Paley, Frederick Apthorpe, an English commentator, born near York in 1816; died at Bournemouth, Dec. 11, 1888. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1838, and continued to reside there till 1846, when he joined the Roman Catholic Church. In 1860, the religious disabilities of nonconformists having been partially removed, he returned to Cambridge, and was a tutor there till 1874, when he accepted the chair of Classical Literature in the Catholic University College at Kensington. He edited Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Demosthenes, and the Greek tragic writers for the "Bibliotheca Classica" and other series of classics, prepared the text of the Greek tragedies for the "Cambridge Texts," translated Eschylus, Pindar, and some of the works of Plato and Aristotle, and wrote many papers on archæology and botany.

Palgrave, William Gifford, an English traveler, born in London, Jan. 24, 1826; died in Montevideo, Uruguay, Oct. 1, 1888. He was the son of Sir Francis Palgrave, the historian, and brother of Reginald F. D. Palgrave, clerk of the House of Commons. He left Cambridge University after a brilliant academic course, to serve with the army in Bombay, but resigned his commission after a short time, and a few years later entered the Jesuit order, and in due time became a priest. In this capacity he was engaged in southern India, in Rome, and in Palestine and Syria, where he acquired such mastery of the Arabic language and manners that he was able to pass himself off as a Mohammedan. He was summoned to France in 1860 to report to the Emperor Napoleon concerning the Syrian massacres, and was then commissioned by the French Government to penetrate into central Arabia, where he had many narrow escapes from death. An account of his journeyings in the disguise of an Arabian physician he published under the title "Narrative of a Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia, 1862-'63" (London, 1865). He was employed in 1865 by the English Government to negotiate for the release of prisoners in Abyssinia, afterward held consulships in various Oriental cities, was consul-general to Bulgaria in 1878, and thence transferred to Bangkok in 1879, and from 1884 till his death was British minister to Uruguay. His other literary works were "Essays on Eastern Questions" (1872); Hermann Agha, an Eastern Narrative" (1872); and "Dutch Guiana" (1876).

Palizzi, Joseph, Italian artist, born in Lanciano, Italy, in 1813; died in Paris, Jan. 7, 1888. He studied art in his native city, and in 1844 went to Paris. He was eminent as a landscape painter, and was also successful in his representations of animals. His principal works are Storm in the Abruzzi" (1845);"Shepherd guarding his Flock" (1848); "Goats ravaging the Vines" (1855); "Cattle in the Valley of the Tonque" (1859); "Drove of Oxen in a Storin" (1864); "Souvenir of the Landes" (1872); and "In the Vicinity of Pæstum" (1873).

Péne, Henri de, a French journalist, born in Paris, April 25, 1830; died there, Jan. 27, 1888. He came from a noble Bearn family possessing a castle near Pau. He was educated at the Collège Rollin, became a writer for the "Evénement" and other papers. In 1858, for a paragraph in the "Figaro" reflecting on the ball-manners of the military, he was overwhelmed with challenges, which he offered to accept in alphabetical order. He was wounded severely by his second adversary, and went to Mannheim for surgical treatment, publishing on his return "Une Mois en Allemagne," which had been preceded by a similar volume of Portuguese sketches. Piquant sketches of Parisian life that he wrote for the "Indépendance Belge" were reproduced in book-form under the titles of "Paris Aventureux," "Paris Viveur," etc. He founded the "Paris," and when it expired the "Paris Journal," which was merged in the "Gaulois." In 1871 he was wounded in a manifestation of Friends of Order who had organized with the intention of disarming the Commune. He was the editorin-chief of the Gaulois" and always an ardent Roy

