rich and apparently inexhaustible supply of a pure and easily-manufactured salt." As the lands, contiguous to the springs, have been assigned by the State "to aid in the development of the full capacity of the springs, and to furnish a sufficient area for the convenience of salt manufacture," the Governor recommends, as an economical measure, "that so much of said lands be sold or given as may be required for that object, and that a tax of two cents on every bushel of salt made shall be exacted and received by the State." He adds that responsible persons "are ready to invest, in these springs, any required sums, if the opportunity is presented to them," as competent men have examined the springs and declared that "brine can be obtained in quantities equivalent to upward of one thousand bushels of salt per day."

In regard to internal improvements, the Governor urges upon the Legislature the execution of several works of public utility, but chiefly the building of four bridges at as many favorable points across the Platte, namely, near its mouth, at Ashland, Columbus, and Grand Island, assigning for their construction the proceeds from the sale of State lands. The quicksands, wide, shallow, and changeable bottom of said river, are a great barrier to the communication between the citizens inhabiting the northern and southern sections of the State which the Platte divides. These bridges would be the means of fully realizing the benefits which should accrue to the State from the Union Pacific Railroad running on the north bank of the river, and which, otherwise, would be nearly exclusively confined to her northern section, and thus half lost. But the most signal benefit resulting to the State from the construction of those bridges is, that the easy passage afforded by them across the river would bring the inhabitants of her northern and southern sections into frequent and more close contact with one another, and thus be the direct means of gradually lessening and in a short time dispelling altogether that sort of estrangement and reciprocal bad feeling which now, on account of that geographical separation, exist between

them.

As the Secretary of the Interior has refused the stipulated payments to the Union Pacific Railroad Company on the ground that the culverts built for the road are not solid, Governor Butler suggests to the Legislature "to memorialize Congress and the Secretary upon the subject," stating as a well-known fact "that the culverts were built of the best materials then at hand, that they have not failed, and are now being replaced as fast as possible with stone structures."

To shorten distances and facilitate communications between remote points in the interior of the State, by connecting them through railway lines of her own, the Governor urges upon the Legislature to give their

utmost attention to the subject, and dispose of it by determining upon and encouraging “a system of railroads which will bring the greatest prosperity to the State."

The principal want of Nebraska, however, is immigration. On this account, Governor Butler complains that, while "other States have their chartered immigration societies, and their salaried agents abroad furnished with ample means, whose business it is to make known their respective advantages," and invite immigrants, by offering them every facility and inducement to settle within them, "Nebraska, with millions of undeveloped wealth in her soil and minerals, and with a climate and commercial facilities unsurpassed by any new inland State, has done almost nothing." He recommends "that immediate and efficient measures be taken to avail oar selves of this most effectual and desirable means for the early development of our ma terial resources."

The speedy enrolment and organization of the militia for immediate and active service might be regarded as another want. It is rep resented by the Governor as being of absolute necessity, especially to secure the frontier settlements from Indian depredation and mas sacre, as the southeastern borders of the State have been repeatedly visited, and with no military force near to help the injured. He states that the survivors among these having come to the capital and appealed to him in their extremity, he could only furnish them with arms and ammunition, and advise them to organize and "help themselves as best they could;" and that, in the fall of 1867, a co pany of those who had been plundered their stock and all goods, and compelled to abandon their homes, was by his order "mus tered into the service of the State, and served two months, patrolling the country and guard ing the settlements against attack." He asks that an appropriation should be made t compensate them for their time and expens during that period." He earnestly reconmends, at the same time, that immediate pre vision should be made for the organization the regular State militia, the experience of the past having abundantly taught that, however friendly disposed and willing to render promp assistance the Federal commander and troop of the Platte Department might be, "it is t the part of prudence to rely on the Genera Government alone to protect the frontiers man" from Indian attacks, these being sudden and of brief duration, as they are destructive

In this connection we may notice here ths: "the Nebraska Legislature has passed a joint resolution, memorializing Congress to remove the Pawnees from their present reservation near Columbus. It has also agreed upon & providing a general herd law."

Upon this occasion, and aiming at a thorough organization of the Executive Depart ment, Governor Butler represents that "the

care and preservation of the military records, the correspondence on military affairs, the care of the ordinance, arms, and ammunition, belonging to the State, make it necessary that the office of Adjutant-General be created and provided with a suitable salary."

