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Jan. 24. 1888. He studied law, and at Mansfield, Richland County, where he settled to begin practice, he became acquainted with the Sherman family, and married Frances, sister of Gen. William T. and Senator John Sherman. From Mansfield he went to Toledo, and formed a partnership with George R. Hayes. In June, 1861, he was commissioned a captain and quartermaster of Ohio Volunteers, and assigned to duty under Gen. McClellan in western Virginia. He also served there under Gens. Reynolds, Frémont, and Pope. In March, 1863, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel in the regular army, and ordered to Cincinnati as assistant to Quartermaster - General Swords, where he had charge of the purchasing of all the supplies for the armies then operating under Gens. Grant and Sherman. He was promoted colonel in 1864, and had charge of the depot, where his expenditures averaged $5,000,000 a month the year round, and frequently amounted to $10,000,000 in a single month, till the close of the war. He then resigned, and resumed the practice of law, first in Cincinnati, and afterward in New York city. He was well versed in revenue, insurance, and admiralty laws, and was counsel for the Government in cases in Louisiana based on infractions of the revenue statutes.

Mulford, Joseph L, physician, born in Pemberton, N. J., in 1830; died in New Brunswick, N. J., Feb. 5, 1888. He was graduated at the Homoeopathic Medical College, Philadelphia, commissioned surgeon of the Forty-eighth New York Volunteers in October, 1861, and served till the autumn of 1864. He was engaged in the Port Royal expedition, was assigned to the staff of the brigade commander, and was promoted to division surgeon. Most of the desperately wounded men at Morris Island, Fort Wagner, and Cold Harbor were placed under his charge, owing to his great skill as an operator. In the autumn of 1864 he was assigned to duty at the hospitals of the general army corps; in the following May he took charge of the Foster general hospital at Newbern, N. C., and was thence transferred to Queensborough, N. C.. where he was discharged Aug. 25, 1865. After the war he practiced in New Brunswick till 1880, when he was appointed acting assistant surgeon in the army. spent three years with the army in Texas, then resigned, and was then appointed surgeon for the Metropolitan Life-Insurance Company, New York.

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Neilson, Joseph, lawyer, born in Argyle, N. Y., in 1813; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 26, 1888. He was of Scotch-Irish lineage, studied law, and practiced in Oswego, N. Y., till 1844, when he removed to New York city, and five years afterward to Brooklyn. He was chairman of the bar convention that drew up the plan of reorganization of the city court, embodied in the constitutional amendment which became law in 1869-'70, increasing the number of judges of the court to three, was elected a judge of the court, as a Democrat, for fourteen years in 1869, and was chosen Chief-Justice by his associates on the retirement of Judge Thompson in 1873. On Dec. 31, 1882, having reached the constitutional limit of age, he retired. He published "Reminiscences of Rufus Choate," and was a contributor to periodicals.

Nichols, James Robinson, inventor, horn in West Amesbury (now Merrimac, Mass., July 18, 1819; died in Haverhill, Mass., Jan. 2, 1888. In 1836 he became a clerk in his uncle's drug-store in Haverhill, and while so employed devoted considerable attention to scientific reading, and in 1842 attended lectures at the medical department of Dartmouth College. He never practiced his profession, but in 1843 established a drug-store in Haverhill, and spent his leisure in studying chemistry. In 1857, having disposed of his retail business, he removed to Boston, where he began the manufacture of chemical and medical preparations, then a comparatively new industry in this country. In 1872 he retired, and in 1873 was chosen president of the Vermont and Canada Railroad, holding that place until 1878. He introduced new and improved chemical and pharmaceutical compounds,

and devised simple and economical methods and machinery for their manufacture. His inventions in other fields were numerous. All the modern forms of soda-water apparatus, portable gas-machines, and carbonic-acid fire-extinguishers, as well as the leather-board industry, are based either upon his original patents or inventions. An improved form of hot-air furnace was devised by him in later years, and is extensively used. As an agricultural chemist he gained a high reputation in consequence of his investigations at Lakeside Farm, which he purchased in 1865, and which was one of the earliest experimental farms in the United States. He established the "Boston Journal of Chemistry" in 1866, which, in 1883, became "The Popular Science News," and was its senior editor. Besides many scientific papers, notably those on agriculture, he published" Chemistry of the Farm and the Sea" (Boston, 1867); “ Fireside Science" (1869); and "Whence, What, Where? a View of the Origin, Nature, and Destiny of Man" (1882). He also issued Dr. James Hinton's" Mystery of Pain," with an introduction (1886).