alist. He wrote a life of the Comte de Chambord under the title of" Henri de France." In 1886 he published a novel called "Trop Belle," and in 1887 Rose Michon," which has been dramatized. Planchon, Jules Émile, French botanist, born in Gauges, France, March 21, 1823; died in Montpelier, April 2, 1888. He was educated at Montpelier, studied botany under Auguste Saint-Hilaire, and received the degree of doctor of sciences in 1844. To perfect his botanical knowledge, he went to England, where until 1849 he was officially connected with the botanical garden at Kew. In 1845-'51 he was connected with the faculty of the Horticultural Institute at Ghent, in Belgium. He then received the degree of doctor of medicine, and was professor at the College of Medicine and Pharmacy in Nancy until 1853, when he became Professor of Botany in the scientific faculty at Montpelier and also of the Pharmaceutical College in that place, of which he subsequently became president. He had charge in 1873 of the scientific mission to America to study the disease that was threatening the extinction of the grape-plant. Corroborating his previous observations, he demonstrated that the trouble sprang from an insect, Phylloxera vastatrix, which he had discovered in 1868, a native of this country, which preyed upon the root. He also found that some varieties of the vine in America were not subject to the attacks of the insect. In addition to many papers in scientific journals, he contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes," and he published "Le Phylloxera de 1854 à 1873" (Paris, 1874); "Les Vignes Américaines" (1875); "La Truffe et les Trutfrères Artificielles" (1875); and "L'Eucalyptus Globus" (1875).

Poliakoff, Samuel, a Russian financier, born in Orscha, Lithuania; died in St. Petersburg in April, 1888. He was the son of poor Jewish parents, was a butcher, then clerk to a wood-seller, learned Russian, went to St. Petersburg in 1850, and in ten years became very wealthy. Before he died he was the owner of five great railroads, constituting a fourth of the entire Russian system. In 1885 he elaborated a plan for consolidating the railroads under the direction of the state, and was sworn a member of the Czar's Privy Council. He founded the first school of railroad engineering and the Russian School of Mines, the Alexander II College and dormitories for students at the University of St. Petersburg, a large hospital at Moscow, technical schools for women, and many other institutions. His public benefactions before 1882 amounted to 6,000,000 rubles.

Price, Bonamy, an English economist, born in Guernsey, May 22, 1807; died in London, Jan. 8, 1888. He obtained a double first in classics and mathematics and was graduated at Oxford in 1829, became master of mathematics at Rugby, and was a teacher in that school till 1850, when he removed to London and devoted his attention to business. In 1868 he was elect

ed Professor of Political Economy at Oxford as the successor of Thorold Rogers, whose theories were condemned by the Conservative majority. He published a course of lectures on "The Principles of Currency (1869); a work entitled "Of Currency and Banking" (1876); and a course of his lectures entitled "Chapters on Practical Political Economy" (1878), besides several that preceded it. As a meinber of the Duke of Richmond's Royal Commission on Agriculture he appended to the minority report some remarks which called forth Mr. Gladstone's comment that he alone had the resolution to apply, in all their unmitigated authority, the principles of abstract political economy to the people and circumstances of Ireland, exactly as if he had been proposing to legislate for the inhabitants of Saturn.

Prjevalsky, Nicholas M., a Russian traveler, born in the district of Smolensk in March, 1839; died in Central Asia between Tashkend and Vernoje in October, 1888. He entered the Russian army, and in 1867 volunteered for service in eastern Siberia, where he spent two years in exploring the Ussuri valley, publishing

on his return to St. Petersburg a volume of "Notes on the Ussuri." In 1870-'73 he traveled in western China, and in 1876 left Russia for the purpose of determining the position of Lob Nor. He was absent a year, during which he explored the Tarim valley, discovered the true Lob Nor, and reached the Altyn Tagh mountains. In April, 1879, he undertook a journey to Tibet, but was deserted by his guides after having penetrated to the Tsaidam steppe and the region of the Koko Nor, and made his way back amid extreme perils and hardships. In 1885 he made another unsuccessful attempt to reach Lhassa, and on his return traversed Chinese Turkistan. When the British began their war against the Tibetans in Sikkim, Gen. Prjevalsky was placed at the head of a strong expedition, and ordered to reach Lhassa at all hazards. Already weakened by years of hardship, he was unable to endure the fatigues and exposure of another journey, and died on the route to Vernoje, where he intended to equip his party. Questel, Charles Auguste, a French architect, born in Paris, Sept. 18, 1807; died Feb. 15, 1888. He received his artistic training at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. His first great work was the cathedral at Nimes, which was begun in 1888 and completed in 1849. He designed an elaborate fountain in the same city. The library and museum at Grenoble were built after his plans. He was the architect of the Historical Monuments Commission who directed the restorations of the amphitheatre at Arles and the Pont du Gard. He was architect to the palaces of Versailles and Trianon under the Empire, served as a member of the Council on Public Buildings, and was a professor in the École

des Beaux Arts.

