of 11,451,874, of which 4,232, of 7,130,327 tons shipped cargoes. Of the steamers entered 1,657, of 3,423,661 tons, carried the Dutch flag, and of those cleared 1,734, of 3.567,297 tons. The mercantile navy of the Netherlands on Jan. 1, 1888, comprised 516 sailing-vessels, of 440,430 metric tons, and 105 steamers, of 284,927 metric tons.

Railroads. There were 2,550 kilometres or 1,584 miles of railroads in operation on Jan. 1, 1887. The state owned 1,390 kilometres. The earnings of all the lines in 1885 amounted to 25,319,000 guilders, and the expenses were 14,466,000 guilders. The earnings of the State railroads were 11,876,000 guilders, and the expenses 7,210,000 guilders. The capital invested in railroad construction up to 1885 was 213,651,089 guilders.

Telegraphs.-The State had 4,903 kilometres of telegraph lines and 17,233 kilometres of wires on Jan. 1, 1888. Of 657 stations in the country 358 belonged to the State and 299 to companies. The number of messages that passed over the wires in 1887 was 3,734,065, of which 1,996,628 were internal, 1,706,396 international, and 31,041 official. The receipts were 1,176,146 guilders; the expenses, 1,519,028 guilders for ordinary, and 28,639 guilders for extraordinary purposes.

The Army. The war strength of the European army in 1887 was 2,342 officers and 63,391 men, exclusive of the active schutteryen, numbering 41,217 men, and the territorial militia, numbering 76,467 men. The Vitali system of converted rifle has been adopted for the infantry. The Navy. The fleet of war in July, 1888, consisted of 24 iron-clads, 12 monitors, 6 river gun-boats, 28 cruisers, 8 paddle-wheel gunboats, 30 coast-guard gun-boats, 31 torpedoboats, 5 batteries, and 21 other vessels.

Colonies. The Dutch possessions in the East Indies are divided into the colony of Java and Madura, where there is a settled government, and the so-called outposts, which include Sumatra, Borneo, the Riouw-Lingga Archipelago, Banka, Billiton, Celebes, the Molucca Archipelago, and the Sunda Islands. Java has been governed since 1832 on the culture system, under which the labor of the natives is officially superintended and directed so as to produce food crops sufficient for the population and as much colonial produce for the European market as is possible. Under this system coffee, indigo, sugar, pepper, tea, tobacco, and other articles have been cultivated for the Government by the forced labor of the natives. Forced labor has been abolished except in the cultivation of coffee and sugar, and will cease in connection with the latter crop after 1890 in accordance with a law that was passed in 1870. The culture system has not been introduced in the outposts except in the tobacco districts of the west coast of Sumatra and in the residency of Menado on the island of Celebes, where it is applied to the cultivation of coffee. The Government, by monopolizing the trade, derives a

large profit from the privately grown tobacco of Java, which is purchased at one fifth or one sixth of the price for which it is sold in the auction sale at Amsterdam. The opium monopoly adds to the revenue of the Government, although the introduction of the narcotic has tended to impoverish the people. The natives of Java were formerly submissive and satisfied, but of late years the failures of the coffee-crop, the crises in the sugar and indigo trades, and the irregularities that have crept into the colonial administration have produced widespread discontent. In 1888 an insurrection took place in the spring in the district of Bantam, which was put down with difficulty by the prompt and energetic action of the military authorities, who sent a large force into the disturbed district. A pretender appeared who falsely claimed to be a descendant of the former sultans, and obtained a large following, but was finally arrested and proved to be an impostor, and was condemned to four years' imprisonment. In the summer the rumor of a general insurrection spread through the eastern part of the island, and the Europeans were plunged into a state of extreme anxiety. At Soerabaya the civic guard had orders to take up arms at the first alarm, and the whites who lived outside brought their families into the town. The expected uprising was prevented by the timely action of the police. There was a conspiracy extending through central and eastern Java. In Surakarta, where nightly meetings took place in various places, the authorities seized the principal ringleaders, who confessed that their object was to establish a new Javan empire. In the residencies of Kediri, Madiun, and Pasuruan the head conspirators were caught in time and brought behind bars. In Vorstenlanden a nocturnal assembly was surprised by the police, and in the house of one of the leaders was found a seal of state on which was engraved the name Mangku Negoro IV, as the prospective ruler of the restored empire was called.