He seems also to hint at the utility of creating the office of Attorney-General, when he says that he has employed counsel in behalf of the State, whose bill for fees will be laid before the Legislature, and asks them to set apart for the future a sufficient sum as "important questions, which can be settled only by litigation, and in which the State has important interests, have been suffered to lie, because there was no appropriation to defray the expenses attending their adjudication."

Concerning the education of youth and public instruction in general, though there are schools and school-houses in Nebraska, she seems not to have given the subject that attention and care which it deserves. According to the Governor's statement, the different portions of the State "complain of the inefficiency and injustice of our school laws." And while he does not sanction, but rather condemns, such complaints as untrue in most cases, yet he calls on the Legislature, saying: "These complaints are so numerous that the feeling prevails that we have no established public school system, nor even settled policy of public instruction. It is therefore devolved upon you to give to the State a school system that shall be in its operation equitable and efficient, complete in all its parts, and as a whole harmonious."

He also requests them to consider and decide upon the expediency of establishing a schoolbuilding fund, to be distributed among the districts which have occasion for a schoolhouse, and apportioning it in equal sums, "not to exceed two-thirds or three-fourths of the minimum cost of buildings of lowest grade, to be fixed by him."

Governor Butler anticipates that a general fund, besides securing "in every district a school-house creditable to the State," would also remove the injustice done to the inhabitants of precincts lately formed out of portions of larger ones, as they, after having borne their share of the burden for erecting the school-houses in the old precincts under the system of precinct taxation, would be compelled to build the schools of their new precincts unaided.

As to the State Normal School at Peru, for the completion of whose building the last General Assembly appropriated at the May session three thousand dollars, the Governor states that the sum has been expended for that purpose, and that "the institution is now in successful operation." Referring to the suggestions made by the Board of Education in their report to the State Auditor, he urges on the Legislature the necessity of making "full provision for the successful management and

efficiency of this branch of the State educational system."

After stating that "the grounds on which the old State-house stands were given by the citizens of Omaha to be used by the Territory for the erection thereon of the capitol," now that the seat of government has been transferred to Lincoln, the Governor says: "I recommend that they be granted to the city of Omaha, to be used for a high-school, on the condition that, when they shall no longer be used for that purpose, they shall revert to the State."

He requests the Assemby to take effective measures to secure school reports with full and accurate statistics, giving a definite idea of the condition of the schools, as well as of the efficiency of the system; such information being indispensable both to legislate upon and superintend the schools in an efficient manner.

He finally recommends the creation of local and general superintendents of the schools as independent offices. He represents them to be a want long and generally felt, and suggests that to the General Superintendent's office an ample salary should be attached, "sufficient to secure the constant services of our best men."

The Governor asks an appropriation for the State Library, chiefly to enlarge its law branch, by purchasing the best recent works on elementary law, and above all to complete the sets of its Law Reports, as some volumes which belong to them respectively were accidentally lost in the transportation.

He strongly urges an effectual provision for securing the publication of the Law Reports of Nebraska; representing that such publication is both honorable to the State by enabling her to send her own reports to other States who furnish her with theirs, and advantageous to the administration of justice within her limits, especially in the inferior courts. These are frequently in doubt, and hesitate to pronounce on cases before them, "from the difficulty of ascertaining what are the decisions made in superior courts."

In regard to works of charity toward the unfortunate among her people, Nebraska has made provision for the deaf and dumb, the blind, and the insane, by causing the latter to be taken care of, and the former educated in well-known institutions abroad, at her charge.

The insane are sent to the Iowa Hospital at Mount Pleasant for their treatment, eleven new subjects having been sent thither within the last two years, in addition to those who then were there. The average yearly expense at the hospital is $280, the aggregate amounting at present to $5,350. To this must be added the expense of conveyance, reckoned at about one hundred dollars for each subject. On these grounds the Governor intimates" that the time has nearly arrived when economical considerations alone will require that these unfortunate people shall find an asylum under the

control and within the borders of their own State. I recommend this subject to your consideration, suggesting that provision be made for the erection, within the next two years, of a Hospital for the Insane."

He urges upon the General Assembly the erection of a State Penitentiary, as a public necessity; stating that the escapes of criminals from the places of their detention have been so frequent till within a short time that "sentence of imprisonment was little more than a farce; and that at present they "are confined in overcrowded county jails, frequently in cells under ground, badly ventilated, damp, and unwholesome." He recommends "that the Legislature take such action as may be necessary to effect the early building of the penitentiary, and that the State convicts be employed in the construction."