Richthofen, Baron Ferdinand von, a German geographer, born in Karlsruhe in May, 1833; died May 8, 1888. He studied at Breslau and Berlin, was attached for some years to the Geological Survey of Austria, and in 1860 accompanied Count Eulenberg's Prussian expedition to Eastern Asia as geologist, visiting Formosa, the Philippine Islands, Java, Celebes, Siam, and Indo-China. He then crossed the Pacific, and traveled through California and the Sierra Nevada. In August, 1868, he returned to China, which he trav ersed in various directions during the next four years, studying the orography and geology of the country, and also its productions and commercial possibilities. Returning to Germany after twelve years of absence, he spent the remainder of his life in working out the results of his researches in China. He was appointed Professor of Geography at Bonn in 1879, and in 1883 was transferred to Leipsic, which he quitted in 1886 to accept the same chair at Berlin. Of his great work on "China" three volumes have been issued. His atlas, in which he reconstructed the map of China from his own observations and from the best native information, is not completed.

Rose, Sir John, a British financier, born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1820; died in Caithness-shire, Aug. 26, 1888. He emigrated to Canada at the age of sixteen, served as a volunteer during the rebellion, studied law, and in 1842 was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada. He became Solicitor-General in 1857, and entered Parliament as a member for Montreal. In 1859 he was Minister of Public Works. He took part in the Canadian conference in London as the representative of the Protestants of Lower Canada, and assisted in framing the act of federation. In the Government of the new Dominion he was appointed Minister of Finance, and during the three years that he held the office he prepared measures providing for the defense of the Dominion and assimilating the fiscal laws. He was intrusted with several diplomatic missions to settle difficulties that arose with the United States between 1860 and 1870 on the Oregon boundary question, reciprocity, the fisheries, copyright, and extradition. In 1870 he resigned his post in the ministry, and went to England to engage in commercial business. He was at once sent to Washington by the English Government on a confidential mission in con

nection with the "Alabama" and fishery disputes, and assisted in negotiating the Washington Treaty, receiving the honor of a baronetcy for his services. He has since served on several commissions dealing with affairs relating to British America. On his return to England he promoted Canadian railroad enterprises, became a partner in the banking firm of Morton. Rose, & Co., and when he left it connected himself with the London and Westminster Bank enterprise and with an insurance company. He died suddenly while hunting deer.

Rousseau, Emile, French chemist, born in Clamency, France, April 4, 1815; died in Paris, Feb. 4, 1888. He came to Paris when he was twenty-three years old, and became assistant to Mateo José Bonaventura Orfila, of the medical faculty. Subsequently he assisted Jean Baptiste Dumas, and also taught in several of the public colleges. In 1843 he resigned his appointinents and entered upon the manufacture of chemical products. At his laboratory, and with his aid, Henri Sainte-Clair Deville and Jules Henri Debray developed the industrial production of aluminium. He made investigations on the use of pyrites for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, introduced a new method for the production of charcoal, and devised the sugar process known by his name.

Rutland, Charles Cecil John Manners, Duke of, born May 16, 1815; died at Belvoir Castle, March 4, 1888, He was elected to Parliament in 1837, after receiving his education at Cambridge, and represented Stamford for fifteen years. He became one of the principal members of the Protectionist party, and in February, 1848, was chosen to succeed Lord George Bentinck as its leader. He only held the place till the former leader was willing to resume it, and when Lord George Bentinck died in September, 1848, the Marquis of Granby was unwilling to take on himself again the onerous duties, which Mr. Disraeli then assumed. From 1852 till he succeeded to the dukedom in 1857, Lord Granby represented North Leices tershire. He had no sympathy with the progressive Toryism of the Young England party, and did not scruple to criticise the Government when Mr. Disraeli and his own brother, Lord John Manners, were in office. He clung to the principle of protection when Lord Derby and Disraeli abandoned it, and even to the end of his life he lost no opportunity to advocate it, more than once drawing upon himself the sarcastic rebukes of Lord Beaconsfield. The Duke of Rutland was a courageous defender also of the most extreme and unpopular Conservative views regarding land, the ballot, and all other subjects. His successor in the title is Lord John Manners, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in Lord Salisbury's Cabinet.

