objected strongly, saying: "I have never played a melodrama in my life." But remonstrances were useless, and he prepared himself for an effort which he feared would be a ridiculous failure. When, however, the ordeal came, he was so thoroughly himself' that the vast audience was completely carried away, and "Monte Cristo" created a furor that continued for a hundred nights, and made Mr. John Lester a popular favorite. The following scason he went to the Bowery Theatre, where he brought out his own versions of the "Three Guardsmen " and the sequel to it, based on the novels of the author of Monte Cristo." He became a member of Burton's Company at the Chambers Street Theatre, where he began the performances of the old comedies with which bis name and fame are associated. In 1851 he went to London for the purpose of inducing his father, then in feeble healtli, to come back to America. Regaining his health, the father in 1852 secured a lease of Brougham's Lyceum, on the corner of Broome Street and Broadway, and opened it as Wallack's Theatre. Into this enterprise young Lester threw his whole soul, figuring on the bills as Mr. John Lester stage manager, and for nine years it was conducted with uniform success. In 1861 the senior Wallack established the theatre known then as Wallack's (row as the Star), on the corner of Broadway and Thirteenth Street. In 1864 the elder Wallack died. Lester, adopting his father's policy, gathered around him actors of acknowledged ability and good repute, and by his considerate treatment of every one in his employ won the esteem of the whole profession. Perceiving, in 1880, that the demand for a theatre farther up-town could be no longer resisted, he leased ground on the corner of Broadway and Thirtieth Street, and built a splendid play-house, said to be the most perfect in the world. This was opened on Jan. 4, 1882, and continued under his control till 1887. Early in the spring of 1888 Mr. Wallack, who had not appeared on the stage for several years, suffered very much from rheumatic gout, but in May of that year he was present at the most brilliant performance ever given in the city of New York, known as the "Wallack Testimonial." On that occasion he made a speech full of hope that he might again be able to tread the boards with those who had that evening done him so much honor, but that speech was his farewell to publie life. Mr. Wallack married at an early age Miss Millais, a sister of John Everett Millais, the English painter. She, with three sons and one daughter, survived him. He was the author of eight plays: "The Three Guardsmen " (1849); "The Four Musketeers" (1849); "The Fortunes of War" (1851); "Two to One, or, The King's Visit" (1854); "First Impressions" (1856); The Veteran" (1859); "Central Park" (1862); and "Rosedale" (1863).

Warren, William, actor, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 17, 1812: died in Boston, Mass., Sept. 21, 1888. He was the son of an English comedian of the same name, who came to the United States in 1796, and made his reputation as an actor mainly in Washington, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, becoming the manager of the Chestnut Street Theatre, in Philadelphia, and of the Holiday Street Theatre, in Balti more. William Warren, the younger, was trained for a mercantile life. By the death of his father, in 1832, his mother was left in straitened circumstances; a benefit for her was arranged at the Arch Street VOL. XXVIII.-42 A