Noble, Samuel, pioneer, born in Pennsylvania; died in Anniston, Ala., Aug. 14. 1888. He was the son of an iron-founder and machinery manufacturer, was apprenticed to that trade, and after serving his time, became his father's assistant. While the Kansas-Nebraska troubles were at their height, the business was removed to Rome, Ga. When the civil war broke out, the Noble factories were the most extensive of their kind south of Richmond, and during the war they produced a vast quantity of material for the Confederate Government. In 1872 Gen. Daniel Tyler, a veteran of the regular army, while visiting his son in Charleston, became acquainted with Samuel Noble, and expressed a desire to engage in his old business, iron-manufacturing, if he could find a suitable location. Mr. Noble informed him of a place in Alabama that answered all the conditions. The locality was visited, the two men formed a company, purchased land, and erected a charcoal-furnace at a cost of $300,000, and then began building a town. In 1879 the town was incorporated, and in 1888 the worn-out farm of 1872 had been transformed into the city of Anniston. (See ANNISTON, page 158.)

Norris, A. Wilson, lawyer, born in Lewiston, Pa., in 1841; died in Philadelphia, Pa., May 21, 1888. He was educated at Georgetown College, D. C., and intended studying law, but in November, 1861, he joined the army as a lieutenant in the One Hundred and Seventh Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers. During the battle of Gettysburg, July, 1863, he was taken prisoner, and afterward was confined in Libby Prison nearly two years. After the war he studied law, was graduated at the law-school of the University of Pennsylvania in 1867, and practiced in Philadel phia till 1872, when Gov. John F. Hartranft appointed him his private secretary. In 1876 he was appointed official reporter of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and held the office till January, 1881, and then was elected State Senator from the Sixth District. He was appointed United States pension agent at Philadelphia in 1884, held the office till after the accession of President Cleveland, and was elected Auditor-General of Pennsylvania as a Republican in 1886.

Oakley, Lewis Williams, physician, born in New York city, Nov. 22. 1828; died in Elizabeth, N. J., March 3, 1888. He was graduated at Princeton in 1849, and at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1852. At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed assistant surgeon of the Second New Jersey Infantry, May 21, 1861, commissioned surgeon of the Fourth Infantry in October following, transferred to his former regiment in 1862, and retained his commission there till mustered out of the service in June, 1864. In January, 1862, he was appointed surgeon of the New Jersey Brigade in the first division of the Sixth Army Corps, and served upon the staffs of Gens. Kearny and Tarbert. He was detailed to the general hospital at Harrison's Landing later in the

year, and after the army moved from that place was almost continuously in charge of the Sixth Corps hospital in the field. After the war he practiced in Elizabeth till his death.

Palmer, Courtlandt, founder of the Nineteenth Century Club, born in New York city, March 25, 1843; died at Lake Dunmore. Vt., July 23, 1888. He was educated at Columbia and Williams Colleges, and was graduated a Columbia Law School in 1869, but never practiced. He inherited a fourth part of his father's estate of $4,000,000, and had a private fortune of $250,000. In 1880 he organized the Nineteenth Century Club, which for three years held its meetings at his residence. Of this organization he was president until his death. On religious and social questions he entertained what are known as extreme liberal views. Ile made occasional contributions to current literature, and left an unpublished volume.

Parker, Joel, lawyer, born near Freehold, N. J., Nov. 24, 1816; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 2, 1888. He was graduated at Princeton in 1839, was admitted to the bar in 1842, and began practicing in Freehold, where he resided until death. Directly after graduation he entered political life, and through the presidential canvass of 1840 worked for the election of Martin Van Buren. During the succeeding four years he attained reputation as a Democratic speaker, and in 1844 canvassed the State. In 1847 he entered the Legislature, being the youngest member and the only lawyer on the Democratic side at that session. He represented the minority on the judiciary and othcr committees, and introduced various reform bills. He was prosecuting attorney of Monmouth County from 1852 till 1857, and was a Democratic presidential elector in 1860. He was commissioned brigadier-general of State militia in 1857, and major-general in 1861, gave a vigorous support to the national Administration from the beginning of the civil war, and was elected Governor in 1862. He served in that office till 1866, and was a third time elected Governor in 1870. In 1868 and 1876 the New Jersey delegation supported him in the National Democratic Convention for the presidential nomination, and in 1872 the National Labor Reform Convention nominated him for Vice-President on the ticket headed by Judge David Davis. In 1880 and 1887 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and in 1883 declined a fourth nomination for Governor.

