SAMUEL RUTHERFORD, 1600-1661, was an eminent Scotch Presbyterian divine, Principal and Rector of New College, St. Andrew's, and commissioner to the Westminster Assembly of Divines, 1643-47. Rutherford was a man of great learning, and a large part of his disquisitions were in Latin. His English treatises are specially noted for their spirituality, and are often quoted by modern writers. The following are the titles of some of them: Trial and Triumph of Faith; Christ's Dying and Drawing Sinners to Himself; Covenant of Life; Life of Grace; Religious Letters and Dying Words. The following are some of his controversial works, in English: Plea for Paul's Presbytrie in Scotland; Lex Rex, or The Law and the Prince; Divine Right of Church Government; Survey of the Spiritual Architect, etc. Several popular volumes have been made in recent times by collecting choice extracts from Rutherford's works on Christian experience. Two may be named: Manna Crumbs for Hungry Souls, consisting of Excerpts from the Letters of Rev. Samuel Rutherford, by Rev. W. P. Breed; A Garden of Spices, or Extracts from the Religious Letters of the Rev. Samuel Rutherford, by Rev. Lewis Dunn. EDMUND CALAMY, 1600-1666, was a preacher of much note. Calamy was one of the five authors of Smectymnuus (S M, Stephen Marshall; E C, Edmund Calamy; TY, Thomas Young; M N, Matthew Newcome; U US, William Spurstowe), a celebrated tract in reply to Bishop Hall's Divine Right of Episcopacy. He wrote also A Vindication of the Presbyterian Government and Ministry.-BENJA MIN CALAMY, 1656, was a son of Edmund Calamy, and was celebrated in his day as a preacher. He published a volume of Sermons, which went through numerous editions. EDMUND CALAMY, 1671-1732, was a grandson of Edmund C., and a Nonconformist preacher. "He was a very eminent and laborious divine, of a candid and benevolent disposition, and moderate with regard to differences of disposition.”—Darling. Works: The Inspiration of the Holy Writings; The Doctrines of the Trinity; A Defence of Moderate Non Conformity; An Abridgment of Baxter's Life and Times; An Historical Account of My Own Life. WILLIAM TWISSE, D. D., 1575-1646, was a learned Calvinistic and Non-conformist divine, and Prolocutor of the famous Westminster Assembly of Divines. Twisse was born at Newberry, Berkshire, and educated at Oxford University. Besides several theological works in Latin, he wrote A Treatise on Reprobation; The Riches of God's Love unto the Vessels of Mercy Consistent with his Absolute Hatred or Reprobation of the Vessels of Wrath; The Morality of the Fourth Commandment, etc. STEPHEN CHARNOCK, 1628-1680, was a Non-conformist of great eminence. Charnock's Works have been published in 9 vols. 8vo. The sermons on The Divine Attributes are the ones best known. The testimony in regard to the greatness and value of this work is of the strongest kind. Dr. Allibone, after quoting the opinions of fourteen other critics, says for himself: "We have twice carefully studied every word of the Discourses on the Attributes, and we consider the work one of the greatest of uninspired compositions. We advise the reader, if he have it not, to procure it immediately, and read it through once a twelvemonth for the rest of his life." JOSEPH ALLEINE, 1633-1688, an English Non-conformist minister, and a graduate of Oxford, was the author of several religious works, the best, and the best known, being his Alarm to Unconverted Sinners, which was first published in 1672. It is commonly known as "Alleine's Alarm," and is one of the standard works still sold by most of the religious publication houses, both in England and America, being slightly modernized in form and expression. Immense numbers of it have been printed. Few books have been the means of turning so many to righteousness. WILLIAM BATES, D. D., 1625-1699, a Puritan divine of much note, who gave up his living on the passage of the Act of Uniformity. His works after his decease were printed in a folio volume. The principal one was The Harmony of the Divine Attributes. It is accounted a classic in theology, and is still in demand. "Bates was sometimes called 'the silver-tongued,' and was reckoned the politest writer, if not the best scholar, of the whole body of [dissenting] ministers."