lative Council, one third of its members being appointees of the Crown. The present Governor is Sir Frederick Napier Broome, who has held the post since December, 1882. The revenue in 1886 was £388,564, and the expenditure, £394,675. The revenue for 1887 was estimated at £404,190 and the expenditure at £478,189.

The population is growing rapidly by immigration. The number of inhabitants, exclusive of aborigines, was estimated at 39,584 at the end of 1886. There were 2,346 natives in service with colonists in 1881. The number of births in 1885 was 1,466; of deaths, 806. During that year 5,615 persons arrived in the colony, and 1,877 departed. On Jan. 1, 1888, there was a population of 142,488 in the colony, according to official statistics. The rate of deaths during the previous year had been 17·11 per 1,000.

The imports in 1886 were valued at £758,012; the exports at £630,393. The chief exports are wool and lead ore. There were 202 miles of railroad in operation at the end of 1886 and 299 miles were building. The telegraph lines of the colony had a total length of 2,405 miles.

Tasmania. The Constitution was first adopted in 1871, and amended in 1885. The Parliament consists of a Legislative Council of 18 members, elected by land-owners and the educated classes, and a House of Assembly of double that number, elected under a property qualification. The Governor is Sir Robert G. C. Hamilton, who was appointed in January, 1887. The Cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Premier and Chief Secretary, Philip Oakley Fysh; Treasurer, Bolton Stafford Bird; Attorney-General, Andrew Inglis Clark; Minister of Lands and Works, Edward Nicholas Coventry Braddon.

The area of Tasmania, which was formerly known as Van Diemen's Land, is 26,215 square miles, and the estimated population in December, 1886, was 137,211. The aborigines are entirely extinct. The number of births in 1886 was 4,627; deaths, 1,976; marriages, 985. There were 16,399 immigrants and 14,630 emigrants. On Jan. 1, 1888, the island contained 142,478 inhabitants. The deaths registered in 1887 were at the rate of 15 45 per 1,000.

The imports in 1886 were valued at £1,756,567 and the exports at £1,331,540. The chief articles of export are tin, wool, preserved and fresh fruits, gold, timber, hides, and bark.

The railroad mileage in 1886 was 303, while 138 miles were in course of construction in 1887. There were 1,772 miles of telegraph lines and 2,353 of wire at the end of 1886.

Fiji. British sovereignty was proclaimed on Oct. 10, 1874. The colony is administered as a Crown dependency by a Governor who is also High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. The present Governor is Sir John Bates Thurston. Fourteen of the sixteen provinces are ruled

by native chiefs. The colony consists of a group of islands, of which there are eighty that are inhabited, the largest being Viti Levu, with an area of 4,250 square miles, and the next largest Vanua Levu, which is 2,600 square miles in extent. The island of Rotumah was annexed in December, 1880. The native Fijians are Methodists in religion, except one twelfth who are Roman Catholics. The population of the colony in 1886 was 124,742, and consisted of 2,105 Europeans, 832 half-castes; 6,146 Indian coolies; 3,075 Polynesian indentured laborers; 110,037 Fijians, 2,321 natives of Rotumah, and 226 others. Among the Fijians there were 3,991 births and 4,908 deaths in 1886, and among Europeans, 77 births and 45 deaths.

The revenue in 1886 was £64,574 and the expenditure £78,133. The imports amounted to £230,629 and the exports to £283,496. The chief commercial products are sugar, copra, and bananas. The yield of sugar in 1886 was 11,716 tons grown on 10,543 acres, while 18,128 acres are devoted to cocoanuts.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, a dual monarchy in central Europe, composed of the empire of Austria, often called Austria proper, and otherwise known as the Cisleithan Monarchy, and the Kingdom of Hungary, called sometimes the Transleithan Monarchy, as the river Leis divides the two territories, and sometimes the dominions of the crown of St. Stephen. Austria is composed of numerous semi-autonomous states, and the provinces of Croatia and Slavonia, which form an integral part of the Hungarian Monarchy, possess in common a separate diet. The two monarchies alike owe allegiance to the House of Hapsburg, the head of which is Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary. They have a common army, with separate militia systems for the defense of their own borders, a single navy, and also a common diplomatic service, and they are united further in a customs union. The common ministry which looks after affairs of imperial concern is responsible to delegations from the two parliaments, which meet annually in separate halls, discussing all questions apart, but voting as one body in case of disagreement. Each delegation consists of 60 members, of whom 20 are chosen from the upper and 40 from the lower house of the respective legislatures.

