On March 16th, M. Albert Grévy was appointed Civil Governor of Algeria in place of General Chanzy. General Chanzy, in a farewell address to the inhabitants of Algeria, reviewed his efforts for the gradual assimilation of the colony to the mother-country. Out of 353,000 Europeans, 345,000 are under French common law, as also 1,200,000 natives, military government being confined to 8,000 Europeans settled round advanced posts and 1,267000 natives inhabiting remote regions. Moderation and justice have been shown toward the natives, and the best relations exist with Tunis and Morocco. The sequestration inflicted on the insurgents of 1871 has been completed, and the law of 1873 on native proprietors is being carried into effect. Educationally, French Algeria figures among the most advanced states, and higher education is being arranged for. Harbor-works, roads, and the reclamation of marshes are in full activity, while 700 kilometres of railways are in working order, 650 under construction, and 1,150 projected. The commerce with Europe amounts to 380,000,000 francs per annum. Within six years 176 fresh villages have been founded, and the European rural population has increased by nearly 50,000. General Chanzy leaves the country with the satisfaction of seeing it in the path of progress, and with thorough confidence in its future. In a second address to the army, he remarked that, after generously shedding its blood in the conquest of a bravely resisting people, it has been and is still the most powerful instrument of colonization and progress.

M. Grévy on taking possession of his post issued a proclamation to the inhabitants, in which he said that the system which might have been suitable in the early and laborious stages of the colonization of Algeria runs the risk, if prolonged, of compromising the development of the country. The government would, therefore, be essentially civil. The new Governor-General then dwelt on his intention vigorously to carry out the extension of the railways and high-roads and all the reforms feasible to make Algeria for the Europeans and the Frenchmen, whom it attracts more and more, an image of the mother-country. As to the natives, they might count on the kindly disposition of the Government, which, along with the consciousness of its power and rights, is imbued with a sense of its duties toward civilization. By widely diffused education, justice, and order, the tribes will acquire a taste for French institutions.

On June 1st the General-in-Chief telegraphed that unforeseen disturbances had broken out in Aures, in the province of Constantine, among the tribe of the Uled Daud. Several natives and six Spahis accompanying a French officer had been killed, and the latter had escaped with difficulty. To be prepared for any contingency, he had sent three battalions and two sections of artillery from Algiers to Constan

tine. The revolt was declared suppressed by the middle of the month, after a few engagements. The property of the insurgents was sequestered, and they were required to pay a minimum contribution of 800,000 francs. The leader, however, escaped to the oasis of Zoribel-el-Wid, from where he could reach Tunisian territory.

In July a commission was appointed by M. de Freycinet, the French Minister of Public Works, to report on the feasibility of a railway from Algeria to Soodan and Senegal. The population of the Soodan, M. Freycinet remarked, is estimated at 100,000,000. The Niger traverses half of it. The inhabitants are industrious. The moving sands, formerly considered universal, are only a local accident, and the soil is everywhere similar to that of European soils. A railway from Algeria to the Niger would not exceed 2,000 kilometres, and would be much less costly than the projected Panama Canal. A preliminary commission had already recommended the scheme, one ground being that it would repress the internal slave-trade; but it enjoined circumspection on account of the imperfect knowledge of certain parts of the Sahara. It therefore suggested a survey of a line of 300 kilometres between Biskra and Wargla, to be connected with the Algiers and Constantine line, and that explorations should be made beyond Wargla toward the Niger. The Budget Committee of the French Chamber and the Senate Committee on Algerian Railways had also pronounced in favor of France taking an active part in the opening up of Central Africa.

ALLEN, WILLIAM, a Governor, Senator, etc., was born at Edenton, Chowan County, North Carolina, in 1806. By the loss of both parents he became an orphan in infancy. As there were no common schools in North Carolina at that time, nor in Virginia, to which he subsequently removed, he had no public opportunities to obtain instruction. By private aid and his own efforts he obtained the rndiments of an education. While at Lynchburg, Virginia, he supported himself by working as a saddler's apprentice. At sixteen years of age, with his bundle in hand, he started on foot for Chillicothe, Ohio, to find a sister whom he had never seen, and who was the mother of Senator Allen G. Thurman. Here he was sent to the town academy, and continued under the supervision of his sister until he became a law student in the office of Edward King, a son of the distinguished Rufus King of Revolutionary fame. He was admitted to practice before he was twenty-one years of age, and soon attained considerable reputation as a criminal lawyer. Public speaking had always presented great attractions to him, and he cultivated the art of addressing juries and asseinblies successfully, with more diligenco than the learning of cases and the acquisition of pure legal habits of thought and statement. He had a fine figure and a powerful voice, and