Theatre, and her son made his debut as young Norval, the character in which his father, forty-eight years before, had first appeared before an audience. After acting for a time in Philadelphia, he joined a traveling troupe, managed by Joseph Jefferson, father of the comedian of Rip-Van-Winkle fame. In this troupe he played all kinds of parts, and sometimes two or three characters in the same piece, the circuit of the troupe being through the rough regions of the West and Southwest, and their theatre very frequently a barn, a log-cabin, or a deserted storehouse. In 1841 he made his first appearance in New York, at the old Park Theatre, and for more than four years played in that city and other places in the State of New York. In 1845 he appeared at the Strand Theatre, London, in Logan's farce "The Vermonter." This was his first and last appearance on the boards of any European theatre. On his return to America in 1846, he was engaged for the stock company of the Howard Athenæum, Boston, and from that time Boston was his home, and he the favorite actor of the town. From the Athenæum he went to the Boston Museum, where he remained, except during a starring tour in 1865, until he retired. The fiftieth anniversary of his entrance upon the stage occurred on Oct. 28, 1882, and in celebration of it a benefit was given at the Museum, on the stage of which he had appeared in 577 different parts, the total number of performances being 13,345. At this time he was seventy years of age, but still vigorous and pleasing. After the evening performance he was escorted to his home in Bulfinch Place, where a party of his friends awaited him. A superb "loving-cup," the offering of Joseph Jefferson, John McCullough, Lawrence Barrett, Edwin Booth, and Mary Anderson, was presented to him. From other sources came costly gifts of various kinds. Shortly after this benefit he retired with an ample fortune. Mr. Warren never married. Weisse, John Adam, philologist, born in Ropperviller, canton of Bitche, Lorraine, Dec. 3, 1810; died in New York city, Jan. 12, 1888. He was graduated in classics and natural sciences at Bitche College, and in chemistry and philosophy at Metz Seminary, became a Professor of French at the Imperial School in Vienna, and came to the United States in 1840, settling in Boston. In 1848 he went abroad to study medicine, in 1849 was graduated at the University of Brussels, and in 1850 settled in New York city, where he built up a lucrative practice. During his active professional career of thirty-eight years, he applied considerable time to literary and philological labor, became president of the American Philological Society, and published "Progress, Future, and Destiny of the English Language" and a book on obelisks. He was the author of the elaborate article on "Obelisks," in the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1884. At the time of his death he had in hand a work on medical practice, for which he had made extensive researches.

Wells, Clarke H., naval officer, born in Reading, Pa., Sept. 22, 1822; died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 28, 1888. He was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy in 1840, served on the home and Mediterranean squadrons, entered the Naval Academy in 1845, and was graduated in 1846. During the Mexican War he took part in the attack on the castle of San Juan d'Ulloa at Vera Cruz, and the capture of Tampico and Tuspan. He then made a voyage round the world, was promoted master, March 1, and commissioned lieutenant in September, 1855, and was on duty on the "Niagara " when she assisted in laying the first Atlantic cable. At the outbreak of the civil war he was executive officer of the " Susquehanna," and with that vessel took part in the battle of Port Royal, S. C., and the occupation of Fernandina, Fla. He was then transferred to the "Vandalia," in which he was engaged on blockade duty at Warsaw Sound and Charleston several months; was commissioned lieutenantcommander on July 16, 1862; was executive officer at the Philadelphia Navy-Yard in 1868; and commanded

the "Galena" in the Gulf squadron under Farragut, having the "Oneida" also under his orders at the battle of Mobile Bay in 1864. Subsequently he was attached to Adiniral Porter's fleet in the James river till the close of the war. He was commissioned commander July 25, 1866, captain June 19, 1871, commodore Jan. 22, 1880, and rear-admiral April 1, 1884. He was authorized to accept the French decoration of the Legion of Honor from President Thiers, by act of Congress March 3, 1875.

Welles, Edward Randolph, clergyman, born in Waterloo, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1830; died there, Oct. 19, 1888. He was graduated at Hobart College in 1850, was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal Church, Dec. 20, 1857, taught in De Veaux College, and was ordained priest Sept. 12, 1858. In the following month he entered upon pastoral work at Red Wing, Minn., organized the parish of Christ Church there, and was its rector till his elevation to the episcopate in 1874. He was consecrated in New York city, Oct. 24, 1874, and received the degree of S. T. D. from Racine College, Wisconsin, the same year. In 1875, when the diocese of Fond du Lac was erected from the northern portion of his jurisdiction, he was continued in his old field by his own choice.

Wentworth, John, lawyer, born in Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815; died in Chicago, Ill., Oct. 16, 1888. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1836, settled in Chicago, studied law, and in 1841 was admit

ted to the bar. He was elected to Congress in 1843, and was re-elected four times. In 1857 and 1860 he was elected Mayor of Chicago. In 1861 he was a member of the board of education and of the committee to revise the State Constitution; in 1863 -'64 was a police commissioner; in 1865-'67 was again a representative in Congress; and in 1880 was a vicepresident of the Republican National Convention, but was declared ineligible by the majority report, which confirmed the rule of representation by congressional districts. He gave Dartmouth College $10,000, received the degree of LL. D. from it in 1867, and was elected president of its alumni association in 1882 and 1883. His height, six and a half feet, made him a conspicuous figure in Chicago, and he was familiarly spoken of as "Long John Wentworth."