The reigning monarch is Josef I, born Aug. 18, 1830, who was proclaimed Emperor of Austria on Dec. 2, 1848, and crowned King of Hungary on June 8, 1867, after the ancient Constitution was restored. The Crown-Prince is the Archduke Rudolf, born Aug. 21, 1858.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the whole monarchy has been directed by Count G. Kálnoky de Köröspatak since Nov. 21, 1881. Lieutenant Field-Marshal Count BylandtRheydt, who had been Minister of War since June 21, 1876, resigned on account of illness in March, 1888, and was succeeded by General Baron Bauer, previously commander of the Vienna corps. The Common Minister of Fi

nance is Benjamin de Kállaky, who was appointed on June 4, 1882.

Area and Population. The population of the Austro-Hungarian Empire on Dec. 31, 1886, was estimated to be 39,640,834. The population of Austria proper was 23,070,688, and that of Hungary 16,570,146. In Austria there were 11.188,462 males and 11,882,226 females in 1885; in Hungary at the time of the census of 1880 the males numbered 7,702,810 and the females 7,939,192.

184,411 florins; minerals, 12,839,295 florins: paper and paper manufactures, 11,914,262 florins; iron and iron manufactures, 10,546,811 florins; tobacco, 7,625,530 florins.

The value of the precious metals exported in 1886 was 1,797,057 florins, while the imports were 12,282,529 florins.

The following table exhibits the movement of imports in 1885, and of exports in 1886 across the frontiers of contiguous countries and by sea-ports:

Germany. Trieste.

Roumania.

Fiume and other ports. Russia...

Of the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina 492,710 are Musselmans, 571,250 Orthodox Greeks, 265,788 Roman Catholics, and 5,805 Jews. There has been an increase of about 44,000 in the Mohammedan population since 1879. The Austrian military organization and obligatory service has, with some modifications, been extended to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Commerce. The total value of the exports of Austria-Hungary in 1886 was 698,632,273 florins, against 672,083,194 florins in 1885. The value of the imports in 1885 was 557,948,324 florins. The value of grain, pulse, and flour exported in 1886 was 95,445,185 florins; timber, 57,570,588 florins; sugar, 49,119,976 florins; instruments, watches, etc., 48,311,398 florins; wool and woolen manufactures, 47,361,901 florins; live animals, 47,277,808 florins; animal products, 33,799,970 florins; beverages, 29,284,292 florins; fruit, nuts, hops, etc., 25,657,334 florins; leather and leather manufactures, 25,127,130 florins; glass and glass-wares, 19,446,478 florins; fuel, 19,324,155 florins; flax, hemp, and other fibers, 19,127,006 florins; wood and bone manufactures, 18.186,692 florins; cotton manufactures, 15,

Servia
Switzerland

Montenegro.

Total

687,814

698,632,273

In Austria the area sown to wheat in 1885 was 1,194,059 hectares, yielding 17,015,680 hectolitres; 2,000,971 hectares were under rye, producing 27,984,480 hectolitres; 1,166,416 hectares under barley, producing 18,344,870 hectolitres; 1,829,047 hectares under oats; producing 33,389,650 hectolitres: 367,657 hectares under corn, producing 7,008,060 hectolitres. Vineyards covered 228,949 hectares. There is a considerable export of wine and barley, and in some years of wheat.

The agricultural returns of Hungary for 1886 give 4,070,360 hectares as the area devoted to wheat and rye, and the yield as 51,850,560 hectolitres. The crop of barley on 1,044,219 hectares was 13,343,882 hectolitres. Corn was cultivated on 1,914,159 hectares, and the crop amounted to 29,767, 527 hectolitres. Vineyards covered 363,562 hectares, and the value of the wine produced was 40,691,000 florins. There are large exports of horses, cattle, and sheep from both Austria and Hungary.