soon attracted public attention. He shortly after became the Democratic candidate for Congress in a strong opposition district, and had an ex- Governor for a competitor. He was elected by one majority, and was the youngest member in the House of the Twenty-third Congress. At the next election Mr. Allen was defeated by a small majority, but obtained fifteen hundred more votes than the rest of the ticket. In 1837, when only thirty-one years of age, he was elected to the United States Senate and took his seat March 4th, where he became a leader. Just before the expiration of his term he went directly before the people of Ohio as a candidate for reelection. The result was that the Democrats had a handsome majority in the Legislature, and Mr. Allen was reelected without opposition. In the Democratic National Convention of 1848, which met in Baltimore, so bitter was the contest between the friends of Cass and Van Buren, the leading candidates, that, to prevent a division, a committee, composed of men from both factions, waited on Senator Allen in Washington and urged him to accept the nomination for the Presidency; but he persistently refused to allow his name to be used, taking the ground that, as he had been an earnest advocate of Cass's nomination, to accept a nomination himself would be a betrayal of his friend. He afterward made a canvass of New York and Pennsylvania in favor of Mr. Cass. Mr. Allen then retired from public life, from which he did not emerge again until 1873, when he ran as the Democratic candidate for Governor of Ohio, and was elected by about 1,000 majority, his associates on the State ticket all suffering defeat. Mr. Allen was again the Democratic nominee for Governor in 1875, but after a vigorous contest was defeated by General Rutherford B. Hayes, who was in the next year the Republican Presidential candidate. Thus closed his political career. He continued in excellent health until the morning of July 10th, when he complained of being unwell, but did not regard his illness of sufficient importance to receive attention until the afternoon. At six o'clock he retired to bed, and was up and down several times during the night. His sonin-law and daughter sat up in an adjoining room. A little before one o'clock she was startled by seeing her father arise from the bed, stagger to a chair, and fall into it. Before they could reach him he was dead. death was instantaneous.

His

AMERICA. The prominent change in the administration of affairs in the Dominion of Canada during the year has been the adoption of a system of high protection for home manufactures. It remains to be seen whether this policy, to which the Canadians have committed themselves almost irrevocably, may not prove too burdensome to a people so largely engaged in agricultural and similar pursuits. The general depression of trade had, however, disposed them to welcome any innovation in

their commercial policy, and the large increase in imports from the United States during several years, with a decrease from Great Britain, had awakened discontent in all classes. A constitutional question arose out of the dismissal of Lieutenant-General Letellier of Quebec, which became complicated by later events until it involved the Dominion Government, the Governor, and the British Government in a controversy. (See DOMINION OF CANADA.) The extension of railway communications has been one of the prominent Canadian questions of late years, and especially the construction of the Pacific Railroad. During the year a section from Lake Superior to the Province of Manitoba, about 185 miles in length, has been put under contract, and the line has been extended west of the Red River to a point south of Lake Manitoba. The work is also connected at St. Vincent with the system of the Northwestern States.

The

In the United States, the 1st of January, 1879, was fixed for the resumption of specie payments by the Federal Government at its place of deposits in New York City. This seems to have taken place without producing the slightest unfavorable impression. enormous exportation and diminished importation of the previous year still continued, and soon enlivened the stagnant trade that had prevailed during the larger part of 1878. The consequence has been a state of remarkable and increasing prosperity during 1879.

The political affairs of the country have been quiet. The only agitation was that produced in Congress by the efforts of the majority to remove from the statutes every appearance of autliority for military interference at the elections, while the President vetoed all such bills, although they contained the appropriations necessary for the expenses of the Government. In this conflict between the legislative and the executive departments no conclusion was reached.

The results of the State elections were generally in favor of the Republicans, although the total vote was somewhat reduced. The elections attracted much interest, as they were held in some of the large States, which occupy an important position in a close Presidential election, such as is anticipated in 1880.

Some disturbances occurred with roving bands of Indians on the frontier, by which a few lives were lost on each side. The hostile condition was promptly suppressed, and peace has uniformly prevailed throughout the country.

In Mexico and the Central American States no event of political importance transpired during the year. In the first-named country, demonstrations hostile to the Diaz Administration were for a time apprehended; but, with continued tranquillity, confidence was restored, in the belief that no change would take place in the existing order of things before the elections for a new President in 1880.