Parker, Peter, physician and clergyman, born in Framingham, Mass., June 18, 1804; died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 10, 1888. He took the academic, medical, and theological courses at Yale, and in 1834 was ordained a Congregational clergyman and appointed a missionary to China. Soon after his arrival at Canton, he combined both professions, established a hospital for the special treatment of diseases of the eye, which he was shortly obliged to throw open for general practice, and preached regularly to his patients. His success as a physician was so large that within the first year he treated over 2,000 persons, and formed a class of native students in medicine and surgery to aid him in his work. In 1840, in consequence of the war with England, he closed his hospital and returned to the United States. In 1842 he returned to Canton, and reopened his hospital; in 1845 he was appointed secretary and interpreter to the United States embassy; was acting United States minister several times; and in 1855 was appointed United States Commissioner to China to revise the treaty of 1844. On the completion of this service in 1857, he returned permanently to the United States. Among his publications are " Journal of an Expedition from Singapore to Japan" (London, 1838); "A Statement respecting Hospitals in China" (1841); and "Eulogy on Henry Wilson" (Washington, 1880).

Patrick, Marsena R., soldier, born near Watertown, Jefferson County, N. Y., March 15, 1811; died in Dayton, Ohio, July 27, 1888. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1835, served through the Mexican War, became captain in 1847,

and major in 1849, and, resigning from the army, engaged in farming in his native county in 1850. He followed this pursuit till 1859, when he was appointed president of the New York State Agricultural College, and held the office till the outbreak of the civil war. Entering the military service, he was appointed inspector-general of State militia, and in March, 1862, was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers. Subsequently he was appointed provost-marshal general of the Army of the Potomac, of the combined forces operating against Richmond, and of the military Department of Virginia. He resigned his commission June 12, 1865, and on Sept. 23, 1880, was ap pointed governor of the Central Branch, National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, at Dayton, Ohio, in which office he served until his death.

Patton, Alfred Spencer, clergyman, born in Suffolk, England, Dec. 25, 1825; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 12, 1888. He came to the United States with his parents when a child, was educated at Columbian University, Washington, D. C., and Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y., studied for the Baptist ministry, and held his first pastorate in West Chester, Pa. After a brief service there, he went to Haddonfield, N. J., and thence to the First Baptist Church in Hoboken, N. J., where he remained five years. In 1859 he accepted a call from Watertown, Mass., preached there five years, and was chaplain of the State Senate in 1862-'63, and went to the old Broad Street Church in Utica, N. Y., in 1864. He remained with the latter congregation till 1872, and built the Tabernacle Baptist Church. In 1872 he removed to New York city, bought the "American Baptist," changed its name to the "Baptist Weekly," and edited it until his death. His published works comprise "Light in the Valley" (Philadelphia, 1852); Joy and Crown" (1855); "Kincaid, the Hero Missionary" (New York, 1858); "The Losing and Taking of Mansoul, or Lectures on the Holy War" (1859); "Live for Jesus" (Philadelphia, 1861); and numerous pamphlets.

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Pearson, John James, lawyer, born in Delaware County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1800; died in Harrisburg, Pa., May 30, 1888. He was educated and admitted to the bar in Mercer County, began practice in Franklin, Venango County, in 1822, and returned to Mercer County in 1830. In 1835 he was elected to Congress, and on the expiration of his term was sent to the State Senate. In 1849 he was appointed judge of the Tweltth Judicial District, and in 1851, under a change in the State Constitution, was elected to the office for ten years. He was re-elected in 1861 and 1871, and declined the nomination in 1881. He became president judge of the district, and retired from service in January, 1882.

