a few followers and seized the arsenal at Cape Haytien. The act, ⚫ however courageous and praiseworthy, was ill-timed. Forced to abandon the enterprise, he sought refuge in the Dominican territory, and General Longuefosse was ordered to be shot, when at last the wife of Salnave presented herself before Geffrard, asking for his pardon and permission to return. Taking advantage of his position, it is said that he so far debased himself as to propose such conditions, that she, as a true woman and loyal wife, left his presence with scorn and loathing, acquainting, at the earliest opportunity, her husband of the facts. From that moment he resolved never again to sheath his sword till he had driven forever from his country its base ruler. Calling to his side a few followers, he attacked and took possession of the hamlet of Cuanaminthe, on the Haytien border; from thence, by a forced march to Cape Haytien, where, raising his standard, and with but a corporal's guard, he held possession of the place for six months, although besieged by a force under Geffrard of some 16,000 men, and would doubtless have succeeded, had not Geffrard induced his friend, Mr. Spencer St. John, the English consulgeneral, to cause her Majesty's steamer Bulldog to bombard the fortifications of Salnave, and thus facilitate his entry into the city, and forcing Salnave to accept the protection offered to him by Captain Walker, of the United States gunboat De Soto, who conveyed him once more to the Dominican portion of the island, whence he embarked with a few followers for Turk's Island, there to develop more fully his plans, and renew again his attack. The seed he had sown, however, began to germinate, and on the 22d of February, 1867, there was a general rising in his favor in Port-au-Prince, and a few days later some fourteen of his friends, headed by General Chevalier, landed at night at St. Marcs, and took possession of the town. Geffrard, fearing longer to oppose the popular will, embarked at midnight, on the 18th of March, on board the French ship-of-war Destaing, which conveyed him and his family to Kingston, together with the public treasure, and all valuables that could be embarked. A provisional government was at once established, and a deputation sent to Turk's Island, recalling Salnave. Upon landing at the capital, the people received him with the greatest enthusiasm, and he was finally elected President of the Republic by a majority of the votes of the Chambers. Since that time the old adherents of

Geffrard have been constantly intriguing and plotting against him, and have gathered together a horde of guerillas, who have been aptly styled, by the people, Cacos," after a species of lizard indigenous to the

country, who immediately hide themselves upon the approach of any one. They are principally woodcutters and outlaws, who live between the Dominican and Haytien borders.

In person Salnave is of very commanding presence, about six feet in height, of regular features, large, lustrous eyes, dark complexion, about the color of our Indians; is now thirty-six years of age, rather reserved in his manners, says but little, and that to the point; although bred to arms, dresses habitually in plain citizen's dress; has an iron constitution, and is capable of undergoing great fatigue with little or no apparent effort. He has a good education in comparison with those around him, and displays wonderful sagacity and character in his official correspondence. He is a true and earnest friend as well as an implacable foe.

In November the insurgents in the south proclaimed General Domingue President, and those in the north General Nissage Saget, so that Hayti, for the time, had three rival Presidents.

HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER, Baronet, K. C. B., D. C. L., F. R. S., an English statesman, scholar, and art connoisseur, for seven years Governor-General of Canada, born in Rayleigh, Essex, in 1805; died in London, January 28, 1868. He was educated in Winchester and Oriel College, Oxford, graduating B. A. in 1827, obtaining a first class in classics. He subsequently became a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and in 1834 was appointed University Examiner. He was for many years one of the Poor-Law Commissioners. In October, 1847, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of NewBrunswick, and in 1854 promoted to be Governor-General of Canada. He retired from office in 1861, and on his return home in 1862 was appointed a Civil Service Commissioner. He was a most accomplished scholar, both in ancient and modern languages, and had a very high reputation as an art connoisseur, which was enhanced by his admirable "Hand-book of Spanish Painters," and his other writings in art. He had also written extensively on philological subjects, and his attainments in etymology were extensive. A discussion on the auxiliary verbs "shall and will," from his pen, attracted much attention some years since.

HESSE-DARMSTADT, a grand-duchy of Germany. Grand-duke, Ludwig III., born June 9, 1806; succeeded his father June 16, 1848. Area, 2,970 square miles; population, according to the census of 1867, 823,138. Hesse-Darmstadt forms part of the North-German Confederation, but only for the province of Upper Hesse, and two little communities north of the river Main, belonging to the other provinces, together with 257,479 inhabitants. The population of the two principal cities was, in 1867, as follows: Mentz (a fortress of the North-German Confederation), 43,108; Darmstadt (capital), 31,389. The budget for one year of the financial period from 1866-'68 estimates the revenue at 9,407,008; the expenditure at 7,371,952 guilders. The public debt (exclusive of railroad debt) amounted, at the close of 1866, to 2,088,000 florins.