Westcott, Thompson, journalist, born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 5, 1820; died there, May 9, 1888. He began his career as law reporter on the "Public Ledger," where he remained until May, 1851; was editor-inchief of the "Philadelphia Inquirer" from December, 1863, till May, 1869; was contributing editor of the same paper from May, 1869, till September, 1876; and was an editorial writer on the "Philadelphia Record" from 1884 till within a few months of his death. He was the oldest journalist in continuous work in Philadelphia, and was the author of a popular history of that city and other works.

Wight, Orlando Williams, physician, born in Centerville, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1824; died in Detroit, Mich., Oct. 19, 1888. He was educated at the Westfield Academy and the Rochester Collegiate Institute, taught Latin and Greek in Genoa Academy, and mathematics and languages in Aurora Academy, and when twenty-three years old removed to New York city. There he studied theology and was ordained,

but never connected himself with any religious denomination. He afterward studied medicine and qualified to practice. He removed to Milwaukee, Mich., became health officer of that city in 1877, and, on the reorganization of the health board of Detroit in 1882, accepted a similar office there, serving till 1888. He was an accomplished linguist, received the degree of LL. D. from Yale University, and published a large number of works, including "Lives and Letters of Abélard and Héloïse," "The Philosophy of Sir William Hamilton," translations of Cousin's "Course of the History of Modern Philosophy" and "Lectures on the True, the Beautiful, and the Good," and twelve volumes of "Standard French Classics." He was also associated with Mary L. Booth in translating Henri Martin's "History of France." Wilson, Allen Benjamin, inventor, born in Willett, Cortland County, N. Y., Oct. 18, 1824; died in Woodmont, Conn., April 29, 1888. He learned the cabinetmaking trade, and while working in Pittsfield, Mass., perfected the sewing-machine that was afterward known as the Wheeler and Wilson. The most important of his inventions were the rotary hook and bobbin and the four-motion feed, and the latter has since been adopted in some form in all sewing-machines. His principal patents were granted Nov. 12, 1850; Aug. 12, 1851; June 15, 1852; and Dec. 19, 1854 While perfecting his machine in Pittsfield, he had a small workshop in a room that he and the late William D. Axtell used jointly. Mr. Axtell was his only confidant during his experimenting days and an important witness in court in the case subsequently brought to establish the validity of his claim to the invention. Mr. Wilson proposed locating in Pittsfield to manufacture the machine, but, as the town would render him no assistance by abatement of taxes, he removed to Bridgeport, Conn., where the Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company was organized and began working under his patents.

Wister, Casper, physician, born in Germantown, Pa., in 1817; died in Philadelphia, Pa.. Dec. 20, 18-8. He was a great-grandson of John Wister, who emigrated from Heidelberg, Germany, and built the old Wister homestead in Germantown. While still a minor, he went to Texas and served under Samuel Houston in the State's war for independence. In 1847 he was graduated at the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and had since prac ticed with success in Philadelphia. His widow, the daughter of William H. Furness, has attained wide repute by her translations of popular German novels.

Worthen, Amos Henry, geologist, born in Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 1813; died in Warsaw, Ill., May 6, 1888. He was educated at common schools and at Bradford Academy. In 1834 he went to Harrison County, Ky., where he taught for a year, and in June, 1836, settled in Warsaw, Ill., which thereafter became his permanent home. At first he engaged in the forwarding and commission business, but subsequently became s dry-goods merchant. The Mormon difficulties of 1842 caused a depression of business, and, disposing of his interests, he went to Boston where he remained until 1844, when he returned to Warsaw. Meanwhile his attention had been directed to the geological features of the country in the vicinity of his home, and he studied especially the fossil remains preserved in the sedimentary rocks, and he also investigated the geode-beds in that vicinity. When he removed to Boston he took with him several barrels of specimens, chiefly geodes, which he exchanged there for a cabnet of sea-shells that he carried back to Warsaw. He found similar forms to these shells everywhere preserved in the limestone rocks of that locality, and he devoted his leisure to the exploration of the ravines and bluffs and every exposure of the subjacent rocks that could be reached. His collection grew rapidly. and he soon began that system of exchanges that made his cabinet of such value as to command the attention of James Hall, who secured from him many of the specimens with which he illustrated the first