The island of Sumatra is divided into a number of districts, provinces, or kingdoms, some of which are directly under Dutch rule, whereas others continue under the native rulers aided by Dutch advisers. The latest official statements give the population at 2,792,561 natives, 105,823 Chinese, and 3,847 Europeans.

The military authorities were no nearer mastering the rebellion in 1888 than they had been in previous years. A falling out between the Sultan and one of his vassals, who was a formidable enemy of the Dutch, was a favorable circumstance. Yet the strongest foe that they had to encounter, the berri-berri disease, was worse than ever before. It attacked European women, who had previously been spared. A medical commission that was sent to study the nature of the plague and means of prevention, suggested preventive measures that reduced the ravages among the soldiers.

The

hospital doctor made the discovery that the soldiers were able to simulate the disease very perfectly in order to be transferred and thus escape the real sickness. In the budget for 1888-'89 a sum is appropriated for a body of troops composed of the soldiers who are sent back to Holland on account of temporary sickness, and who will serve as cadres of instruction for the new troops that are raised for India. The Government is now attempting to bribe the Acheenese chiefs into submission. In the Indian budget the sum of 45,000 guilders is set down for pensions to those who have ceased their hostilities. The plan of restoring the Sultanate, evacuating Acheen and retiring to Oleh-leh is contemplated by the present Government.

NEVADA. State Government. The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Christopher C. Stevenson, Republican; Lieutenant-Governor, Henry C. Davis; Secretary of State, John M. Dormer; Treasurer, George Tufly; Comptroller, J. F. Hallock; Attorney-General, John F. Alexander; Superintendent of Public Instruction, W. C. Dovey; Chief-Justice, of the Supreme Court, Orville R. Leonard; Associate Justices, Charles H. Belknap, Thomas P. Howley.

Finances. The total State expenditures for 1887 were $523,412.84, of which $130,980 represents interchanges between the various State funds, leaving the actual State expenses $392,532.84. These expenditures exceeded the income for the year by about $50,000. Of the above amount $41,498.07 was expended for the support of the State Prison, $50,933.44 for the State Insane Asylum, $13,022.90 for the Orphan's Home, $13.164.25 for completion and improvements of the State University, and $11,112.55 for its support. The legislative session cost $52,487.84, and $53,682.37 was paid for the support of schools.

Concerning the State debt, the Comptroller says in his report at the close of 1888: "The reduction of the rate of taxation in 1879, from ninety cents to fifty-five cents on each $100 of property valuation and the net proceeds of mines, resulted in a loss of revenue of about $240,000 for the years 1879-'80, and was the means of creating a bonded debt for general expenses, the interest on which has already amounted to $39,688,55, and will probably amount to much more before the debt can be disposed of, as $106,000 of the principal is still unpaid, and the necessities of this year will probably increase this amount by $80,000 or more. In view of these facts, and with the knowledge that the revenue has fallen off in the last two years in the sum of about $16,000 a year, through loss of the drummer tax and the reduction of poll taxes; that the State is now almost entirely dependent upon the tax on property, for revenue; and of the strong probability that appropriations from the general fund, largely in excess of those for past years, will be found necessary for the ensuing

two years for exigencies that have arisen; it is hoped that the Legislature at this session will not make the mistake of reducing the tax rate, without discovering some compensating source or sources of revenue."

In addition to the debt above mentioned, the State holds in the school fund an irredeemable bond for $380 000, on which it pays 5 per cent. interest annually.

Education. The number of children of school age in the State for the school year 1887-88 was 9,716, a decrease of 112 from the previous year. The amount apportioned by the State from its school funds to the public schools was about $63,000.

The second year of the State University since its removal to Reno has proved prosperous. At its opening in the autumn of 1887, after being closed six months for extensive repairs, the number of students in attendance was only 36; but before the close of 1888 there were 115 on the rolls, outside of the normal coarse. An agricultural experiment station is estab lished in connection with the University, which receives annually $15,000 from the General Government for its support. A school of mines, a school of agriculture, a school of liberal arts, a business department, and a normal school are all organized under the university.

The Insane. By an act of 1887 the Governor, Comptroller, and Treasurer were created a board of commissioners for the care of the indigent insane. The board at once took control of the State asylum, and made a thorough examination of its condition. Grave charges having been made against the superintendent, the board in May instituted an investigation, which resulted in the exoneration of that official. An attempt to provide a supply of water for the asylum from Truckee river, has led the board into an expensive litigation, not yet ended. The number of inmates during the year has averaged 162.