According to a military convention concluded with Prussia, on April 7, 1867, all the troops of Hesse have been, since October 1, 1867, incorporated with the Prussian army, constituting the third division of the Eleventh Army Corps. They number 15,000 field troops and 5,800 reserves.

HOPKINS, Rt. Rev. JOHN HENRY, D. D., D. C. L., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, for the Diocese of Vermont, and for some years past Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States; born in Dublin, January 30, 1792; died in Rock Point, Vt., January 9, 1868. He came to America with his parents in 1800. His education was chiefly superintended by his mother. He was intended for the law, but after receiving a classical education, passed a year in a counting-room in Philadelphia; assisted Wilson, the ornithologist, in the preparation of the plates to the first four volumes of his work; and about his nineteenth year embarked in the manufacture of iron in the western part of Pennsylvania. In 1816 he married the daughter of a retired German merchant, then residing in Baltimore. The iron business was prostrated by the peace in 1815, and a year after his marriage (1817) he quitted it bankrupt in property. After six months' study, he was admitted to the bar in Pittsburgh, but in 1823, left the bar for the ministry, and in 1824 became the Rector of Trinity Church, Pittsburgh. A new building being needed, he became its architect, studying Gothic architecture for the purpose. In the Diocesan Convention of 1827, he was a prominent candidate for the office of Assistant Bishop of Pennsylvania, the members being equally divided between him and Dr. H. U. Onderdonk, and Mr. Hopkins's own vote securing the election of the latter. In 1831 Mr. Hopkins accepted a call to Trinity Church, Boston, as assistant minister. A theological seminary was at that time established in the Diocese of Massachusetts, in which he became Professor of Systematic Divinity. In the spring of 1832 he was elected the first Bishop of the separate Diocese of Vermont, and at the same time accepted the rectorship of St. Paul's Church, Burlington. He soon began a boys' school, which enabled him to give remunerative employment to a large number of candidates for orders. In erecting the needed buildings for the accommodation of this growing establishment, he became involved to a degree which resulted in the sacrifice of his property, and an amount of debt which it was not in his power to cancel for many years. He resigned his rectorship in 1856, in order that he might devote himself more unreservedly to the work of the diocese, and the building up of the Vermont Episcopal Institute at Burlington. Bishop Hopkins was a diligent writer, and published many volumes, among which may be mentioned "Christianity Vindicated in a Series of Seven Discourses on the External Evidences of the New Testa

ment; " "The Primitive Church compared with the Protestant Episcopal Church of the Present Day;" "The Primitive Creed Examined and Explained; ""Essay on Gothic Architecture; """History of the Confessional;" "The American Citizen, his Rights and Duties;" and "A Refutation of Milner's End of Controversy, in a Series of Letters," two vols., published in 1854. His first work was published in 1833, and his last in the last year of his life. In the early part of the war he published a work in defence of slavery, which was much spoken of at the time, because of the source from which it emanated. One of his latest works was a "Church History in Verse," published last year, but this hardly reached the dignity of poetry. Bishop Hopkins was present at the Pan-Anglican Synod at Lambeth, in which he took a prominent part. While abroad the degree of D. C. L. was conferred upon him by the University of Oxford. He had but recently returned to this country, and his diocese, at his his death. In the dissension dividing the Epis copal Church, Bishop Hopkins was a decided champion of the High Church party, and refused to sign the famous protest of the bishops last year against High Church practices.

HOWELL, ROBERT BOYTÉ CRAWFORD, D.D., a Baptist clergyman and author, born in Wayne, County, N. C., March 10, 1801; died in Nashville, Tenn., April 5, 1868. His early religious and literary training was imparted to a considerable extent by his mother, and supplemented by such schools as existed in the neighborhood of his father's plantation on the Neuse River; but he was a diligent student, and having, qualified himself to enter Columbian College, Washington, D. C., in 1822, he graduated in 1826 with the highest honors of his class, having, in addition to the usual college studies, prosecuted successfully those pertaining to medicine and theology. He was then, as always afterward, intensely rapid in his mental action, and his facility in the acquisition of knowledge was very great.

During his college course he found time for performing considerable missionary and Sunday-school labor in Washington and its vicinity, and almost immediately after his graduation was licensed to preach, and labored as a domestic missionary under the direction of the Baptist General Association of Virginia. In January 1827, he accepted a call from the Cumberland Street Baptist church, Norfolk, Va., and was ordained there on the 27th of January. His pastorate of somewhat more than eight years at Norfolk was eminently successful, and when he removed thence to Nashville, Tenn., it was only because there seemed a wider door of usefulness there. The First Baptist Church in Nashville, of which he became pastor, had been almost broken up by the course pursued and doctrines taught by Rev. Alexander Camp bell, D. D., the founder of the "Disciples," but, through Mr. Howell's energy and earnest labor, it was united and became a