Railroads. The railroads of Austria had a total length of 13,618 kilometres or 8,512 miles on Jan. 1, 1887. There were 3,596 kilometres of state lines, besides 84 kilometres that are worked by companies, 1,590 kilometres belonging to companies that are worked by the Government, and 8,348 kilometres owned and operated by private corporations. Hungary had 9,352 kilometres or 5,843 miles, making the total mileage for the empire 14,355. The state lines in Hungary had a total length of 4,243 kilometres and the lines of companies were 5,109 kilometres in length, including 402 kilometres that were operated in connection with the Government railroads.

The Post Office. The number of letters and postal cards carried in the Austrian mails in 1886 was 408,475,000; patterns and printed matter, 56.337,000; newspapers, 90,112,800. The receipts amounted to 26,367,103 florins, and the expenses to 22,619,102 florins.

The number of letters that passed through the Hungarian post-office in 1885 was 117,953,000, inclusive of post-cards; patterns and printed inclosures, 17,756,000; newspapers, 47,031,000. The receipts were 10,281,768 florins, and the expenses 8,543,492 florins.

Telegraphs.-Austria had 24,442 miles of line and 64,050 miles of wire in 1886, and Hungary 11,215 miles of line and 41,520 miles of wire. There were 2,000 miles of line in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The number of messages transmitted by the Austrian telegraphs in 1885 was 6,701,899. In Hungary 6,009,596 messages were dispatched in 1886.

Navigation. The number of vessels entered at the port of Trieste in 1885 was 6,971, of 1,267,946 tons; cleared, 6,932, of 1,264,051 tons. The number entered at all Austro-Hungarian ports was 63,681, of 7,705,202 tons; the number cleared was 63,502, of 7,697,560 tons. Of the vessels 80 per cent. and of the tonnage 87 per cent. were Austrian. The mercantile marine consisted in 1886 of 61 ocean steamers, of 69,452 tons, 82 coasting steamers, of 14,491 tons, and 9,225 sailing-vessels of all kinds, of 228,044 tons.

The Army. The active army and its reserve are under the control of the Imperial authorities, whereas the Landwehr and the Landsturm that has been recently organized under the law of 1886 are controlled by the ministry of national defense of each monarchy. The legal period of military service for every able-bodied man in the empire, except those who are exempt on account of family conditions, is three years with the colors, though the actual term is usually much shorter. The annual recruit is about 94,000 men. After completing the period of active service at twenty-three, they are liable for service in the reserves till the age of thirty, and then pass into the Landwehr for two years, and after that are enrolled in the Landsturm for ten years longer.

The standing army in 1887 numbered 267,179 men. Its war strength was 805,904. The Austrian Landwehr numbered 152,632 men; the Hungarian Honved, 167,369; the Austrian Landsturm, 228,876; the Hungarian Landsturm, 212,246; the gendarmerie, 6,164; making the total military strength of the empire 1,573,191 men, exclusive of officers, who number 17,867 in time of peace, and 32,785 in war. The number of horses is 50,362 in peace, and 211,462 in war; the number of field-guns, 816 in peace, and 1,748 in war.

One full corps was armed with the new repeating rifle by the beginning of 1888, and in January the reservists were called out to be drilled in its use.

The Navy. The iron-clad navy in 1887 consisted of 12 vessels. There were in process of construction the "Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf," a barbette turret- ship, 12 inches of armor, and the "Stephanie," a barbette belted ship of 5,100 tons, with 9-inch plates, and engines of from 8,000 to 11,000 horse-power.

There were 10 unarmored cruisers, 2 classed as frigates and 8 as corvettes, 6 torpedo-vessels, 16 coast-guards, 2 river monitors, and 38 torpedo-boats.