Perkins, George Leonard, treasurer, born in Norwich, Conn., Aug. 5, 1788; died there, Sept. 5, 1888. He was educated in public schools, and in 1807 he walked to Poughkeepsie to embark in the "Clermont" for New York city. The steamer trip lasted a day and a night, and he then returned home on foot by way of New Haven. During the war with Great Britain he was paymaster of the United States Military District No. 2. including Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, and was several times in service as major of brigade. He was one of the committee appointed to receive Lafayette in 1824. At the age of forty-seven he became a director in the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, of which he was one of the incorporators, and in 1838 was elected treasurer of the road, which office he then held until his death. He outlived eight of the nine presidents and more than ninety directors of the company. Mr. Perkins voted at eighteen presidential elections, and was introduced to twelve of the Presidents. He continued in the full possession of his faculties until his death, and his one hundredth birthday was celebrated.

Phelps, George May, inventor, born in Watervliet, Albany County, N. Y., March 19, 1820; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 18, 1888. In early life he became a manufacturer of mathematical instruments,

and afterward of light machinery. Soon after Samuel B. F. Morse had demonstrated the practicability of the magnetic telegraph, Mr. Phelps engaged in the manufacture of telegraphic instruments and the invention of new apparatus, as the service was developed. On the organization of the American Telegraph Company he sold out his manufacturing business and entered the employ of that corporation. He had charge of the factory till the company was merged with the Western Union, and then remained in the latter's service till 1884, when he was retired. His inventions include the electro-magnetic speed governor (1858); printing telegraphis (1869-78); clectrical railroad-signal (1869); magnetic motor (1874); printing telegraph-transmitter (1877); polarized electro-magnet (1878); speaking telephone (1878); switch for electric speaking telephones (1879); carbon telephone (1879); signal-box for district and aların telegraphs (1882); rotating type-wheels of printing telegraph (1884); and microphone transmitter (1888). Pickering, Charles W., naval officer, born in New Hampshire in 1806; died in St. Augustine, Fla., Feb. 29, 1888. He was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy, May 1, 1822, was commissioned lieutenant, Dec. 8, 1838, commander, Sept. 14, 1855, captain, July 16, 1862, placed on the retired list, Feb. 1, 1867, and promoted commodore, Dec. 8, 1867. During his naval service he was on sea duty eighteen years and seven months, on shore and other duty eleven years and six months, and was unemployed nearly thirty-seven years. He was the executive officer of the "Cyane," which took out the Darien Exploring Expedition in 1854, and immediately after ward sailed to Greytown, Nicaragua, and bombarded the place in consequence of outrages committed on American citizens, and was the first commander of the "Kearsarge," but before her fight with the "Alabama" was transferred to the "Housatonic."

Pierrepont, Henry Evelyn, philanthropist, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1808; died there, March 28, 1888. He received an academic education, assisted his father in managing his vast estate in Brooklyn, went abroad in 1833, and in his absence was appointed one of the commissioners to prepare plans for laying out the public grounds and streets of the newly chartered city of Brooklyn, and prepared the plans, after a personal inspection of all the large cities in Europe, that were in substance adopted in 1835. While abroad he also studied the principal rural cemeteries, and on his return drew plans for converting the Gowanus hills into a city of the dead. He employed Maj. David B. Douglas to elaborate his scheme, and in 1838 obtained a charter for the GreenWood Cemetery Company. In that year, on the death of his father, he inherited the greater part of the Brooklyn estate and a portion of that in the northern counties, and his subsequent life was occupied with the improvement of his property and the promotion of benevolent and ecclesiastical enterprises.

Pinkney, Howard, surgeon, born in New York city, Jan. 9, 1837; died near London, England, May 14, 1888. He was graduated at the New York Free Academy in 1856, and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1860, and immediately went on duty as house-surgeon in Bellevue Hospital. At the beginning of the civil war he went to the field as surgeon of the Ninth Militia Regiment (the Eighty-third New York Volunteers), took part in the battles of Ball's Bluff, Harper's Ferry, South Mountain, and Antietam, was several times assigned to special hospital duty, and was forced by an attack of typhoid fever to resign in 1863. On his recovery he was appointed an assistant surgeon, United States Army, with the rank of major, and placed in charge of the hospital in Frederick City, Md. After the war, he returned to New York city, and practiced. He was one of the first physicians in the United States to make a specialty of the study of the car, was senior surgeon of the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary for twenty years, founded and conducted an unsectarian dispensary in