Mining. The bullion-product of Nevada for 1888 amounted to about $12,305,603; for 1887 it was $10,232,453; for 1886, $9,169,920.

Silver Coinage.-The Governor says in his annual message: "This question is one of the most important to the people of Nevada, and it may be said to be paramount to all others. The difference in the price paid for silver by the Government and the price at which it pays it out would make a good profit for the miner. For the past year the price paid for silver has averaged about ninty-three cents a fine ounce, while it is paid out at $1.2928. Thus the Government makes in seigniorage about thirty-six cents on every ounce of silver purchased, and this is taken from the comparatively small number of miners in the United States, compared with the entire population interested in silver money. The low price paid by the Government for silver has closed down hundreds of mines that would to-day be in active operation, giving employment to thousands of men. if silver were on the same footing in regard to

coinage at our mints as gold. The gold-miner can take his gold to the mint and receive the coin value in gold, which is virtually free coinage to him; but the silver-miner must sell to the mint at a price regulated by the London market. It is believed, as the silver question is better understood, we shall have free coinage of the white metal. When that is brought about this State will become prosperous." Decisions.-The Legislature of 1887 passed an act making it necessary to subscribe to an oath against Mormonism, in order to qualify as a voter. By a decision of the State Supreme Court, early in October, this act was found to be unconstitutional.

Political. The Republican State Convention was called to meet at Winnemucca on May 15. It selected delegates to the National Convention and presidential electors, and the following ticket for State officers: For Justice of the Supreme Court, M. A. Murphy; Regents of the State University, T. H. Wells, H. L. Fish, and E. T. George. As candidate for Congress, H. F. Bartine was selected. The platform adopted contains the following:

A financial policy whereby both gold and silver shall form the basis of circulation, whether the money used by the peeple be coin, or in certificates redeemable in coin, or both, as convenience may require, is imperatively demanded.

The attempt to substitute National bank-notes, costing the Government millions of dollars annually, for free silver, costing nothing, is an outrage upon the people that the money ring or trust, which has usurped the sovereign power of the Government to issue money, and which has fraudulently demonetized silver and seized the revenues of the Government for private speculation, shocks the moral sense of the people and destroys respect for Government and law. We are in favor of the protection of home industry, and that the laborers of this country have a right to all the work required to supply the people of the United States, and that we are in favor of high wages in this country, and to that end will protect the wageworkers' competition with the cheap labor of other lands.

We are in favor of the absolute exclusion of Chinese, and the restriction of immigration, by which the present overcharged condition of the labor market is made worse, and also favor legislation by which a revision of our naturalization and land laws may be accomplished.

We demand, in behalf of our various industries, the retention of the duties on lead, borax, soda, hides, and leather, and to restore the tariff of 1867 on wool.

We recognize the right of labor to organize for its lawful protection.

We favor the submission by the Legislature to the people of an amendment to the Constitution giving the Legislature the power to regulate the liquor-traffic.

We favor liberal appropriations by Congress for hydrographical and topographical surveys in this State to the end that the waste waters may be preserved for the purpose of irrigation.

We favor the reduction of the Treasury surplus by the payment of pensions to Union soldiers, their widows and orphans, the improvement of rivers and harbors, the building of defenses for our sea-coasts, the erection of public buildings, the creation of a navy, the purchase of bonds, and the repeal of the internalrevenue laws taxing tobacco.

It is the duty of the State to maintain free non-sectarian schools in the rural and sparsely settled districts as well as in towns and thickly settled sections, and such a division of the school money should be

made as will furnish the means of education to all children in the State.

coinage, and raising the wages of its employés to the We are in favor of reopening the Carson Mint for standard paid by the last Republican Administration.

The Democratic State Convention met on May 16, at Reno, and nominated for Congress, George W. Cassidy; for Justice of the Supreme Court, William M. Sewell; for Regents of the State University, M. S. Bonnifield, S. D. King, and F. M. Edmunds. Presidential electors and delegates to the National Convention were also chosen. The platform adopted strongly urges the free coinage of silver, opposes Chinese immigration, and approves civil-service reform. The National Administration is commended. At the election in November, the Republican State and National tickets were successful. For Congressman, Bartine received 6,921 votes, and Cassidy 5,682. The vote for Justice of the Supreme Court was: Murphy, 6,467; Sewell, 6,122. The State Legislature, elected at the same time, will stand 15 Republicans and 5 Democrats in the Senate, and 26 Republicans and 14 Democrats in the House.