Salomon, Louis E. F., ex-President of Hayti, born in 1815; died in Paris, Oct. 19, 1888. He was of pure negro blood, and long occupied a prominent place in Haytian politics. The revolution of 1879 resulted in his election to the presidency for seven years, at the end of which he was re-elected; but the revolution of August, 1888, drove him into exile.

Sarmiento, Domingo F, an Argentine statesman, born in 1811; died in Asuncion, Nov. 2, 1888. He was first director of a school in the province of San Luis, went to Chili in 1831, returned in 1836 and founded a female school at San Juan, but settled in Chili in 1840, where he greatly promoted education, publishing many school-books, editing educational periodicals, and founding schools and colleges, one of these being the normal school at Santiago. He also established a daily newspaper, the first one published in Santiago. In 1845 the Chilian Government sent him to the United States and Europe to study the common-school systems of those countries, and on his return he published a work on "Popular Education." Returning to the Argentine Republic, he became Minister of the Interior, then colonel commanding the military forces, afterward governor of the province of San Juan, and from that post was transferred to the Ministry of Public Instruction. In 1864-'68 he was Minister to

the United States. His election to the presidency of the repubiic recalled him to Buenos Ayres. During his administration, which lasted until October, 1874, the war with Paraguay was brought to a successful termination, several insurrections were quelled, railroads and telegraphs were constructed, immigration was promoted, foreign trade was developed, a national college was established in every province, the National Observatory was founded, and many institutions were introduced, mainly modeled after those of the United States. Among his literary works the principal were "Manual of the History of Ancient Peoples," "Civilization in Barbary," "Travels in Europe, Africa, and America," and a "Life of Abraham Lincoln."

Schleyer, Johann Martin, the inventor of Volapük, born in Constance, Baden, in 1831; died there, Oct. 10, 1888. He was a priest of the Catholic Church. His successor as chief of the Volapük Society is M. Kerckhoffs, teacher of languages in the Commercial High-School at Paris. (See VOLAPUK, in the "Annual Cyclopadia" for 1887, page 794.)

Storm, Theodor, a German novelist, born in Husum, Holstein, Sept. 14, 1817; died in Hadamarsch, July 4, 1888. He left Schleswig-Holstein in consequence of the revolt of the Holsteiners against Denmark in 1853, in which he took part, entered the Prussian service, became a district judge in Potsdam and Heilig enstadt, and returned in later years to practice law in his native town. He was the author of many tales characterized by dreamy melancholy and love of nature. He also wrote lyric poetry that was equally expressive of North German thought and sentiment. Tommasi, Salvatore, an Italian physician, born in 1814; died in Naples, July 14, 1888. He took part in political movements while yet a schoolboy, and was obliged to flee from the Romagna, began his medical studies in Aquila, was appointed Professor of Pathology in the University of Naples at the age of thirty-three, and in a few years he reached a pre-eminent position in his profession as physician, university teacher, and medical author. The half-dozen warring schools or tendencies in medicine then existing in Italy were harmonized under his lead. His works contain the germs of many discoveries and theories that have been developed later by other men in other countries. In 1846 he published "Fisiologia Umana," a work that had a great influence on medical thought in Italy. Taking part in the revolution of 1848, he was elected to the Neapolitan House of Deputies and twice condemned to prison in that year, and finally exiled. He lived in poverty at Turin with other political refugees, whom he served as physician, until after the deliverance of Lombardy he was appointed a professor at Pavia. When the Bourbon monarchy was overthrown and the clinical hospital that he had suggested was established in Naples, he returned thither in 1863, and continued to work indefatigably during the remaining years of his life, devoting his remarkable skill to the good of the poor, and imparting his knowledge and enthusiasm to thousands of students.

Tuson, Richard Vine, English chemist, born in England in 1832; died near London, Oct. 31, 1888. He received his scientific training at University College, London, where he made a specialty of chemistry. Subsequently he served as assistant in chemistry at Galway, and later at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London. He was afterward elected lecturer on chem

istry at the Medical School of Charing Cross Hospital, where he continued until 1860, when he was chosen Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Veterinary College in London, which place he held until his death. Besides various scientific papers in technical journals, he edited and partly rewrote the sixth edition of Cooley's "Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts" (2 vols., New York, 1879). Walsh, John Henry, an English author, born in 1810; died in London, Feb. 12, 1888. He was originally a physician practicing in Worcestershire, and settled in

"The

London in 1855, when he wrote a book on Greyhound," and shortly after its appearance published under the pen-name of Stonehenge the first edition of "British Rural Sports," which has obtained great popularity. From 1857 until his death he was the editor of the "Field." He published among other works "The Dog in Health and Disease" (1858); "Dogs of the British Islands," which passed through several editions, and "The Modern Sportsman's Gun and Rifle" (2 vols., 1882-'84).