connection with the Church of the Holy Trinity for nine years, discovered the method of discolorizing iodine, was a delegate to the International Medical Congress in London in 1881, and published many articies and pamphlets on the treatment of the ear. Porter, Elbert S., clergyman, born in Hillsborough, N. J., Oct. 23, 1820; died in Claverack, Columbia County, N. Y., Feb. 26, 1888. He was graduated at Princeton in 1839, studied law, but gave it up to prepare for the ministry, and was graduated at the Theological Seminary in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1842. The same year he entered the New Brunswick Classis of the Reformed Church. In 1843 he was called by a missionary congregation in Chatham, N. Y., with whom he remained seven years; in 1849 he went to the First Reformed Dutch Church of Williamsburgh (now a part of Brooklyn), and held its pastorate thirty-four years, resigning in 1883 on account of impaired health. In 1852 he became editor of the "Christian Intelligencer," the organ of his denomination, and remained in charge of it sixteen years. Though he retired from editorial work to give his whole time to his church in 1868, he continued to write for the "Intelligencer," and also contributed to the "Christian at Work," the "Christian Weekly," and other periodicals. He was president of the first General Synod held after the name of the denomination was changed to Reformed Church of North America, and published "A History of the Reformed Dutch Church in the United States," "The Pastor's Guide," and tracts and hymns.

Porter, James, clergyman, born in Middleborough, Mass., March 21, 1808; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 16, 1888. He was prepared at Kent's Hill Seminary, Readfield, Me, and received into the New England Conference; was president of the board of trustees of the Conference; a delegate to the General Conterence from 1844 till 1872; an overseer of Harvard University (the first Methodist clergyman chosen to that office), from 1852 till 1855; a trustee of Wesleyan University from 1855 till 1871; a trustee for several years of the Concord, N. H., Biblical Institute; Manager of the Methodist Book Concern in New York city from 1856 till 1868; and secretary of the National Temperance Society from 1868 till 1882. Dr. Porter was a contributer to numerous periodicals, and published "Camp-Meetings considered" (New York, 1849); "Chart of Life" (1855); "The True Evangelist" (1860); "The Winning Worker" (1874); "Compendium of Methodism" (1876); "Revival of Religion" (1877); "Hints to Self-Educated Ministers (1879); Christianity demonstrated by Experience" (1882); "History of Spirit Rappings;" and "Common-Place Book."

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Potts, Frederick A., financier, born in Pottsville, Pa., April 4, 1836; died in New York city, Nov. 9, 1888. He was a son of George H. Potts, for many years president of the National Park Bank of New York city, and one of the first shippers of coal by canal to the seaboard. He became a clerk in the coal firm of Louis Audenried & Co. in 1855, was admitted to the firm in 1865, and formed the coal firm of F, A. Potts & Co. in 1870. In 1872 he was defeated as Republican candidate for Congress in the Fourth District of New Jersey; but in 1874 was elected to the New Jersey State Senate. He served for several years as chairman of the Republican State Committee, and in 1880 was defeated as candidate for Governor. In 1877 he was elected a director of the Central Railroad of New Jersey; and in June, 1881, on the consolidation of the New Jersey Midland and other smaller lines, and the formation of the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad Company, he was elected president. He was one of the largest shippers of coal in the world.

Pulsifer, Royal Mackintosh, publisher, born in Newton, Mass., June 2, 1843; died in Islington, Mass., Oct. 18, 1888. He received a common-school education, and at the age of eighteen entered the countingroom of the Boston "Herald," where at the end of

four years, he had risen to a partnership, and in 1869 he became head of the firm. He was foremost in procuring a city charter for Newton, and in the building of the water-works there; and in 1879 he was elected Mayor without opposition. He was the first secretary and treasurer of the New England Associated Press, and a director in several business corporations, and in 1886 became president of the Marietta and Georgia Railroad.