— Allibone. GEORGE GILLESPIE, 1648, was one of the Commissioners from the Church of Scotland to the famous Westminster Assembly of Divines, in 1643, which formed the Catechism and Confession of Faith now in use among all Presbyterians. Mr. Gillespie was a man of learning and ability, and a zealous Presbyterian. He published The Ark of the Covenant Opened, 2 vols. 4to; Dispute Against the English Popish Ceremonies obtruded upon the Church of Scotland, 4to; Dialogue between a Civilian and a Divine concerning the Church of England, 4to; Aaron's Rod Blossoming, 4to; and several others. The work, however, which is now of most value is his Notes of Debates and Proceedings of the Westminster Assembly, as it contains important authentic information by an eye-witness of the proceedings of that famous body. DAVID CALDERWOOD, 1575-1651, a Scotch divine, was driven into exile for his opposition to Episcopacy. Ilis principal work was A History of the Kirk of Scotland, a very learned work, valuable for its documents, but said to be not very pleasant reading. JOSEPH CARYL, 1607-1673, a Non-conformist divine, wrote a Commentary on the Book of Job, in 12 vols., 4to. "The most ponderous of all the expositions which have been published on this part of Scripture." -Orme. HENRY BURTON, 1579-1648, a Puritan divine, who was subjected to fine and impris onment on account of his preaching. Works: Censures on Simony; The Baiting of the Pope's Bull; Babel No Bethel; Truth's Triumph over Trent; The Love of the Gospel; England's Bondage and Hope of Deliverance; Conformity's Deformity. NICHOLAS BYFIELD, 1579-1652, a Puritan divine, wrote many works, in good repute: Exposition of the Epistle to the Colossians; Essay Concerning the Assurance of God's Love and Man's Salvation; The Marrow of the Oracles of God; Exposition of the Apostles' Creed, etc.-RICHARD BYFIELD, 1664, half-brother to Nicholas, is likewise one of the Puritan preachers and writers. Works: The Light of Faith and Way of Holiness; Doctrine of the Sabbath Vindicated; The Power of the Christ of God, etc. EDWARD REYNOLDS, D. D., 1599-1676, a learned Presbyterian divine, was one of the famous Westminster Assembly. His works have been published in 6 vols., 8vo. The principal ones are A Treatise on the Passions and Faculties of the Soul of Man; and Annotations on Ecclesiastes, written originally for The Assembly's Annotations, and forming a part of that work. The others are chiefly sermons. HENRY AINSWORTH, D. D., d. 1662, was a leader among the English Independents in the sixteenth century, and was banished on account of his religious opinions. His principal work is his Annotations on the Psalms, the Song of Solomon, and the Pentateuch. The Annotations have been highly commended, and are often quoted. WILLIAM BRIDGE, 1600-1670, a Puritan Non-conformist divine of the time of Charles I., was a scholarly man, of studious habits, and an industrious writer. A collected edition of his works, in 5 vols., was published in 1845. They are chiefly sermons. "He was a very close student, rising every morning, both in winter and summer, at four o'clock, and continuing in his library until eleven." On the passage of the Act of Conformity, he gave up his living, and went to Rotterdam. Archbishop Laud writes: “In Norwich, one Mr. Bridge, rather than he would conform, hath left his lecture and two cures, and is gone into Holland." On the margin of this, King Charles wrote, "Let him go: we are well rid of him!" REV. THOMAS BROOKES, 1680, was an English Independent divine, of some celebrity. "An affecting and useful writer, though homely in his expressions.” — Darling. Works: The Unsearchable Riches of Christ; Precious Remedies for Satan's Devices; The Mute Christian under the Smarting Rod; A Golden Key to open Hid Treasures; Apples of Gold for Young Men and Women; The Private Key of Heaven; "Mute ChrisHeaven on Earth. "Precious Remedies" went through 60 editions; tian," 50 editions; "Apples of Gold," 25 editions. SAMUEL CLARKE, 1599-1682, a Non-conformist divine. Works: The Marrow of Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols. fol.; A General Martyrology, fol.; A Mirror or Looking-Glass, both for Saints and Sinners, 2 vols.; Lives of Sundry Eminent Persons; The Marrow of Divinity.SAMUEL CLARKE, 1626-1700, son of the preceding, wrote a Commentary on the Old and New Testament, which is well spoken of; also, some other works. THOMAS GOODWIN, D. D., 1600-1697, was a high Calvinistic