volume of his reports on the geology of Iowa. The paleontology of that State was subsequently placed in Mr. Worthen's hands. by Prof. Hall, for description. On the organization of the geological survey of Illinois in 1851, he was appointed assistant in the work and served actively for three years. In 1855 he was assistant State geologist of Iowa, but in 1858 he became State geologist of Illinois, which place he then held until 1877, when the office was abolished. He devoted himself largely to active work in the field,

and engaged the services of eminent specialists in the different lines of science to work up the material collected; thus he assigned the mineralogy to Josiah D. Whitney, the description of plants to Leo Lesquereux, the vertebrate palæontology to John S. Newberry, the invertebrate paleontology to Fielding B. Meck, and the geology to Garland C. Broadhead and Edward T. Cox. This resulted in the publication of his reports on the "Geological Survey of Illinois" (8 vols., quarto, Springfield, 1866-'88). In 1877 he was appointed curator of the State Historical Library and Natural History Museum, which place he held until his death. During his term of office he gathered an extensive collection of minerals and fossils, which were arranged by him in the Natural History Museum, now in the State Capitol, and also furnished numerous collections to different colleges in the State. Mr. Worthen was a member of scientific societies, and in 1874 was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1872 he was chosen a member of the National Academy of Sciences. The value of his reports was widely recognized, and besides a few professional papers was his only literary work. Wotherspoon, William Wallace, merchant, born in New York city in 1821; died there, Oct, 11, 1888. He received a collegiate education, studied painting in Rome, took part in the Italian revolution of 1848, and, returning to New York city in 1849, established himself as a painter. He became a founder of the Artists' Fund and the Sketch Club, and was an active member of the National Academy of Design. On the death of his father, a well-to-do merchant with a fondness for art, he relinquished his art career and applied himself to his father's large business. For over twenty years he had painted only for pleasure, yet in that time he lost none of his enthusiasm for art, and delighted in quietly extending pecuniary aid and other encouragement to struggling artists of merit.

Wyckoff, William C., journalist, born in New York city, May 28, 1832; died in Brooklyn, N. Y., May 2, 1888. He was educated at Forrest's Collegiate School, in 1854 was appointed corresponding clerk and mathematician to Beebe & Co., who were at that time the largest specie and bullion dealers in the United States.

From 1861 till 1866 he was chief clerk of the National Bank-Note Company, and in 1869 became day and scientific editor of the New York "Tribune." He was secretary of the Silk Association of America from 1878 till his death, and during that period was associate editor of the "Science News"; 1879-'80, special agent and expert of the United States Government for the statistics of the American silk industry for the census, 1880-'83; and editor-in-chief of the "American Magazine" from the latter part of 1886 till March, 1888. He published "The Silk Goods of America" (New York, 1879); "Silk Manufacture in the United States" (1883); and "American Silk Manufacture" (1887); and he had nearly completed a curious work on "Silk Legends."

Young, Thomas L., lawyer, born in Killyleagh, County Down, Ireland, Dec. 14, 1832; died in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 20, 1888. He came to the United States when a boy, entered the United States Army by enlistment in the last year of the Mexican War, served till 1857, settled in Cincinnati, and was graduated at the Law School. In 1861, after the firing on Fort Sumter, he entered the army as a lieutenant of volunteers, was appointed captain in Frémont's bodyguard in August, and assisted in raising the One Hundred and Eighteenth Ohio Regiment, of which he was appointed major and promoted colonel in 1862. He was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry at Resaca in 1865. Returning to Cincinnati, he was admitted to the bar, appointed assistant auditor of the city, and elected a member of the Legislature in 1865, was elected recorder of Hamilton County in 1867, appointed supervisor of internal revenue in 1868, elected State Senator in 1871, Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio in 1875, and succeeded Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877. He was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1878 and 1880, and was appointed a member of the board of public affairs of Cincinnati in 1886, holding the office till his death.