powerful

church. In Nashville, he established and edited for some time a religious newspaper, exerted a powerful influence in favor of missions, and by his remarkable eloquence and earnestness very early took a position as leader of his denomination in the State. For years he was moderator or president of all the religious organizations of the Baptists in the State, and for ten consecutive years president of the Southern Baptist Convention. He was also a director, manager, or trustee in most of the educational institutions of the State. In 1850, after sixteen years of arduous labor in Nashville, he accepted a call to the pastorate of the Second Baptist Church in Richmond, Va., and remained there till 1857, when, at the urgent request of his former charge at Nashville, he returned there and continued in that relation till his death. In Richmond, as in Nashville, he had been called to occupy a prominent position in the management of the State denominational and educational institutions. He also found time for the preparation of several religious works. His services were in demand in Nashville on his return thither, as before, for the State denominational societies, and the public educational institutions of the State also gladly availed themselves of his counsels. In the beginning of the war, he took a decided stand with the Confederacy, and, when the city came into the possession of the Union forces, he was, for a time, by order of Andrew Johnson, then military Governor of the State, put under military surveillance. Finding, however, that, though not a unionist, he had no treasonable designs, he was after a few weeks discharged. His time was during the war mainly occupied with the preparation of several religious works. His health began to fail early in 1867, and he was unable to continue his labors either as a preacher or writer. Dr. Howell's published works were: "The Evils of Infant Baptism; "The Cross;" "The Covenant (this was afterward expanded into a larger work, not yet published, entitled "The Christology of the Pentateuch, as developed in the Covenants"); "The Early Baptists of Virginia" (also subsequently enlarged). These were published during his residence in Richmond, between 1850 and 1857. He subsequently (between 1857 and 1861) published "Communion; ""The Deaconship;" "The Way of Salvation," and two or three other small books. He also left, besides the two unpublished works mentioned above, two other posthumous works, "A Memorial of the First Baptist Church of Nashville from 1820 to 1863," an elaborate work on "The Family," completed in 1865, and a number of volumes of his Sermons. Dr.

Howell was an elegant preacher, a vigorous writer, and a man of pleasing address.

HUGHES, BALL, a sculptor, born in London, January 19, 1806; died in Boston, March 5, 1868. He showed a talent for sculpture very early, for at twelve years of age he procured a supply of wax by collecting candle-ends,

and out of this material made a bas-relief copy of a picture representing the judgment of Solomon, which was afterward cast in silver. Fortunately his father was willing that the child's natural bent should be regarded, and placed him for instruction with the sculptor Bailey, in whose studio he remained for seven years. During this time he gained several important prizes in competition. The Royal Academy gave him the large silver medal for the best copy in bas-relief of the Apollo; the Society of Arts and Sciences gave him their silver medal for a copy of the Barberini Faun, the large silver medal for the best original model from life, and a gold medal for an original composition, "Pandora brought to Earth by Mercury." He soon began to receive commissions for important works, but, in 1829, determined to emigrate to America. His first important commission here was the statue of Alexander Hamilton for the Merchants' Exchange. This was destroyed in the great fire of 1835. The basrelief of Bishop Hobart, which he made for Trinity Church, is now in the vestry of the present building. He made several groups which have never been put into marble, "Little Nell sitting in the Churchyard," and "Uncle Toby and the Widow Wadman," which last is admirably executed. He also made a model of an equestrian statue of Washington, intended for the city of Philadelphia; a statuette of Warren, and a bust of Irving. For a number of years he resided in Dorchester, near Boston. Among his other works of note, are a "Crucifixion; a fine statue in bronze of Nathaniel Bowditch in Mount Auburn Cemetery, which, owing to some defect in the composition of the metal, it is feared cannot stand the vicissitudes of our climate; a "Mary Magdalen," and several others of nearly equal merit. He had also within a few years past executed some remarkably spirited sketches, done on wood with a hot iron. Several of his statues are in private collections in England, and are very highly prized.

HUNGARY, a country of Europe, formerly an independent kingdom, but now forming part of Austria. As reconstructed in 1867,* Hungary consists of the following parts, each of which was to be, according to the Constitution of 1849, a separate crown-land:

Hungary...

Croatia and Slavonia..
Transylvania
Military Frontier..

Total....

Population in 1867. .10,814,206 962,031 2,095,215 1,131,502

....

Adding army and travelling population, about

15,002,954

.15,348,000

pendencies, which was appointed in February, The special ministry for Hungary and its de1867, and which remained unchanged in 1868, was composed as follows: Minister President

*See ANNUAL AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA, for 1867. Further statistics on the nationalities and religious denominations of Hungary and its dependencies are given on page 58 of the present volume.

and Minister of the Defence of the Country, Count Julius Andrássy; Minister à latere, Count George Festeticz; Minister of the Interior, Baron Bela de Wenkheim; Minister of Justice, Balthasar de Horváth; Minister of Finances, Melchior de Lónyay; Minister of Public Instruction and Worship, Baron Joseph de Eötvös; Minister of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, Stephen de Gorove; Minister of Public Works, Count Emeric Mikó.