Pursuant to a call previously published by the Republican State Central Committee, the Republican State Convention met at Nebraska City, on April 29, 1868, when they nominated their candidates for Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and three presidential electors, and before adjourning adopted, as their platform, the following resolutions:

Resolved, That we point, with pride and satisfaction, to the history and record of the great national Republican party of the United States-and ask for it the confidence and unfaltering support of our fellow-citizens:

1. Because it has saved the Republic from overthrow by putting down the most wanton and wicked rebellion, urged in the interest of slavery and oppres

sion, ever known to the history of the world.

2. Because it has stood, like a "wall of fire," between the oppressed and their relentless and unrepentant oppressors, as it still demands that, in the reconstruction of the rebel States, loyal men only shall

control.

3. Because it has given to the country a homestead law, thus providing free homes for free men, and providing land for the landless without money and without price."

4. Because it has chartered and endowed the great Pacific Railroad, thus uniting, with iron bands, the Atlantic with the Pacific, and bringing through the State the commerce of China and India, in exchange for the commodities and productions of American labor, skill, and enterprise.

5. Because it is the vivifying power which imparts to the efforts of the struggling friends of freedom, throughout the world, their light, their heat, and

their highest value.

Resolved, That, we heartily approve of and accept as just the doctrine of universal amnesty and impartial suffrage, believing that in its application will be found a just rule for a permanent settlement of the great question of reconstruction.

our honor and regard, and trust they will aid in per petuating the liberties of the Constitution of the country they perilled their lives to save. Resolved, That the Republican party was organized for the preservation of the life of our nation, and for the purpose of establishing equality to all before the law; and that while, as a party, we favor all movements tending to promote public morality, yet we terfering with the national customs of any portion of are opposed to all prohibitory laws and statutes inour citizens, as subversive of sound morality and as unnecessary abridgments of the liberties of the person guaranteed the people by all republican constitutions.

The Democratic State Convention also was

held in Omaha, on the 5th of August, 1868, and nominated their candidates for State offcers and the presidential electors.

The qualifications required of a voter in Nebraska are as follows:

Every male citizen of the United States, and he who has filed his declaration of intention to become such, and who has attained the age of twentyyears, and shall have been an actual resident of this State for six months, of the county twenty days, and of the precinct ten days next preceding the election. is a voter at all elections in this State, excepting s

per provision made by section fifty-three of the elec

tion law.

All male persons, who can show the registrar that the above facts will exist the day preceding the elec tion, are entitled to registration.

Any foreign-born male coming to the United States before twenty-one years of age, and whose f ther files his declaration of intention to become a citizen before his children are twenty-one years old, is thereby made a voter.

Any foreign-born male who has served in the charge, is a voter. United States army, and can show an honorable dis

NETHERLANDS, THE, a kingdom in Erope. King, William III., born February 19. 1817; succeeded his father, March 17, 1819 Area, 13,890 English square miles; population (according to the calculation of the Roy Statistical Bureau), in 1866, 3,552,665; at the close of 1867, 3,592,416. An official census is taken every tenth year; the result of the last censuses was as follows: 1859, 3,293,577; 1849 3,056,879; 1839, 2,860,450; 1829, 2,613.45 The large cities are, Amsterdam, 267,627; Ro terdam, 117,107; the Hague, 89,068. Th population of the Dutch colonies is as follows East Indies (1866), 20,523,742; West Indies 84,486; coast of Guiana, about 120,000; total 20,728,228. In the Dutch East Indies there was, in 1866, a European population of 36.124 (of whom 29,768 were born in the colonies; exclusive of 11,492 soldiers and their descend

same colonies was 241,533. The budget 1868 fixes the expenditures at 99,665,824 g ders, and the receipts at 94,865,321 guilders The public debt, in 1868, was 968,243.913 guilders. The army, in 1867, consisted of 61.318 men; the army in the East India colonies of 27,168 men. The fleet, on July 1, 188 consisted of 135 vessels, with 1,325 guns. Th imports, in 1866, amounted to 528.970.00 guilders, and the exports to 436,590,000 gailders. The merchant navy, on December ål.

ward released on a writ of habeas corpus. The Supreme Court of Nevada decided that the law in question was constitutional, but the United States Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, with instructions to enter judgment in accordance with this opinion.