Rafferty, Thomas, soldier, born in Londonderry, Ireland, April 10, 1823; died in Plainfield, N. J. Feb. 21, 1888. He came to the United States in 1834, and when fourteen years old was apprenticed to the hatter's trade. On attaining his majority he began manufacturing hats on his own account, and in 1849 went to California. Subsequently settling in New York city, he was brought under the influence of Elder Jacob Knapp, withdrew from the Roman Catholic Church, and united with the Tabernacle Baptist Church, with which he held membership till within a short time of his death. On July 7, 1861, he was appointed captain of a Brooklyn regiment; July 31, 1862, was promoted major; May 1, 1863, became lieu tenant-colonel, and with that rank, though he had long been in command of his regiment, was mustered out on July 30, 1864. During this service he participated in the battles of Fair Oaks, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Wapping Heights, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, where he was wounded, and elsewhere, and was brevetted brigadiergeneral for gallantry in the field, but declined the promotion. He believed that he had been unfairly treated through motives of jealousy, and claimed that, as he had long been colonel of his regiment in fact, he should have received that rank. He was a member of the New York Produce Exchange, and retired from business in January, 1887.

Ray, John, lawyer, born in Washington County, Mo., Oct. 14, 1816; died in New New Orleans, La., March 4, 1888. He was graduated at Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky., in 1835, removed to Monroe, La., the same year, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1844 he was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature; in 1850 to the State Senate; in 1854 and 1858 was defeated as Whig candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; in 1860 was a presidential elector on the Bell and Everett ticket; and through the civil war was a strong Unionist. He gave his support to the reconstruction plan of Congress, and was elected to that body in 1865, but was not seated. During 1868-'72 he served as State Senator, and also as commissioner to revise the civil code, the code of procedure, and the statutes of the State. He removed to New Orleans in 1872; was elected United States Senator in 1873 by the Kellogg Legislature when William L. McMillen, the choice of the McEnery Legislature, contested the election, with the result that neither was seated; was registrar of the State LandOffice in 1873-277; and was appointed special attorney for the Federal Government to prosecute the local whisky cases in 1878. He was also an attorney for Mrs. Myra Clark Gaines, and for the French citizens of New Orleans who had claims against the Government for losses sustained during the civil war by the operations of the national army in Louisiana. He was author of a "Digest of the Laws of Louisiana" (2 vols., New Orleans, 1870).

Raymond, Robert Raikes, educator, born in New York city, Nov. 2, 1817; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 16, 1888. He was graduated at Union College in 1837, studied law in Cincinnati with Salmon P. Chase, abandoned it for theology, took the full course in Madison University, and was ordained to the ministry of the Baptist Church. After preaching ten years, he applied himself to teaching, literary pursuits, and the study of Shakespeare. In 1856 he was appointed Professor of English Literature in Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, in 1876 removed to Boston to teach Shakespeare in the School of Oratory there, in 1879 became president of that institution, and in 1884 re

turned to Brooklyn. He was a brother of Dr. John H. Raymond, president of Vassar College. Redfield, Justus Starr, publisher, born in Wallingford, Conn., Jan. 2, 1810; died near Florence, N. J., March 24, 1888. He was apprenticed to the printer's trade, and also learned stereotyping. When twentyone years old he opened a publishing-office in New York city, and brought out the first illustrated monthly periodical in the United States, "The Family Magazine." He published this. under the editorship of Benson J. Lossing and A. Sidney Doane, eight years, and on the death of his brother, who managed the pictorial department, discontinued it, and established himself as a bookseller, printer, and publisher. He carried on this business till 1860, was appointed United States consul at Otranto, Italy, in 1861, was transferred to the consulate at Brindisi in 1864, and resigned that year. Mr. Redfield was the original American publisher of the collected writings of Edgar Allan Poe, William Maginn, and John Doran; brought out "Noctes Ambrosianæ," the revised works of William Gilmore Simms, and numerous miscellaneous works; edited Jean Macé's "Histoire d'une Bouchée de l'ain (Paris, 1861); and translated "The Mysteries of Neapolitan Convents," from the Italian of Henrietta Caracciolo (Hartford, 1867).

Riley, Henry Hiram, lawyer, born in Great Barrington, Mass., Sept. 1, 1813; died in Constantine, Mich., Feb. 8, 1888. He was apprenticed to the printer's trade in the office of the "Columbia Republican," Hudson, N. Y., and afterward worked in the office of theNew York Gazette and Commercial Advertiser." In 1837 he went to Waterloo, N. Y., and was editor and publisher of the "Seneca Observer" five years; and in 1842 removed to Kalamazoo, Mich., studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He then made his permanent residence in Constantine. He was prosecuting attorney of St. Joseph County in 1846-50; State Senator in 1850, 1851, and 1862; was appointed one of the commissioners to revise the State Constitution in 1873; and became a trustee of the Northern Asylum for the Insane in Travers City and district court judge. He was a frequent contributor to the "Knickerbocker Magazine," and published several editions of his papers in that periodical, under the title of "Puddleford and its people."