Venezuela was the scene of internecine dissensions, though of comparatively little moment, the disturbance having occurred in States far distant from the capital and preserved a purely local character. Guzman Blanco, having resumed his position as Dictator, proposed some notable measures of reform; among others, a new territorial division, reducing the number of States to seven, in order to "limit the central and extend the Federal power of the republic."

The year was marked by more or less agitation in some of the States of Colombia; but the triumph of the Independent party lulled the revolutionary spirit, and was hailed as an earnest of the early return to permanent peace, it being confidently believed that a large proportion of the influential men of all parties would rally round the government of the President-elect, and second his efforts toward the regeneration of the country.

The progress of time can scarcely be said to have improved the condition of affairs in Ecuador. Political arrests and growing discontent of the people with the Government were the almost exclusive burden of such reports as found an echo outside the limits of that distracted country.

A disputed question of boundaries between Chili and Bolivia led to the declaration by the former against the latter of a war, in which Peru, the friend and ally of Bolivia, was afterward involved, and which has proved one of the most disastrous in the anuals of South America since the period of independence.

Peace in the remaining countries of the Southern Continent has continued undisturbed, and the efforts of the governments, as well as those of the people, were directed to the development of the various elements of national prosperity.

AMES, EDWARD R., preacher and bishop, was born at Ames township, Ohio, on May 20, 1806, and died at Baltimore, Maryland, on April 25th. His early education was plain and practical. A natural taste for reading was fostered by a local library to which he had access, and when twenty years of age he entered the Ohio University at Athens. There he remained many years, and supported himself mainly by teaching. In 1828 the Ohio Conference of the M. E. Church was in session at Chillicothe, and he attended its meetings. Bishop Roberts, the presiding officer, was so impressed with the young man's ability that he invited him to accompany him to the Illinois Conference, at Madison, Illinois. When there he made the acquaintance of several prominent Methodist clergymen, and opened a school at Lebanon, Illinois, which was the germ of McKendree College. In August, 1830, he entered the itinerant ministry, and was licensed to preach by the Rev. Peter Cartwright, He was sent to the Shoal Creek circuit, which covered an almost unlimited territory, and when the Indiana Conference was organized

in 1832, he, then a young man, went with the new Conference, and was ordained a deacon by Bishop Soule. In 1834 he was ordained an elder by Bishop Roberts, and was employed in several fields of labor, including two years spent in St. Louis, Missouri, until 1840. In that year he was appointed a delegate to the General Conference, held in Baltimore, and that body elected him Corresponding Secretary of the Missionary Society for the South and West. In this office he had the supervision of the Methodist German and Indian missions, and traveled upward of twenty-five thousand miles. He was the first chaplain ever elected by an Indian council, having served the Choctaw General Council in that capacity in 1842. From 1844 to 1852 he traveled as presiding elder on the New Albany, Indianapolis, and Jeffersonville districts of the Indiana Conference. In 1844 the State University of Indiana conferred on him the degree of A. M., and in 1848 he was elected President of the Asbury University, Indiana, but declined the honor. At the General Conference of 1852 he was elected Bishop together with Bishops Scott and Simpson; and he was the first Methodist Bishop who ever visited the Pacific coast. When the question of the separation of the Methodists came up in 1844, he opposed the division, and afterward did all he could to foster a fraternal spirit. When the ecclesiastical property of the M. E. Church South was confiscated for the time being, he was commissioned by President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton to take charge of it. This was a most delicate duty, and in its performance he visited New Orleans and other Southern cities, organizing societies and appointing white and colored preachers. During the twenty-seven years in which Bishop Ames was in the episcopacy his whole public life was marked by a strict adherence to the rules and discipline of Methodism; and even when the most difficult points came up for settlement he displayed a far-seeing judgment and quickness of comprehension which enabled him to grapple successfully with them. He had a happy facility for selecting the right men, and their conduct in the fields to which they were appointed showed the correctness of his judgment. Although grave and dignified in manner, there was a magnetism about him which attracted, and his preaching was always thoroughly enjoyed. He could scarcely be styled an orator, an l yet his quiet reasoning, apt aphorisms, pertinent illustrations, and earnestness, impressed more than mere declamation. After a protracted illness from diabetes and pulmonary troubles he gradually sank until released by death. He was married twice, and left a son and two daughters.

ANGLICAN CHURCHES. In 1879 the Church of England contained in England and Wales two ecclesiastical provinces, Canterbury and York. The province of Canterbury comprises the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishops of London, Winchester, Oxford, St.