Zerega, Augustus, merchant, born in Martinique, Dec. 4, 1803; died in New York city, Dec. 23, 1888. He was the son of a wealthy ship-owner, was educated in London, England, and Balbec, France, returned to the West Indies in 1818, studied navigation on his father's vessels, and became a ship-owner and captain in 1820. During the next fifteen years he was engaged in the West India and South American trade, sailing his vessels himself, and making and losing three fortunes. While temporarily living in La Guayra, he became intimate with Gen. Simon Bolivar, encouraged his scheme for liberating the South American states from Spanish rule, and in 1831 made a voyage to the United States to procure munitions of war for him. In 1835 he established himself as a coffeemerchant in New York city, and owned and managed a fleet of thirty vessels, noted in their day as the "Z" line, till 1855, when he retired from business and sold his vessels. One of his ships, the "Antartic," rescued over 300 United States soldiers from the "San Francisco" when she foundered at sea, in 1854. lived in retirement at Throgg's Neck from 1855 till 1863, and after that spent his winters in New York.

He

OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. Sketches of a few of the most eminent foreigners that died in 1888 will be found in their own alphabetical places in this volume, accompanied with portraits.

Arnason, Jon, an Icelandic scholar, born Aug. 17, 1819; died in Reykjavik, Iceland, Nov. 13, 1888. He was for many years librarian of the public library of Iceland, which was largely increased under his direction, and did much to preserve the memorials of the carly history of Iceland. Dr. Arnason was famous for his great collection of Icelandic sagas. He published, with Grimson, a collection of Icelandic tales, followed by a larger one of "Popular Legends of Iceland" (Leipsic, 1862-64).

Baden, Prince Ludwig Wilhelm, second son of the Grand-Duke and of Princess Louise of Prussia, born

in Baden, June 12, 1865; died in Freiburg, Feb. 23, 1888. He was a lieutenant of the Uhlan Guards at Potsdam, and a favorite grandson of the Emperor Wilhelm. Leaving active service to pursue his studies at Freiburg, he was attacked by inflammation of the lungs, and died unexpectedly.

Bagallay, Sir Richard, an English lawyer, born in Stockwell (now a part of London), May 13, 1816; died in Brighton, Nov. 13, 1888. He was educated at Oxford, becoming a fellow of Caius College in 1839, and was called to the bar in 1843. He entered Parliament in 1865, was appointed Solicitor-General under Mr. Disraeli in August, 1868, was knighted, and went out of office with his party in December of the same year. When the Conservatives defeated Mr. Gladstone in 1874, on the issue of the abolition of the income-tax, Sir Richard Bagallay resumed the office he had held, but before the end of the year he succeeded the retiring Attorney-General, Sir John Karslake, and in the autumn of 1875 was appointed a judge of the Court of Appeal. He retired in 1885, having for some years taken the lead as senior justice in the chancery division.

Bargash ben Said, Sultan or Seyyid of Zanzibar, born in 1835; died in Zanzibar, March 27, 1888. He succeeded his elder brother, Majid, Oct. 7, 1870. For merly he administered an extensive range of coast extending northward and southward from the island of Zanzibar, where he had his residence, and maintained an army to guard the caravan-routes into the interior. Great Britain compelled him to sign a treaty in 1873, pledging himself to suppress the slave-trade in his dominions. A few months before his death Germany obtained a lease or cession of the coast-line lying in front of the territory of the East African Company, and England obtained the grant of the coast giving access to her newly acquired possessions, leaving the Sultan only a fraction of his former dominion on the mainland. He was succeeded by his brother, who rules under the title of Seyyid Khalifa.