Robinson, John, showman, born in Utica, N. Y., July 22, 1808; died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1888. He ran away from home when a boy to ship as a sailor, but a shipwreck satisfied this ambition, and he spent several years working as a driver on the Erie Canal, and in a Newport hotel. While at Newport he made his first visit to a circus, and then resolved to seek employment in that line. An opportunity was soon afforded him to travel with Col. Page's menagerie. In four years he became a skillful and daring performer, and for twenty years he was a popular favorite. From Page's menagerie he went with Page & MeCracken's circus, and then with Turner's circus, Stewart's Amphitheatre, Hawkins's circus, Benedict & Haddock's circus, and the Zoological Institute. He first visited Cincinnati in 1820, and thirty years afterward built an elegant mansion there, which he ever afterward occupied. At St. Louis he organized a circus, and, under a contract with the American Theatre of New Orleans, took it to Havana and then exhibited throughout the United States. With the proceeds of this venture he was able to travel wholly on his own account, and made money rapidly. He built the National Theatre in New Orleans in 1840, made a business connection with Dan Rice in 1845, and built Robinson's Opera House in Cincinnati.

Rookwell, Julius, lawyer, born in Colebrook, Conn., April 26, 1805; died in Lenox, Mass., May 19, 1888. He was graduated at Yale in 1826, studied in the New Haven Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1829, and began practicing in Pittsfield, Mass., in 1880. He was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature as a Whig from 1834 till 1838, was Speaker from 1835 till 1838, and in the latter year was appointed State Bank

Commissioner. In 1846 he was elected to Congress; served till 1852; succeeded Edward Everett as United States Senator in 1854; was a member of the convention to revise the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1853; was the first candidate of the Republican party for Governor; and was again elected to the Legislature in 1858. In 1859 the State Superior Court was organized, and he was appointed its first judge; he held this office till 1886, when he resigned.

Roe, Edward Payson, author, born in New Windsor, N. Y., March 7, 1838; died in Cornwall, N. Y., July 19, 1888. He was graduated at Williams College and Auburn Theological Seminary, and ordained to the Presbyterian ministry. In 1862 he was appointed chaplain of the Second New York Regiment, the Harris Light Cavalry, and served with the army till the close of the war, taking part in the raid upon Richmond, in which Col. Ulric Dahlgren was killed in 1864, and receiving from President Lincoln the appointment of chaplain of the hospitals at Fort Monroe, Va. From the close of the war till 1874 he was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Highland Falls, N. Y. In 1874 he resigned his pastorate, bought a farm at Cornwall, and, removing thither, engaged in the cultivation of fruit and plants and in authorship. The Chicago fire of 1871 first inspired him to become an author. He spent several days amid the ruins, studied the topography of the city, and as the story grew upon him, he "merely let the characters do as they pleased, and work out their own destiny." This story," Barriers burned away," was published in 1872, and within a few years had a sale of 69,000 copies. All his storics were founded upon American events or phases of American life. Without a Home" deals with New York tenement-house and retail-store life; "An Original Belle" derives its action from the civil war and the draft riots in New York city; "Nature's Serial Story" describes country life and work and the scenery of the Hudson Highlands; and "The Earth trembled" is a reflex of the Charleston earthquakes. At the time of his death the sale of his works of fiction was thus estimated: "Barriers burned away" (1872), 69,000; "What can she do?" (1873), 44,000; "Opening a Chestnut Burr" (1874), 66,000; "Near to Nature's Heart" (1876), 53,000; "From Jest to Earnest " (1875), 61,000; "A Knight of the Nineteenth Century" (1877), 54,000; "A Face Illumined" (1878), 52,000; "A Day of Fate" (1880), 50,000; "Without a Home" (1880), 60,000; His Somber Rivals" (1883), 47,000 A Young Girl's Wooing" (1884), 42,000 "An Original Belle" (1885), 35,000; "Driven back to Eden" (1885), 30,000; "Nature's Serial Story" (1884), 24,000; The Earth trembled" (1887), 34,000; and" He fell in Love with his Wife" (1886), 38,000. His "Miss Lou," a story of Southern lite after the close of the war, was completed after his death, by means of an extract from his diary. Besides these works he published "Culture of Small Fruits," "Success with Small Fruits," and "Play and Profit in the Garden."