At the same election a vote was taken on

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the question whether a convention to revise the State Constitution should be called, and also on eleven proposed constitutional amendments. The proposition for a constitutional convention was rejected by a vote of 1,644 in its favor to 2,740 against. Of the amendments, ten were adopted and one, which had been irregularly adopted two years before, providing that constitutional amendments may be submitted to the people after passage by one Legislature, was rejected. The successful amendments change the time of meeting for the Legislature from the first to the third Monday of January; empower each branch of the Legislature to expel a member for disorderly conduct; enable the Legislature to establish and regulate the compensation and fees of county and township officers, and to regulate the rates of freight on railroads incorporated within the State; prohibit salary-grab" bills; abolish the office of Lieutenant-Governor; provide that the President of the Senate shall be elected by its members and succeed to the governorship in case of vacancy, and that in case of his death or disability the Speaker of the House shall succeed to the governorship; regulate the impeachment of public officers by the Legislature; regulate the revenues for educational purposes and prohibit the transfer of school moneys to any other fund; authorize the levy of a special tax for the maintenance of the State University; and make it obligatory upon the State, instead of the counties, to support indigent infirm or otherwise unfortunate citizens needing aid. question, however, soon arose as to the legality of the procedure by which these amendments were adopted. An act of the Legislature of 1897 upon this point provided that publication of proposed amendments should be

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made "for a period of ninety days next preceding any general election held in this State, when any proposed amendments are pending." There had been publication of the amendments two years before prior to a general election, and through a misapprehension of the terms of the new act, a second publication this year was not deemed necessary; but the State Supreme Court, by a decision rendered late in December, decided that such publication should not have been omitted, and that the election was therefore illegal and of no effect.

NEW BRUNSWICK. There were no changes in the Executive Government of the Province of New Brunswick in 1888. Three members of the Legislative Council died during the year, viz., Hon. William Hamilton, who was the last surviving member of the Council appointed directly by the Crown, Hon. John Lewis, and Hon. W. M. Kelly. Dr. Lewis, a member of the Assembly, resigned during the year, and H. R. Emmerson was elected in his stead.

Agriculture. The year was remarkable for excessive rainfall and early frosts. At St. John the rainfall during the twelve months was 55.675 inches, against an average of 41.959 inches for the preceding eight years. The autumn freshets were unusually high, and considerable damage was done to bridges and to the crops stored on low lands. Nearly all crops were below an average, owing to the wet harvest and early frost.

In 1886 the Provincial Government imported from Europe and the United States a number of pure bred stallions, retaining the ownership and leasing the animals at public competition annually. In 1888 a further importation was made, and, in order to encourage the raising of pure bred stock, an importation of pure bred mares was also made. The latter were sold at public auction, subject to the restriction that they should be kept in the province and bred to pure bred sires of their respective breeds. The sale was very successful. An importation of pure bred sheep was made at the same time, and the animals were sold under restrictions.

The Legislature in 1888 passed an important act relating to agriculture. The Board of Agriculture, which formerly supervised the expenditures for this service, was abolished, and a Department of Agriculture was created, presided over by a member of the Executive Government, who is known as the Commissioner for Agriculture. Hon. David McLellan was appointed commissioner. Under the new law the province is divided into sixty districts, and in each district an agricultural society may be established. A membership of fifty and a subscription list of $100 is necessary to constitute a society, which will receive a charter and also an annual appropriation from the provincial treasury. The object of establishing this new department is the promotion of improved husbandry and stock-raising, the holding of exhibitions, and the dissemination of information in regard to agriculture.

Legislation. The principal other acts of general interest passed by the Legislature in the session of 1888 were: An act relating to mines and mining-leases, providing for the forfeiture of leases under which no minerals have been raised for twelve months continuously, or in case of breach of conditions, and exempting limestone and gypsum from crown royalty. An act prohibiting the killing of moose, deer, or red deer for three years.

Shipping. The following shows the number, description, and tonnage of vessels registered in New Brunswick on Dec. 31, 1880:

The largest item in the export trade is composed of products of the forest, which were valued at $4,891,832, of which a little more than half was sent to Great Britain. The United States imported $981,235 worth of provincial lumber, and $1,209,538 worth cut in the United States was manufactured in and exported from the province to the United States.