Bartsch, Karl Friedrich Adolf Konrad, a German philologist, born in Sprottau, Silesia, Feb. 25, 1832; died in Heidelberg, Feb. 20, 1888. He practiced poetical composition in German and Latin while at the gymnasium, and studied Germanic philology at Breslau and Berlin. Taking his doctor's degree in 1853, he went to Paris to study the poetry of the Troubadours, which he was one of the earliest to introduce to the attention of German students. In 1855 he became librarian of the German Museum in Nuremberg, and in the same year published a reading-book of Provençal literature, which was followed by a chrestomathy of Troubadour poetry and an edition of the songs of Pierre Vidal. He also edited" Karl," an epic poem by Stricker, an Austrian poet of the Thirteenth century. In 1858 Bartsch was called to the professorship of Modern and German Literature at Rostock, where he established a Seminary of German Philology. He became editor of "Germania," the periodical devoted to German antiquities, in 1863, and in 1871 went to Heidelberg as Professor of Early German Literature. voluminous published works include critical editions of Old and Middle High German poets, many of whose works were first issued in print by him, and of old French romances, pastorals, and popular songs, poetry of his own, of which a collected edition has been published, and lectures and essays, some of which were republished in 1883.

His

Beard Charles, an English divine, born in 1828; died at Liverpool, March 9, 1888. He became a minister of the Unitarian church at Hyde, removing subsequently to Liverpool. In 1861 was published his "Port Royal, a Contribution to the History of Religion and Literature in France." He founded the "Theological Review," in 1864. His other important works were, "Outlines of Christian Doctrine" and a translation of M. Renan's "Lectures on the Influence of the Institutions, Thought, and Culture of Rome on Christianity (1880). In 1883 he delivered the Hibbert Lectures in London and Oxford, taking for his sub

ject "The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge."

Bergaigne, Abel, a French Orientalist, died in Paris Aug. 20, 1888. He held the chair of Sanskrit at the Sorbonne. His translation of the gnomic poem, “Le Bhaminivilàsa," was published in 1872. In 1879 be published a translation of the Buddhist drama, “ Någànanda" with the Sanskrit text, and from 1878 to 1883, he issued three volumes entitled "The Vedic Religion, after the Hymns of the Rig-Veda.” He translated into French the drama, "Sacountala,” in 1884, and during the same year began the issue of "Etudes sur le Lexique du Rig-Veda," which was still in progress at the time of his death.

Brand, Sir Johannes Henricus, President of the Orange Free State, born in Cape Town, Dec. 6, 1823; died July 15, 1888. He was the son of the Speaker of the Cape House of Representatives, studied faw in Leyden, and in 1849 began practice in the Supreme Court in Cape Town. In 1863 he became Professor of Law in the South African College, and in 1863 he was elected President of the Orange River Free State, to which post he was re-elected every five years until his death. It was owing to his influence that the Free State held aloof from the Transvaal war and has declined to enter into the plans of the Transvaal Republic for a union of the three South African republics, accepting in preference the railroad and tariff proposals of Cape Colony. In recognition of his friendly services to England, the Queen knighted him.

Cameron, Sir Duncan Alexander, a Scottish soldier, born in 1808; died at Blackheath, June 7, 1888. He entered the army at the age of seventeen; became a captain in 1833, major in 1839, colonel in 1854, majorgeneral in 1559, and general in 1873. In the Crimean War he was present at the battle of Alma, and commanded the Highland Brigade at the battle of Balaklava. He was also actively engaged in the siege of Sebastopol, and on the assault on the Redan. He commanded the forces in the New Zealand war of 1863-'65, in the battles of Kalikara, Kobasoa, Tangiriri, and Gate Pan. From 1868 to 1875 he was governor of the Military College at Sandhurst. In 1878 he was retired.

Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte, a French statesman, father of the President of the French Republic, born in St. Omer, April 6, 1801; died in Paris, March 16, 1885, He was the son of the War Minister of the Revolution, and at the restoration accompanied his father into exile. Returning to France in 1823, he studied law, and became a supporter of the St. Simon sect, but seceded when Enfantin introduced the doctrine of free love. He was elected deputy in 1839, and after the revolution of 1848 became Minister of Education. He was forced to retire from this office in consequence of a circular that he addressed to schoolmasters, enjoining on them activity at elections. He was one of the three Republican deputies that refused to take the oath of allegiance after the coup d'état, and was unseated. He entered the Chamber again in 1863, but was defeated by Gambetta in 1869. In 1871 he was again elected deputy, and on the formation of the Senate in 1875 was elected a life member. He published biographies of his father and of Bishop Gregoire, and

edited the memoirs of Barère.

Correnti, Cesare, an Italian statesman, born in 1815; died in Meina, Oct. 4, 1888. He took part in the conflicts for the deliverance and unification of Italy, and was Minister of Education in 1867 and again from 1869 till 1872, when he prepared and carried through Parliament the laws for pensioning elementary schoolteachers and abolishing the theological faculties in the universities.

Corti Luigi, an Italian diplomatist, died in Rome, Feb. 18, 1888. He studied mathematics in Padua, took part in the Revolution of 1848, filling an office in the Sardinian Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and afterward serving in the ranks against Austria. In 1850 he entered the diplomatic service as secretary of legation at London. He rose to be councilor în 1862,

and filled in rapid succession the posts of chargé d'affaires, minister resident, and minister plenipotentiary in Brussels, Stockholm, Madrid, and Washington. In 1873 he presided over the Alabama Commission, and two years later he went to Constantinople as ambassador, where he so skillfully asserted the position of Italy in the complicated Eastern question that from that time forth he was the chief diplomatic authority in Italy in Oriental affairs. When the center of gravity in European diplomacy shifted in the direction of Constantinople, Carioli, in 1878, called Corti into his Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and, when the Congress of Berlin was convened, while retaining his post in the Cabinet, he went as the Italian representative. Soon after the work of the Congress was finished he resigned on account of a ministerial crisis, having been severely attacked by Crispi and others of the Opposition, because he had secured no territorial advantage for Italy, and went to London as ambassador, in which post he remained until he was removed by the Crispi ministry. He was a member of the Italian Senate.

Crampton, Thomas Russell, an English engineer, born in Broadstairs, Kent, in 1816; died in April, 1888. After receiving a liberal education he became the pupil of an eminent mechanical engineer in London. He designed the first locomotive for the Great Western Railway, and between 1842 and 1847 he perfected the type of locomotive that bears his name, in which a long boiler, outside cylinders, and a low center of gravity are the essential features. In 1851 his locomotives won for him the grand medal in the Great Exhibition. He laid the first submarine cable between Dover and Calais in 1851.

Debray, Jules Henri, French chemist, born in France, July 26, 1827; died in Paris, July 19, 1888. He was educated in Paris, and received the degree of Doctor of Sciences in 1855. Subsequently he was called to the chair of Chemistry at the Charlemagne Lyceum, and was assistant at the Normal School. In 1868 he was advanced to the rank of Maître de Conferénces. He was also assayer at the testing department of the mint. In 1877 he was chosen a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and was vice-president of the Society of Encouragement for National Industry. Prof. Debray was a member of the Higher Council of Public Instruction, and of the Consulting Committee of Arts and Manufactures. The greater part of his original work was performed in association with Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, notably, the investigation of the properties of the rarer platinum metals, such as osmium and iridium, which at that time were but little known, also in the difficult construction of the standard metre of platinum alloyed with iridium, adopted by the International Metric Commission, and in the development of Sainte-Claire Deville's ideas on dissociation. His publications include, besides his thesis for the doctorate on "Glucinum and its Compounds" (1855), "Des Principales Sources de Lumière" (1863); "Métallurgie du Platine et des Metaux qui l'Accompagnent" (2 vols., 1863); and "Cours Elémentaire de Chemie" (2 vols., 1865).

Delius, Nikolaus, a German Shakespearian commentator, born in Bremen, Oct. 19, 1813; died in Berlin, Nov. 18, 1888. He studied at Bonn and Berlin, acquired a name as a scholar in Sanskrit and in the Provençal and English languages and literature, and was professor of those subjects at Bonn from 1855 until his death. Besides works on the Romance literature, he published "The Shakespeare Myth (1851); an edition of Shakespeare's "Works" (7 vols., 1854-61); a volume on the English theatre in Shakespeare's time (1853); and a "Shakespeare Lexicon" (1854).