Common Finances.-The expenditure for the whole monarchy in 1887 was 123,855,414 florins, as compared with 119,724,748 florins in 1886. The budget estimates for 1888 make the expenditure for the common affairs of the monarchy 134,480,397 florins, of which 41,510,397 florins are covered by the surplus revenue from customs and 90,149,426 florins are the contributions from the Austrian and Hungarian treasuries, the remainder being the receipts of the various ministries. The expenditure of the ministry of Foreign Affairs is estimated at 3,859,100 florins; expenditure on the army, 117,162,360 florins, of which 18,619,775 florins are for extraordinary purposes; expenditure on the navy, 11,323,224 florins, including 2,145,147 florins of extraordinary expenditure; expenses of the Board of Control, 129,153 florins.

For the administration of the occupied provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1888 the expenditure was estimated at 9,076,218 florins, and the revenue at 9,147,189 florins. The cost of the army of occupation is placed at 4,424,000 florins.

The Triple Alliance. The defensive alliance between Austria and Germany was negotiated at Gastein and Vienna after the Berlin Congress by Prince Bismarck in consequence of the unfriendly attitude of Russia. Italy subsequently joined the league, and after its renewal in February, 1887, on the arrangement of details at the interviews between Prince Bismarck and Count Kálnoky and Signor Crispi at Friedrichsruh in September, the terms of the original Austro-German treaty of alliance were for the first time published to the world. The new treaty, except in minor particulars in respect to the military forces to be maintained and the conditions of mobilization, is officially declared to be identical with the other. The agreement is generally understood to be that if either Austria or Germany, without being the aggressor, is attacked by Russia, the combined military forces of the two empires will move against that power; if France should attack either Germany or Italy, she would be opposed by both those powers acting in common; and if France and Russia should combine to assail one or more of the allied powers, the entire military and naval strength of the league would be called into immediate action. The original treaty between the two emperors contained three clauses. The first binds each power to assist the other with its entire military power in case either should be attacked by Russia, the second engages each to observe an attitude of benevolent neutrality if its ally should be attacked by a power other than Russia, but to co-operate with its full military strength and only conclude a peace in common if Russia

should join the attacking power either by active aggressions or by military measures involving menace. The third clause provides that the treaty should be kept secret, and only be communicated to a third power by mutual agreement, and contains an agreement that the Emperor Alexander should be informed, in case the Russian armaments assumed a menacing character, that an attack against one would be considered as directed against both. The animosity of the Russian press against the Germans was rekindled by the publication of the part of the treaty that was directed against Russia. The Russian Government had been informed of the terms of the alliance some time before. The movement of Russian cavalry and other troops toward the German and Austrian frontiers had already begun, and there was a general expectation that war would break out in the spring. The Austrian delegations voted a large credit, and the cantonments of troops on the Galician border were soon more than equal to the Russian force, except in cavalry. The fortresses were strengthened, and 200,000 huts were built to quarter the soldiers along the frontier.

The coolness existing in the latter part of 1887 between Russia and Germany, and the menacing concentration of Russian troops on the Polish frontiers, were partly the result of an intrigue which was attributed, but not actually traced, to Orleanists, who desired to embroil Germany and France, and nearly succeeded in their purpose. The Czar came into possession of a letter of the date of Aug. 27, 1887, bearing the supposed signature of Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, addressed to the Countess of Flanders, and imploring her to induce her brother, the King of Roumania, and the King of the Belgians to use their influence, the one with the Czar and the other at the Austrian court, on his behalf. He would not, it is said in the letter, have accepted the Bulgarian throne except for the secret encouragement of Germany, and as a proof of this a document was inclosed under the same cover which was in the hand-writing of Prince Reuss, the German ambassador at Vienna, but unsigned. This conveyed assurances that if the Prince should decide to take possession of the throne of Bulgaria, Germany was not in the position at the moment to lend any official aid or encouragement, but that, however hostile the political acts of the German Government might appear, the time would come when it would reveal its secret sentiments and extend its open support. In a second letter to the Countess of Flanders complaint is made of the changed attitude of Germany, but in a third the Prince is made to say that, subsequent to the meetings at Friedrichsruh with Kálnoky and Crispi, Prince Bismarck had given him renewed assurances. The misunderstanding occasioned by this correspondence was dispelled when the Czar passed through Berlin in November, 1887, and stopped to pay his respects to his uncle,