Weber, Georg, a German historian, born in Bergzabern, Feb. 10, 1808; died Aug. 19, 1888. He studied theology at Erlangen, left that university to devote himself to history and ancient literature at Heidelberg, and after residing in Switzerland, Italy, and France, where he engaged in historical researches, he became a teacher in 1839 of the Bürgerschule at Heidelberg, of which he was afterward principal till 1872. His principal works are: "Calvinism in its Relations to the State" (1836); "History of the English Reformation" (1853); "History of German Literature (1855); Germany in the First Stages of its Historical Existence" (1862); "Manual of Universal History" (1865); "Survey of the World's History" (1866); "History of the People of Israel and of the Birth of Christianity," with Dr. Holtzmann (1867); and "Universal History of the Peoples of the World" (15 vols., 1857-284).

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Wroblewski, Sigismund, a Russian chemist, born in 1848; died in Cracow, Austrian Poland, April 16, 1888. He was educated at the Universities of St. Petersburg and Strasburg, and in 1882 became Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cracow. This place he held until his death, which was the resuit of an explosion in his laboratory. He became noted for his experiments on the so-called permanent gases, and with his colleague, Dr. Z. Olozewiski, he determined the critical temperatures and pressures of oxygen and nitrogen. From similar researches, he proved that carbonic acid did not form the hydrate, and he succeeded in solidifying both carbon bisulphide and alcohol. The insulating properties of liquid oxygen and nitrogen were determined by him in 1885, and in 1886 he determined the density and properties of liquified air, and established the fact that atmospheric air, when in a liquid state, behaves as a mixture. The atomic volumes of these gases were also first accurately determined by him, and his results have been confirmed. In 1887 he proposed that the relations of the physical properties of gases be represented by curves showing the rate of change of pressure with temperature for different densities, instead of by isothermal lines. These curves he called "isopyknics," and from the inspection of them new and important conclusions were deduced.

Zuckertort, J. H., a German chess-player, born in Riga in 1842; died in London, England, June 20, 1888. He studied in Berlin, settled in London in 1872, devoting himself to the game of chess, and in 1880 became editor of the "Chess Monthly." In the international tournament at Paris in 1878 he took the first prize, and in 1883 he defeated Steinitz in the international tournament at London, and was accounted the champion of the world until the same player won a match of a series of games played in New York, St. Louis, and New Orleans in 1886. Dr. Zuckertort was unequaled as a blindfold player.

OHIO. The State Government in 1888 was: Governor, Joseph B. Foraker (Republican); Lieut.-Governor, William C. Lyon; Secretary of State, James S. Robinson; Auditor, Ebenezer W. Poe; Treasurer of State, John C. Brown; Attorney-General, David K. Watson; Board of Public Works, William M. Hahn, C. A. Flickinger, Wells S. Jones; Commissioner of Common Schools, Eli T. Tappan; Judges of the Supreme Court, Selwyn N. Owen, Mar

shall J. Williams, William T. Spear, Thaddeus A. Minshall, Franklin J. Dickman; Clerk of the Supreme Court, Urban H. Hester.

Finances.-The report of the Auditor shows the balance to the credit of the general revenue fund, Nov. 15, 1887, to have been $65,364; receipts during 1888, $3,310,716.75, this amount including $100,000 advance draft drawn on the taxes collected for the fiscal year 1889; disbursements, $3,349.328.13; balance in treasury, Nov. 15, 1888, $26,752.71. The sinkingfund began the fiscal year with $102,294.08; receipts, $894,511.77, this amount including $10,000 advance draft drawn on the taxes collected for 1889; disbursements, $995,357.16; leaving balance $1,448.69. The State commonschool fund had on hand $54,620.56; receipts, $1,690,961.04; disbursements, $1,654,057.50; balance, $91,524.10. During the year the public funded debt of the State was reduced by the payment of loans to the amount of $619,800. On Nov. 15, 1888, the public funded debt of the State was $3,046,665, of which $5,000 was foreign loan not bearing interest, $1,665 domestic debt, and the remainder 3-per-cent. loans payable July 1 yearly in sums of $250,000, except in 1899, $240,000, and 1890, $300,000. The irreducible State debt (trust funds) was $45,638,127. The aggregate of local debts in the State was $56,780,024.40, divided as follows: Counties, $7,110,343.24; cities, $44,831,672.15; incorporated villages, $1,937,403.24; townships, $451,734.76; special school districts, $2,448,871.01. There has been a steady annual increase of local indebtedness, mostly in counties and cities.