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David's, Llandaff, Norwich, Bangor, Worcester, Gloucester and Bristol, Ely, Rochester, Lichfield, Hereford, Peterborough, Lincoln, Salisbury, Bath and Wells, Exeter, Truro (established in 1877), Chichester, St. Albans (established in 1877), and St. Asaph. The province of York comprises the Archbishop of York and the Bishops of Durham, Ripon, Chester, Carlisle, Manchester, and Sodor and Man. The Church of Ireland has the two provinces of Armagh and Dublin, each containing one archbishop and five bishops. The Episcopal Church of Scotland has seven bishops, the Bishop of Moray, Ross, and Caithness being the "Primus. In the British colonies and in missionary territories the Church of England had in 1879 also the following dioceses: 1. In Europe Gibraltar; 2. In India - Calcutta, Lahore, Rangoon, Madras, Bombay, Labuan, and Colombo, the Bishop of Calcutta bearing the title of Metropolitan in India and Ceylon; 3. In the West Indies - Kingston (Jamaica), Barbadoes, Guiana, Antigua, Nassau, and Trinidad; 4. In China-Victoria and North_China; 5. In Africa-Capetown, Graham's Town, Maritzburg, Sierra Leone, St. Helena, St. John's (late Inde pendent Caffraria), Zoolooland, Bloemfontein (Orange Free State), Pretoria, Mauritius, Madagascar, Central Africa, and Niger (mission), the Bishop of Capetown having the title of Metropolitan; 6. In Australasia-Sydney, Melbourne, Ballarat, Adelaide, Newcastle, Bathurst, North Queensland (established in 1878), Grafton and Armidale, Perth, Brisbane, Goulburn, Tasmania, Christ Church (New Zealand), Auckland, Nelson, Wellington, Waiapu, and Dunedin (Otago), the Bishop of Sydney having the title of Metropolitan of Australia, and the Bishop of Christ Church the title of Primus of New Zealand; 7. In North America -Toronto, Newfoundland, Rupert's Land, Saskatchevan, Athabasca, Moosonee, Montreal, Fredericton, Nova Scotia (the first colonial see, founded in 1787), Huron, Columbia, Quebec, Ontario, Algoma, and Niagara; 8. Others -Falkland Islands, Honolulu, Melanesia, and Jerusalem.

The population connected with the Anglican Churches of the British Isles is estimated as follows by E. G. Ravenstein:

In British North America, the Anglican Church had according to the census of 1871 a population of 494,049 in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, 7,220 in Prince Edward Island, and 55,184 in Newfoundland. Including the districts of British Columbia, Manitoba, and Northwest Territories, the aggregate population connected with the Church of England amounted in 1871 to about 580,000.

The Convocation of Canterbury met February 18th. A petition was presented in the Upper House praying the House to take into consideration the repeated applications of the Patriarch, Bishops, and clergy of the descendants and representatives of the Church of Persia and the farther East, whose Catholicos had been recognized at the Council of Nice as ranking next after the three great Patriarchs of the Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury gave some information as to the result of inquiries which had been made into the condition of these people, who constitute the_community commonly called the Nestorians. The petition was referred to a committee, who were instructed to consider it and report upon it at the next group of sessions of the Convocation. A committee was appointed to inquire into the sale of next presentations and advowsons. A discussion took place on the character and status of the Reformed Episcopal Church, in the course of which the Archbishop stated that he had received a communication from a person representing himself to be one of the ministers of that body, asking whether he might officiate in any of the churches of his lordship's or any other diocese. To this the Archbishop had replied that as a clergyman of the Reformed Episcopal Church the inquirer was not entitled to officiate in any church of the dioceses of the province; and if he did, the law had provided for the taking of legal proceedings against him for the penalties prescribed in the Act of Parliament. It appeared, from statements made during the discussion, that the Colonial Church Act requires the consent of the bishop to the performance of any service by a person other than a clergyman ordained by a bishop of the Church of England; and that, when an unquali fied person is allowed to officiate in the parish church, the incumbent is liable to severe penalties. In the Lower House, a petition was presented from the English Church Union, asking that steps be taken to protect the churches from the desecrations to which they are liable by the celebration therein of the (so-called) marriages of divorced persons whose real husbands or wives are still living. A gravamen was presented which embodied the representations of fellows and other members of the University of Cambridge against the continued use of the so-called damnatory clauses of the Athanasian Creed, and asking for their removal from the Liturgy. It was taken to the Upper House. A report was presented from the Committee on the Sale of Advowsons