Railways. The following new lines of railway, in whole or in part in New Brunswick, were opened for traffic during the year: The Riviere du Loup and Temisconata Railway, from Edmundston on the New Brunswick Railway to Riviere du Loup on the Intercolonial Railway, 90 miles, of which 13 miles are in New Brunswick; the Fredericton Railway, connecting the Northern and Western and New Brunswick Railways, 1 mile long. The following lines were under construction during the year: The Central Railway, from Norton on the Intercolonial Railway to the head of Grand Lake, 40 miles; the Albert Southern Railway, 12 miles; the Fredericton and Woodstock Railway, 66

miles; the Tobique Railway, 28 miles. The following is the mileage of railway in operation in the province during the year: Intercolonial and branches, 374 miles; New Brunswick, 443 miles; Northern and Western, 121 miles; Grand Southern, 80 miles; Albert, 48 miles; Kent Northern and St. Louis, 33 miles; Elgin, 14 miles; Chatham, 9 miles; St. Martin's and Upham, 30 miles; Havelock, Elgin, and Petitcodiac, 12 miles; Čaraquet, 66 miles; New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 30 miles; Mondon and Buctouche, 40 miles; St. John Bridge and Railway, 2 miles; Riviere du Loup and Temisconata, 13 miles; Fredericton Bridge, 1 mile-total, 1,317 miles. The increase since 1886 is 297.

Finances. The revenue of the province during the year was as follows: From Dominion subsidies, $487,306.53; territorial revenue, $134,604.17; other sources, $67,968.98-total, $689,879.68. The principal items of expenditure were: Education, $165,676.38; roads, bridges, and public buildings, $218,432.81; interest, $95,187.50; agriculture, $30,599.17; executive and legislative expenses, $50,912.70; care of the insane, $35,000. The minor items swell the expenditure for the year to $676,093.22. The provincial debt on Dec. 31, 1888, was $768,000 at 6 per cent.; $148,200 at 5 per cent.; $280,000 at 4 per cent.; $910,000 at 4 per cent.-total, $2,106,200. The average interest is 4.86 per cent., entailing a future charge of $102,490.

Ship-building was at a comparatively low ebb in New Brunswick in 1888; only 2 steamers and 20 schooners, aggregating 1,967 tons, were built in the province during the year ending June 30, 1888. The additions to the shipping register of the province in the same period included 39 vessels, aggregating 3,865 tons, and there were sold to other countries 5 vessels, aggregating 4,638 tons and valued at $55,643.

The arrivals and departures at New Brunswick ports during the same period including vessels engaged in the foreign and coasting trade were:

NEW HAMPSHIRE. State Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Charles Henry Sawyer (Republican); Secretary of State, Ai B. Thompson; Treasurer, Solon A. Carter; AttorneyGeneral, Daniel Barnard; Superintendent of Public Instruction, James W. Patterson; Insurance Commissioner, Oliver Pillsbury, who died on February 22, and was succeeded by Henry H. Huse; Railroad Commissioners, Henry M. Putney, Edward B. S. Sanborn, Benjamin F. Prescott; Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, Charles Doe; Associate Justices, Isaac W.

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The total receipts of the Treasury from ordinary revenue were $534,523.36, and the total State expenses $561,883.14. Among the larger receipts were: From State tax, $400,000; from railroad tax, $99,757.61; from insurance tax, $6,930.22; and from charter fees, $15,088.50. The disbursements include $322,288 for ordinary State expenses, $63,998.24 for extraordinary charges, and $175,596.90 for interest on the State debt.

Education. The report of the State Superintendent for the school year of 1887 shows that, under the recent law permitting town management of schools, five school districts gave up their special organization during the year, and went into the town system, leaving only 270 districts reported in the State.

The average length of the schools in weeks, for the whole State, was 22.9. For 1885, under the old system, it was only 19.95. Thus the new law gives on the average three weeks additional to every school of the State. The whole number of enrolled scholars for 1887 was 61,826. The whole number in 1877 was 68,035. This is a decrease of 6,209 in ten years. The whole number reported in private schools in 1887 was 7,652. The number reported in 1877 was 1,493. This shows an increase of 6,159 in ten years, and measurably to what extent children have been drawn into parochial schools in that time. It does not vary materially from one tenth of the entire school population of the State. As yet this movement has been confined to the cities and larger towns.

There has been an increase of twenty-two graded schools resulting from a union of small schools. Twenty-eight new school-houses have been built, and the average attendance upon the schools was 45,877-72, an increase of 2,73872 over the previous year. Of the town system, the Superintendent says:

Towns that have abolished their unnecessary schools have given to the children more schooling than ever