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Rollins, James Sidney, lawyer, born in Madison County, Ky., April 19, 1812; died in Columbia, Mo., Jan. 9, 1888. He was graduated at the State University of Indiana in 1880; and at the Transylvania Law School, Kentucky, in 1833; and settled in Boone County, Mo. In 1838, 1840, and 1842 he was elected member of the State Assembly; in 1846 was elected

State Senator, and served four years; in 1854 was again elected to the Assembly; in 1857 was defeated as Whig candidate for Governor by 230 votes out of 100,000; and in 1860 was elected to Congress. During his first service he was a member of the Committees on Commerce and on Expenditures in the War Department, and after his re-election in 1862 served on the Committee on Naval Affairs. He was author of the bill that led to the construction of the Union Pacific, the Kansas Pacific, and the Central Pacific Railroads; and in 1867 was appointed one of the directors of the former. In 1868 he was again elected State Senator, and after a fruitful service there withdrew from political life. On the dissolution of the Whig party he joined the American, and after that the Democratic, with which he affiliated till 1880, when he became a Republican. Mr. Rollins was the father of the State University of Missouri.

Schmucker, Beale Melanchthon, theologian, born in Gettysburg, Pa., Aug. 26, 1827; died in Pottstown, Pa., Oct. 18, 1888. He belonged to the third generation of distinguished Lutheran clergy men, was graduated at Pennsylvania College in 1844, and studied theology. In 1847 he was licensed to preach by the West Pennsylvania Synod, and in 1849 ordained by the Synod of Virginia. He held the following pastorates: At Martinsburg, Va., 1848-'51; Allentown, Pa., 1842'62; Easton, Pa., 1862-'67; Reading, Pa., 1867-'80; Pottstown, Pa., 1880-'88. He was secretary of the Committee for Foreign Missions of the General Council in 1869-'88; secretary of the executive committee of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania for many years; corresponding secretary of the General Council from its organization, in 1867, until his death; and secretary of the board of directors of the Theological Seminary, at Philadelphia, 1864-'88. He was one of the founders of the Theological Seminary at Philadelphia in 1864; of Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pa., in 1867; and of the General Council in 1867. He was recognized as one of the best liturgical scholars and hymnologists in America. Most of his leisure time. was devoted to these studies, and most of his contributions to Lutheran literature were in that line. As co-editor he furnished valuable material for the new edition of "Hallesche Nachrichten" (Allentown, Pa., and Halle; English edition, Reading, Pa.), the primary source of information concerning the carly history of the Lutheran Church in America. He edited "Liturgy of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania" (Philadelphia, 1860); " Collection of Hymns" (1865); Church-Book of the General Council" (1868); "Ministerial Acts of the General Council" (1887). The Common Service is based on the liturgies of the sixteenth century, and may be regarded as the result of Dr. Schmucker's research. He took a leading part in the preparation of the service, and with the complete manuscript in his satchel he died on the way to the printer.

Seawell, Washington, soldier, born in Virginia in 1802; died in San Francisco, Cal., Jan. 9, 1888. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1825, and commissioned brevet second lieutenant of the Seventh United States Infantry, served with that regiment and on engineering duty till 1829, was appointed disbursing agent of Indian affairs in 1832, and became adjutant-general and aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. Matthew Arbuckle in 1834. After a meritorious service among the Indians on the Western frontier, he was promoted captain in July, 1836, was brevetted major for gallantry in the Seminole War in Florida, took part in the operations of the Army of Occupation in Texas in 1845-46, distinguished himself at Fort Brown, Tex., at the beginning of Gen. Taylor's campaign, and was promoted major of the Second Infantry, March 3, 1847. In 1849 he accompanied his regiment to Monterey, Cal. Subsequently he was on duty at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., Fort Hamilton, N. Y., and Benicia, Cal. In 1852 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and served in Texas till 1860; in October, 1860, was promoted colonel and as

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