the Emperor Wilhelm, after having declined a ceremonious interview at Stettin in September. Being brought face to face with the German Chancellor, he openly charged him with duplicity in encouraging Ferdinand's course secretly while officially condemning it as a contravention of the treaty of Berlin. Bismarck declared the communication purporting to have come from Prince Reuss to be a forgery, and on inquiry it turned out that the entire correspondence was fictitious. The concentration of Russian troops did not immediately cease after the exposure of the forged documents, but there was soon an abatement of activity, first on the part of Russia, and then on the part of Austria, so that the Government did not deem it necessary to call the delegations together to ask of them an additional credit. The assurance of the Czar that the military movements had no aggressive purpose did more than anything else to quiet the war alarm. Prince Bismarck, in a speech in the Reichstag, on the German army bill, delivered February 6, spoke of the fears that had arisen during the past year as having more reference to Russia than to France, and reviewed the situation and the relations between Germany and Russia. He expressed no fear on account of the massing of Russian troops on the German and Austrian frontiers, which he explained by saying, "I conclude that the Russian Cabinet has arrived at the conviction, which is probably well founded, that in the next European crisis that may take place, the weight of Russia's voice in the diplomatic Areopagus of Europe will be the heavier the further Russia has moved her troops toward the western frontier."

M. Tisza, in answer to an interpellation, said, on January 28, that Russia, in pursuance of a plan of military reorganization, had effected a large displacement of troops toward the Austrian frontier, which compelled Austria-Hungary to take measures for her protection.

Austria. The present Austrian Cabinet, which was first constituted on Aug. 19, 1879, is composed of the following ministers: Minister of the Interior, Count Edward Taafe; Minister of Public Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Dr. Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn, appointed Nov. 6, 1885; Minister of Finance, Dr. J. Dunajewski; Minister of Agriculture, Count Julius Falkenhayn; Minister of Commerce and National Economy, Marquis von Bacquehem, appointed July 28, 1886; Minister of Landesvertheidigung, or National Defense, MajorGeneral Count S. von Welsersheimb; Minister of Justice, A. Prazak; without portfolio, F. Ziemialkowski.

The Reichsrath is composed of a House of Lords, consisting of hereditary peers, princes of the Church, and life-members, and an Elective Chamber, consisting at present of 353 deputies, representing towns, chambers of commerce and industry, and rural districts. The consent of the Reichsrath is necessary for all

laws relating to military duty, and its co-operation in legislation relating to trade and commerce, customs, banking, the post-office, telegraphs and railways; while estimates of revenue and expenditure, tax-bills, loans, the conversion of the debt and its general control, must be submitted to parliamentary examination.

Revenue and Expenditure. The accounts of the Austrian Treasury are not made public till after the lapse of several years. There has been for the past four years a large excess of expenditure over receipts shown in the annual budgets. The budget of expenditures was reduced from 542,955,540 florins in 1884-'85, to 516,625,771 florins in 1886-'87, but it mounts up again in the estimates for the year ending March 31, 1888, to 537,221,802 florins. The increase is mainly in extraordinary expenditure, which is 64,580,756 florins, of which, however, 21,830,100 florins extend over two years. The ordinary expenditures amount to 472,641,047 florins, the principal items being 125,517,331 florins for the interest and sinking fund of the public debt, 97,434,672 florins for financial administration, 89,215,805 florins for common affairs, 58,412,692 florins on account of the Ministry of Commerce, 19.832,000 florins for the administration of the Department of Justice, 16,547,104 florins for pensions and grants, 16,197,491 florins on account of the Ministry of the Interior, 11,820,898 florins for education, 11,729.712 florins on account of the Ministry of Agriculture, and 10,198,996 for defense.

