Object of the lecture-Internal history of the Gallo-Frankish church, from the middle of the 8th century to the end of the 10th-Anarchy which pervaded it in the first half of the 8th century-Twofold principle of reform-The reformation is actually undertaken by the first Carlovin- gians: 1. By the civil power; 2. By the ecclesiastical power - Spe- cial reforms-Order of Canons-Its origin and progress-Reformation of the monastic orders by Saint Benedict d'Aniane-They change charac- ter-Preponderance of the temporal power in the Gallo-Frankish church at this epoch-Proofs-Still the church progresses towards its future preponderance-But it is not to the profit of its own government, of the History of papacy-Peculiar situation of the city of Rome-Relations of the popes about the middle of the eighth century, with the Italian, Spanish, Anglo-Saxon, Gallo-Frankish, and Germanic churches-Their alliance with the early Carlovingians-Advantages which they drew from it- Donation of Pepin and of Charlemagne-Sovereignty of the Carlovingian emperors over the popes-Uncertainty of the ideas, and incoherency of the facts concerning the rights of papacy-It increases more and more in minds-It apparently acquires a legal title-False decretals-Nicho- las I. His character-Affair of the marriage of Lothaire and of Teut- berge Affair of Rhotarde, bishop of Soissons-Triumph of papacy: 1. Over temporal sovereigns; 2. Over national churches-Its decided pre- Of the intellectual condition of Frankish Gaul, from the death of Charle- magne to the accession of Hugh Capet-Sketch of the celebrated men of this period-The theological mind-The philosophical mind-Hinc mar and John Erigena are respectively their representatives- Life of Hincmar-His activity and influence as archbishop of Reims-1. Con cerning his relations with kings and popes-2. Concerning his admi- nistration in the interior of the Gallo-Frankish church and of his diocese -3. Concerning his disputes and theological works-Origin of the theology of the middle ages-Quarrel between Hincmar and the monk Gottschalk upon predestination-Numerous writings upon this subject le Chauve Of the School of the Palace under Charles-Ancient philo sophy studied there-Encouragement of Scotus Erigena-His learn- ing-Relations of Christianity with the Neoplatonism of Alexandria-- Their struggle- Attempt at Amalgamation-History and pretended works of Dionysius the Areopagite--Fundamental differences of the two doctrines: 1, in the point of departure and the method; 2, in the bases of the questions-These differences occur between Scotus Erigena and the Christian theologians of the 9th century-Examination of his works: 1, De Prædestinatione: 2, De Divisione Naturæ-His celebrity and his General summary of the course-Extent and variety of subjects-The his- tory of civilization, its price-It is the result of all partial histories- Unity and variety of the existence of a people-Three essential elements in French civilization, Greco-Roman antiquity, Christianity, Germany-1. Of the Roman element, from the 5th to the 10th century -Under a social point of view-Under an intellectual point of view- 2. Of the Christian element, from the 5th to the 10th century-Under a social point of view-Under an intellectual point of view-3. Of the Germanic element, from the 5th to the 10th century-Under a social Doint of view-Under an intellectual point of view-Two principal facts characterize this epoch: 1. The prolongation, more or less apparent, but everywhere real, of Roman society and its influence-2. The disorderly and indeterminate fermentation of the different elements of modern civi- 1. Table of the organization of the court, and of the central government of the Roman empire at the commencement of the fifth century, p. 407 II. Table of the hierarchy of ranks and titles in Roman society at the III. Narrative of the embassy sent in 449 by Theodosius the Younger, emperor of the east, to Attila, established on the banks of the V. Chronological table of the principal events in the ecclesiastica VII. Table of the councils and canonical legislation of Gaul, from the HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN FRANCE From the Fall of the Roman Empire. ELEVENTH LECTURE. Terpetuity of the Roman law after the fall of the Empire-Of the History of the Roman Law in the Middle Ages, by M. de Savigny-Merits and deficiencies of this work--1. Roman law among the Visigoths-Breviarium Aniani, collected by command of Alaric-History and contents of this collection-2. Roman law among the Burgundians-Papiani Responsorum-History and contents of this law-3. Roman law among the Franks-No new collection-The perpetuity of Roman law proved by various facts-Recapitulation. You are now acquainted with the state of German and Roman society before the invasion. You know the general result of their first approximation, that is to say, the state of Gaul immediately after the invasion. We have just studied the barbaric laws; that is, the first labour of the German nations to adapt their ancient customs to their new situation. Let us now study Roman legislation at the same epoch, that is te say, that portion of the Roman law and institutions which survived the invasion and continued to rule the Gallic Romans. This is the subject of a German work, for some years past celebrated in the learned world, The History of the Roman Law in the Middle Ages, by M. de Savigny. The design of the author is more extended than ours, because he retraces the history of the Roman law, not only in France, but throughout Europe. He has also treated of what concerne France with more detail than I have been able to give to it here; and, before beginning the subject, I must request your attention a moment while I speak of his work. The perpetuity of the Roman law, from the fall of the Empire, until the regeneration of sciences and letters, is its fundamental idea. The contrary opinion was long and generally spread; it was believed that Roman law had fallen with the Empire, to be resuscitated in the twelfth century by the discovery of a manuscript of the Pandects, found at Amalfi. This is the error that M. de Savigny has wished to dissipate. His first two volumes are wholly taken up by researches into the traces of the Roman law from the fifth to the twelfth century, and in proving, by recovering its history, that it had never ceased to exist. The demonstration is convincing, and the end fully attained Still, the work, considered as a whole, and as an historical production, leaves room for some observations. Every epoch, every historical matter, if I may so speak, may be considered under three different points of view, and imposes a triple task upon the historian. He can, nay, he should first seek the facts themselves; collect and bring to light, without any aim than that of exactitude, all that has happened. The facts once recovered, it is necessary to know the laws that have governed them; how they were connected; what causes have brought about those incidents which are the life of society, and propel it, by certain ways, towards certain ends. I wish to mark with clearness and precision the difference of the two studies. Facts, properly so called, external and visible events, are the body of history; the members, bones, muscles, organs, and material elements of the past; their knowledge and description form what may be called historical anatomy. But for society, as for the individual, anatomy is not the only science. Not only do facts subsist, but they are connected with one another; they succeed each other, and are engendered by the action of certain forces, which act under the empire of certain laws. There is, in a word, an organization and a life of societies, as well as of the individual. organization has also its science, the science of the secret laws which preside over the course of events. This is the physiology of history. This |