Mr. Justice Miller, who delivered the opinion, after examining the subject in its constitutional relations, took the general ground that citizens in one part of the country have the same unrestrained right to travel as citizens in any other part of the United States. He reviewed the question in a national aspect, referring, among other things, to the fact that Washington is the seat of a great Government, Congress makes laws, the judiciary expounds them, and the President directs its thousands of employés in the transaction of business. They may be called to Washington for instructions, or other citizens may be appointed to office in Washington, or such public officers may find it necessary to leave their respective localities to attend to Government business in other States. If restrictions be imposed upon their travel, it is apparent that the design of a free Government, where every man has a right to emigrate, cannot be efficiently carried out. And so of business of all kinds in the States, whether connected with the Government or not. If one State can impose a capitation tax on passengers leaving it, or passing through its territory, so can another, or all the States may thus restrain or impede travel, and interfere with commerce between the States. In further support of the views of the majority of the court, he said the Government, under such State laws, could be seriously embarrassed in the transportation of troops and supplies, and quoted numerous legal authorities to sustain the opinion. Chief-Justice Chase and AssociateJustice Clifford dissented as to some of the principles advanced in the opinion.

The construction of railroads is already attracting attention among the people. The Central Pacific is about completed through the State. Another enterprise is the Virginia and Truckee Railroad, to connect with the Central Pacific at Reno, on the Truckee River, passing through Washoe City, Carson City, and the richest agricultural valleys to Virginia City. The engineers are engaged in the necessary surveys. Arrangements have been made for the iron and rolling stock, and nothing remains to engage the attention of the company but the speedy grading of the road and the laying of the track. Another road is contemplated from Oroville, California, to Virginia City, and a portion of the capital is taken up.

The mining operations throughout the State have improved during the year, although the yield of some districts has declined. Of the new fields which have been discovered, the most promising is known as the White Pine. This district comprises an area of about twelve miles square, in a bold chain of hills bearing

the same name, whose general altitude varies from six to nine thousand feet, though several high ridges reach an elevation of eleven thousand feet. It lies one hundred and twenty-five miles east of south from Elko, and about the same distance south of east from Austin. Elko is on the Central Pacific Railroad, some four hundred and sixty miles east of Sacramento, and at present is simply a collection of tents, at the mouth of the south fork of the Humboldt. Stages already run between Silver City and Boise, to Elko, and thence to Hamil ton, in the White Pine district. The discovery of the silver lodes-regarded as the richest ever known in the world-was made by an Indian and a man named Eberhardt, and the mine located in January, 1868. A shaft was sunk at the point of discovery, out of which some good ore was taken, but nothing to ind cate the immense value which has since been developed. In May following, a discovery was made, about a hundred feet east of the shaft, of exceedingly rich ore, and work was commenced with vigor. The nearest reduction-works were at Newark, some twenty-five miles dis tant, and Austin, one hundred and twenty miles distant; and the ore was shipped to both these points. The first lot, worked & Austin, paid at the rate of fourteen hundred dollars per ton.

The Eberhardt is located on the southera slope of Treasure Hill, and development b shown that it runs nearly east and west, rather than north and south, as located; yet that portion which is at present yielding so shudantly is called the South Eberhardt. The workings have been extended until two dis tinct and well-defined walls appear, which are one hundred and eighty-four feet apart, a between which the ore is enclosed. The ven matter is a conglomerate of quartz, calespa", limestone charged with metal, and bowlders of barren limestone, a majority of which conta from eight thousand to twenty thousand da lars per ton in silver; none of the lower gra is at present worked, and nothing less tha three hundred and fifty dollar ore has yet beca sent to the mill, and by far the greater portica has yielded from eight to twelve hundred dol lars per ton. The mine lies in a limestone formation; the workings during the summer were in an open cut, but during the fall two shafts were sunk which were covered with a substantial building, and through which the workings are conducted. The deepest shaft is but eighty or ninety feet down. There was in sight in the mine, on January 1st, as estimated by competent judges, between four and five hundred tons of milling ore. Small lots of re have been selected and smelted that yielded from four to seven dollars per pound; and the company had on hand about seven tons of ore that will yield from five to seven thousand de lars per ton in silver. Since the opening of the mine, in May last, according to the books of the company, an amount of ore has been