He was

Devon, William Reginald Courtenay, Earl of, an English nobleman, born April 14, 1807; died at Powderham Castle, near Exeter, Nov. 18, 1888. graduated at Oxford in 1828, entered the House of Commons in 1841 as a Conservative, became a Peelite, and was secretary to the Poor Law Board from 1852

till 1858. Subsequently rejoining the Conservatives, he entered Lord Derby's Cabinet in July, 1866, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, exchanging that office in May, 1867, for that of president of the Poor Law Board, which he held until December, 1868. He was a promoter of railroad enterprises in Devonshire and in Ireland, and was a supporter of religious, educational, and philanthropic societies. Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings, Bart., an English poet, born in Yorkshire, Aug. 22, 1810; died in London, June 8, 1888. He was graduated with honor at Oxford in 1832, was called to the bar shortly afterward, succeeded to a baronetcy in 1839, and was appointed receiver-general of customs in 1846. He was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford in 1867, and in 1872 was re-elected. He published ballads and other poetical pieces, and in 1886 a volume of "Reminiscences and Opinions."

Duclerc, Charles Theodore Eugène, a French statesman, born in Bagnères-de-Bigorre, Nov. 9, 1812; died in July, 1888. He was a prominent Republican in 1848, a frequent speaker in the Constituent Assembly, and for a time Minister of Finance. During the time of the empire he devoted himself to private business. He was a member of the National Assembly that was summoned to make peace with Germany, was made President of the Republican Left, was regarded as an authority on financial questions, was elected VicePresident of the Chamber, and in 1875 was chosen a Senator for life, and was looked upon in the Senate as a leader of the Moderate Left. In 1882, after M. de Freycinet's defeat, on the proposal of a joint expedition to Egypt with England, M. Grévy invited him, after the other Republican leaders had declined, to form a working ministry, which he successfully accomplished by inducing several Gambettists to accept portfolios.

Duncan, Francis, a British artillery officer, born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1835; died in London, Nov. 16, 1888. He was graduated at the University of Aberdeen, passed the artillery examination at the head of all competitors, rose rapidly in the army, and after holding several staff appointments was selected by Sir Evelyn Wood, in 1883, to reorganize the Egyptian artillery. He commanded the outpost at Wady Halfa in 1884-'85, and rendered important services in caring for the refugees that Gen. Gordon sent down the Nile from Khartoum. Col. Duncan was a Fellow of the Geological and other learned societies, author of "The English in Spain" and "History of the Royal Artillery," a founder of the St. John's Ambulance Association, and a prime mover in the establishment of coffee-palaces in garrison towus. He was elected to Parliament as a Conservative after his return from Egypt in 1885.

Eassie, William, an English sanitarian, born in Lochee, Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1832; died in South Hampstead, England, Aug. 16, 1888. He was a civil engineer by training, was one of the designers of the Renkioi Hospital during the Crimean War, and made the first excavations on the site of Troy after the conclusion of hostilities. He was one of the founders of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, and in 1874 of the Cremation Society, the "Transactions" of which he edited. He published "Healthy Houses," a work that gave an impetus to sanitary reform, and subsequently a maturer work on "Sanitary Arrangements for Dwellings." In 1874 he published "Cremation of the Dead," a standard work on the subject.

Etex, Antoine, a French sculptor, born in Paris March 20, 1808; died there, July 8, 1888. He belonged to a family of artists, and in 1828 gained the prize of Rome with his "Hyacinth slain by Apollo." He exhibited the colossal group of "Cain" in 1833. The power and originality displayed in this work caused M. Thiers to commission the sculptor to execute the groups representing "1814" and "1815" on the Arc de l'Étoile. He would not exhibit again at the Salon, because some of his works were rejected, until 1841, when he appeared with the "Tomb of