The total revenue is estimated at 509,546,594 florins, of which 492,417,438 are derived from ordinary sources and 17,129,156 florins are extraordinary revenue. The income from direct taxes on land, houses, incomes, etc., amounts to 99,068,000 florins. The amount raised by indirect taxation is 303,721,814 florins, customs producing 43,124,414 florins, excise 87,507,400 florins, the salt-tax 20,447,000 florins, stamps 18,200,000 florins, the tobaccotax 75,750,000 florins, judicial fees, 33,250,000 florins, the state lottery 21,500,000 florins, and other taxes 3,943,000 florins. The receipts from posts and telegraphs are taken as 27,682,270 florins, those from railways as 40,056,317 florins. Mines yield an income of 6,552,472 florins, forests and domains 4,179,550 florins, and state property 2,140,760 florins.

The total debt, not reckoning 412,000,000 florins of paper money, amounts to 3,537,885,156 florins. The special debt of Austria amounts to 767,184,511 florins, and the general debt of the empire to 2,770,700,645 florins, the main burden of which falls on Austria, as Hungary pays only something over 30,000,000 florins, of the interest on the general consolidated debt, the interest charge being 139,635,516 florins.

Hungary.-Coloman Tisza de Boros-Jenō has been President of the Hungarian Council of Ministers since Nov. 25, 1879. The heads of the departments are as follow: Ministry of Finance, Coleman Tisza ad interim; Ministry of the Honved or National Defense, Baron Géza

Fejérváry; Ministry near the King's Person, Baron Béla Orezy; Ministry of the Interior, Baron Béla Orezy ad interim; Ministry of Education and Public Worship, Dr. August Trefort; Ministry of Justice, Theophile Fabiny, appointed May 17, 1886; Ministry of Communications and Public Works, Gabriel de Baross, appointed Dec. 21, 1886; Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry, Count Paul Scéchényi; Ministry for Croatia and Slavonia, Coloman de Bedekovich.

The Hungarian Parliament consists of the House of Magnates and the House of Representatives. The former was reformed in 1885, and now comprises 51 ecclesiastical representatives, 50 life - peers, 16 state dignitaries and judges who have seats by virtue of their offices, 20 archdukes, and 286 hereditary peers. The representatives in the lower house are not chosen by separate classes and voted for indirectly, as in Austria, but are elected by the direct vote of all male citizens over twenty years of age who are possessed of a low property qualification or belong to the educated class.

Revenue and Expenditure. The Hungarian budgets uniformly present a deficit, and in some years the expenditures very largely exceed the revenue. The receipts of the treasury for 1888 are estimated at 326,641,987 florins, the ordinary receipts being 319,899,999 florins, and the transitory revenue 6,741,988 florins. About one fourth of the revenue is derived from direct taxes on land, buildings, and incomes, and one fourth from excise and customs duties and monopolies.

The total expenditure for 1888 is estimated at 345,037,108 florins, of which 321,072,608 florins constitute the ordinary expenditures of the Government, 2,267,426 florins are transitory expenditures, 13,771,079 florins are investments, and 7,925,995 florins are extraordinary common expenditures. The ordinary expenditures under the chief heads are as follow: National debt, 115,599,408 florins; Ministry of Finance, 56,594,439 florins; state raiways, 26,463,380 florins; quota of ordinary common expenditures, 21,770,061 florins; Ministry of Communications and Public Works, 14,249,038 florins; Ministry of Justice, 11,972,024 florins; debts of guaranteed railroads taken over by the state, 11,724,285 florins; Ministry of the Interior, 11,440,926 florins; Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, 10,897,823 florins; Ministry of National Defense, 8,484,547 florins; Ministry of Instruction and Worship, 6,591,340 florins; administration of Croatia, 6,054,134 florins; pensions, 5,314,701 florins.

The annual deficits since 1867 have accumulated into a debt that is nearly double the special debt of Austria. It amounted in 1886 to 1,342,380,381 florins, while Hungary's share of the common debt was 248,000,000 florins more, the total charge absorbing 37 per cent. of the revenue. The excessive expenditures have been caused by the construction of railroads faster than the traffic warranted.