The budget for 1868 estimated the revenue at 115,915,800 florins; the expenditures at 121,232,800 florins; the deficit at 5,317,000.

The Hungarian Diet resumed its work on March 11th. The election of Kossuth, who, at one of the supplementary elections, had been elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies, was verified, but Kossuth never took his seat, and in a letter of resignation gave at full his reasons. The fact of his resignation was announced in the Chamber on April 29th, but the ministerial majority of the House decided that the letter should not be read.

On November 24th the delegates of Croatia appeared for the first time in the Hungarian Diet. They were warmly received, and mutual greetings were exchanged in the Croatian and Hungarian languages. M. Vacanovits and M. Zuvits made speeches, in which they gave, in the name of the Croatian nation, promises of brotherhood toward Hungary, and of the maintenance of unity under the crown of St. Stephen. The elections of the Croatian deputies were then on the spot declared verified, and they proceeded to elect members for the Hungarian delegation.

The work of the Diet was brought to a close on the 10th of December. It had been elected in 1865; and as it accomplished the reconciliation of Hungary and Austria, it is one of the most memorable in the history of Hungary. The days immediately preceding the close were signalized by several important and popular acts of the government. A letter manual of the King appointed M. Bedekovich as minister for Croatia and Slavonia in the Hungarian ministry. He had been one of the stanchest advocates of the compromise between Hungary and Croatia, and his appointment was therefore favorably received by the Magyars. The law establishing the national militia received the royal sanction, and Archduke Joseph, son of the popular Palatine of the same name, and brother of the Archduke Stephen, the last Palatine, was appointed as commander. The Honveds of 1848-49 sent a deputation to the King to offer their services, when their spokesman, Colonel Horváth, made the following address:

We appear before your Majesty to express to your Majesty the homage of the Honveds of 1848-49, and to declare that we are ready, every one according to his power, in war or peace, to serve under the orders of your Majesty. May Heaven grant us peace in order that we may reap the benefits of the impulse given by your Majesty; but, if fate should decide otherwise, we will add more than one leaf to the laurel-crowns which may adorn your sovereign brow.

On December 8th the King issued the following address to the army, introducing to them the Honveds as their new comrades:

The monarchy wants peace; we must know how to maintain it. For this purpose I have had presented to both Legislatures a bill by which, in case of necessity, the whole population may rise in arms to defend the dearest interests of the country. Both The reorganization of the empire has been effected Legislatures have passed it, and I have sanctioned it. on those historical bases on which it reposed in the times when it fought out the most difficult wars successfully. Both sides of my empire will have henceforth the same interest in defending its security and will support it in good and ill fortune. My people, power. My army thereby gains an auxiliary which without distinction of class, will now, according to the law, rank under my colors proudly. Let the army be the school of that courage without which empires cannot maintain themselves. Side by side with the army will be a new element, the Honveds, to help in the common defence. Its aim is the same, and it is composed of the same elements-nay, partly issues from the army itself. I turn with confidence to the army. It is my will that those who serve the country in arms should do so with pleasure. It is my will that the loyalty and comradeship-that dear inheritance of the army-should animate all its parts, and that army, navy, and Honveds should hold together, like good comrades, animated by the same duties, and called to the same glory. I, therefore, confidently trust that all officers of the army and of the Honveds will receive this new institution in this spirit; particularly I expect that the generals, as leaders, will draw closely the links which unite the two; that they will keep up the spirit of order and discipline, and stop from the beginning any false directions which may be taken. My army has gone through hard trials, but its courage is not broken, and my faith in it is not shaken. The path of honor and loyalty on which the brave sons of my empire have followed hitherto may be their path henceforth. too. Let them be faithful to their past, and bring with them the glorious traditions of former times. Progressing in science and in the spirit of the times, strengthened by new elements, it will inspire respect in the enemy and be a stronghold of throne and empire. FRANCIS JOSEPH.

BUDA, December 8, 1868.

We

Gentlemen, my Lords, and Representatives: The present Legislature ceases to-day, and we wished to close in person the Diet whose fruitful activity stands unparalleled in the long history of Hungary. called you together three years ago, under difficult and anxious circumstances, to accomplish a great task. Our common aim and endeavor has been to solve all those questions which, not only in these late times, but for centuries, have been the sources of distrust and of collisions. Although prejudices inherited from times pest, the power of habit, suspicions nourished by events, and the seeming antag onism of interests, contributed to complicate the situation, we have succeeded, nevertheless, in aecomplishing our difficult task successfully. This success is owing to the loyal alliance between the