Property and Taxation.—The value of all taxable real estate and personal property in the State, according to the consolidated tax-duplicate of 1888, is as follows: Real estate in cities, towns, and villages, $477,604,587; real estate not in cities, towns, or villages, $722,459,608; chattel property, $531,994,601; total taxable values, $1,732,058,796. The taxes levied for 1889 on that basis are: Total State purposes (2 9-10 mills), $5,020,384.81; county purposes, $8.594,293.55; township, city, school, and special taxes, $19,318,687.33; levies for all purposes, $32,933,365.69: per-capita tax on dogs -for the sheep fund, $203,840; total taxes, including all the delinquinces of former years, $35,481,758.62.

Railroads. The Commissioner of Railroads, in his annual report, gives the railroad mileage of entire lines that pass through Ohio, and places the Ohio mileage at about 10,227 miles; of this amount about 4674 miles are in the hands of receivers, and of this total amount of track 6,960 miles are laid with steel rail and 2,059 miles with iron. The total train mileage was 91,420,208, and of cars 1,489,572,169. The to tal tonnage of freight yielding revenue was 87,030,555; total number of cars, 136,531. The average of passengers killed to number carried is 1 to 3,334,196. The number injured was 1,453, an average of one to 582,161 carried.

Centennial Celebrations.-The centennial of the settlement of Ohio and organization of the Territory of the Northwest was celebrated on four different occasions during the year. The first was at Marietta, to commemorate the landing at that place of the first colony, April 7, 1788. A second celebration was held in July at the same place to commemorate the organization of civil government in the new territory. Each celebration occupied several days and was participated in by representatives of other States, orations being delivered by Hon. George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts, Hon. John Randolph Tucker, of Virginia, Hon. William M. Evarts. of New York, and Hon. John W. Daniel, of Virginia, in addition to a number of speeches by eminent citizens of Ohio. The centennial celebration of the Ohio valley and Central States was held at Cincinnati and took the form of an exhibition showing the progress and present prosperity of those States. The exhibition was opened July 4 with exercises in which the States of Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Nebraska were represented by their respective executives and other officials and distinguished citizens. The Ohio Centennial celebration was at Columbus, taking the place of the annual State fair. It was opened September 4 with speeches by State and visiting officials, the States of Massachusetts and Connecticut being officially represented, and continued to October 19.

White Caps.-Ohio had been free from organized bands of outlaws that under various names had troubled neighboring States, but on the night of November 17 there suddenly appeared in the town of Sardinia, Brown County, a band of from thirty to fifty horsemen, wearing masks and calling themselves "White Caps," who went to the house of Adam Berkes, dragged him from his bed and severely whipped him, on the ground of immoral conduct. The local authorities failing to take cognizance of the crime, appeal was made to the Governor. In a message to the Legislature, the Governor said an investigation was immediately instituted, by which it was disclosed that a regular organization had been formed of a secret, oath-bound character, with a growing membership, including some prominent respectable and responsi ble citizens; and that they were proceeding upon the theory that they would be strong enough to take the law into their own hands, defy the local authorities, and bring prosecutions against their members to naught if attempted. The declared purpose of the order was to protect society from petty crimes and misdemeanors for which, it was alleged, the tedious and expensive processes of the law afforded no adequate relief. It was manifest that the organization must be broken up at once. But it was difficult to ascertain who its members were, and to command the evidence necessary to support a prosecution and secure a conviction. No one that belonged to the organization could be found who could be, under

any circumstances, induced to give testimony that would implicate a fellow-member. It was finally determined to accept as better than the uncertainty of waiting for testimony, which otherwise might never be obtained, and then resorting to legal proceedings, with the uncertainties, delays, and expenses always attendant thereon, the following agreement, which was signed by members of the order as settlement of the whole matter, viz.:

We, the undersigned, members of the organization known as White Caps, do hereby agree and bind ourselves to procure the immediate disbanding of said organization; and we do further promise and agree that there shall be no more raids, whippings, threatenings, intimidations, terrorizing, or other violation of law of any kind whatsoever by said organization or the members thereof, acting either together or separately; and we further agree that if this stipulation on our part be violated by any members of said organization who may refuse to be controlled by us we will, in such event, do all in our power to give information and to aid the officers of the law in bringing them to justice.