divine, of great learning, who gave up his preferments and became an Independent. He lived to be ninetyA collection, published seven years old. His writings were exceedingly numerous. after his death, and containing only part of his works, fills 5 vols., fol. They are to a large extent expository. THOMAS MANTON, D. D., 1620-1677, was a learned Non-conformist divine, educated at Oxford. His writings are very numerous and are held in high estimation. They are mainly of an expository character. He wrote Commentaries on several of the Epis tles, an Exposition of the Lord's Prayer, and One Hundred and Ninety Sermons on the 119th Psalm. JOHN BIDDLE, 1615–1662, has been styled "The Father of the English Unitarians." Biddle wrote several treatises calling in question the received opinion in regard to the Holy Spirit, for which he was imprisoned, and even condemned to death, though the latter sentence was not executed. The names of some of his works are A Confession of Faith touching the Holy Trinity; A Brief Scripture Catechism; A History of the Unitarians, &c. THE period included in this Chapter embraces the reigns of Charles II. and James II., 1660-1688, the final expulsion of the Stuarts, the Revolution of 1688, and the reign of William and Mary, 1688-1702. It was, especially in its earlier part, a period of great licentiousness of manners, which is but too faithfully reflected in much of its poetical and all of its dramatic literature. The authors of this period are, for convenience of description, divided into four Sections: 1. Poets, including the dramatic writers, and beginning with Dryden; 2. Philosophical and Miscellaneous writers, beginning with Locke; 3. Theological writers, beginning with Tillotson; 4. The Early Friends, beginning with George Fox. 1. THE POETS. Dryden. John Dryden, 1631-1700, fills a larger space in English literature than any other writer between the age of Milton and that of Pope and Addison. Dryden is confessedly one of the greatest of English poets; and although there may be a question among critics as to his precise rank, his name is never omitted in any enumeration of our first-class authors. 16* 185 1 His Early History. - Dryden was born of an ancient family of the name of Driden. The change in the spelling of his name was a fancy of his own. His parents were rigid Puritans. He was educated first at Westminster, under the famous Dr. Busby, and afterwards at Cambridge. He was early in life a great admirer of Cromwell, and his first poem of any note was Heroic Stanzas on the Late Lord Protector, written on the occasion of Cromwell's death. They contain some passages in his happiest vein. The following may be quoted: "His grandeur he derived from heaven alone, For he was great ere fortune made him so; Dryden, however, always worshipped the rising sun, and on the over- Career as a Dramatist. - The Restoration brought the drama again into vogue, and Dryden applied himself to writing for the stage. His first play, The Wild Gallant, was not successful. His next, The Rival Ladies, fared better. The Indian Emperor was a triumph, and the author was at once a man of mark. It led, among other things, to his marriage to a noble lady, daughter of the Earl of Berkshire. The marriage was ill assorted. It brought him neither wealth nor happiness. When the lady wished herself a book, that she might have more of his company, he replied, "Be an almanac, then, my dear, that I may change you once a year." He revenged himself for her railing by uttering sarcasms on the sex, in his plays. In one of them, for instance, he says, that " woman was made from the dross and refuse of man," upon which Jeremy Collier wittily remarks, "I did not know before that man's dross lay in his ribs: I believe it sometimes lies higher." Dryden's plays are twenty-nine in number, and run through thirty-two years of his life, from his thirty-first to his sixty-third year. Character of his Plays. All of Dryden's earlier plays are modelled after the French drama, which King Charles had made fashionable. They are in rhyming verse, are occupied solely by heroic and exalted personages, and filled with scenes of inflated and incongruous splendor. When this fashion was at its height, it received a rude shock from a lively parody, The Rehearsal, written by the Duke of Buckingham. Dryden's plays after this were more natural, and he |