To all who in good faith sign and keep the above agreement the State hereby promises immunity from further proceedings against them.

The Governor informed the Legislature that "in pursuance of this agreement, the organization has been permanently disbanded and the State has been put in possession of all the evidence necessary to secure convictions should there be any necessity to resort to the courts."

The Legislature.-The sixty-eighth General Assembly began its session on January 2, with a Republican majority of 14 in the Senate and 20 in the House. The proceedings were more than ordinarily devoid of interest although a large number of laws were enacted, most of them of a local or minor character. The adjournment took place April 16. The liquor-tax law was amended by increasing the annual tax to $250. A board of pardons to advise with the Governor was created. Instruction as to the effect of alcoholic drinks and narcotics on the human system was ordered to be made part of the common-school course.

Political-The Republican State Convention was held at Dayton, April 18, 19, and the Democratic at the same place, May 15, 16. The platforms of both parties were of the usual character. Prohibition and Union Labor Conventions were also held, and full State tickets placed in the field. There were but three State offices to be filled. The result of the election, November 6, was as follows: For Secretary of State, Daniel J. Ryan (Republican), 417,510; Boston G. Young (Democrat), 395,522; Walter S. Payne (Prohibition), 24,618; George F. Ebner (Union Labor), 3,452. For Judge of Supreme Court, Joseph P. Bradbury (Republican), 415,862; Lyman R. Critchfield (Democrat), 396,236; John T. Moore (Prohibition), 24.569; Grandison N. Tuttle (Union Labor), 3,422. For member of Board of Public Works, Wells S. Jones (Republican), 416,243; James Emmitt (Democrat), 395,869; James W. Penfield (Prohibition). 24,532; William W. Dunipace (Union Labor), 3,435.

ONTARIO, PROVINCE OF. By the retirement, through ill health, of the Hon. T. B. Pardee, Hon. A. S. Hardy became Commissioner of Crown Lands, and J. M. Gibson, of Hamilton, took his place as Provincial Secretary. A new portfolio of Agriculture was created, and Charles Drury was appointed minister. The reconstructed ministry is as follows: Lieutenant-Governor, Sir Alexander Campbell; Attorney-General, Oliver Mowatt; Commissioner of Public Works, C. F. Fraser; Commissioner of Crown Lands. A. S. Hardy; Provincial Treasurer, A. M. Ross; Minister of Education, G. W. Ross; Provincial Secretary, J. M. Gibson; Minister of Agriculture, Charles A. Drury.

Finances. The financial statement for the year ending Dec. 31, 1888, showed a total expenditure of $3,536,248, and a total revenue of $3,589,423, leaving a surplus on the year's operations of $51,172. The surplus assets of the province over all liabilities are estimated at $6,734,649.

Dairy Industry.-The latest statistical abstract issued by the Provincial Bureau of Industries gives figures connected with the dairy industry of Ontario. The approximate product of cheese for three years was:

The returns for butter are approximately as follow: 1885, 353,347 pounds, valued at $69,583; 1886, 823,853 pounds, at $160,797; 1887, 1,136,576 pounds, at $230,022.

Legislation. The second session of the fifth Legislature opened Jan. 25, 1888. The principal measures adopted were: An act establishing manhood suffrage in provincial elections, doing away with property qualification, and granting the voting privilege to every male citizen twenty-one years of age, a British subject by birth or naturalization, and not disqualified by being a criminal undergoing sentence in jail, or a lunatic, or receiving state aid as a pauper; an act creating a new Cabinet office, that of Minister of Agriculture; a measure giving municipalities the power to pass bylaws regulating the hours at which shops shall be closed, the by-law to be passed on application of three fourths of the occupiers of shops, the hour of closing in the evening to be not earlier than seven o'clock, and providing a system of penalties for violation of the law; a series of resolutions adopted at a conference