little turned of twenty. The marriage was a happy one, and on the death of Mr. Rowe, at the age of twenty-eight, she remained a widow. Mrs. Rowe published many works, all of a religious character. The principal are: Devout Exercises of the Heart in Meditation, Soliloquy, Praise, and Prayer; Letters, Moral and Entertaining; Poems on Various Occasions.

BERNARD DE MANDEVILLE, 1670-1733, was a native of Holland, who finally settled in London. He was the author of a number of miscellaneous works in prose and verse, but is chiefly known by his Gambling Hive, 1714. This work having been severely censured, he published a new edition in 1723, enlarged, and furnished with notes, under the title, The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices Public Benefits. It abounds in shrewd observations, and the style is vigorous, but is founded upon the paradox that private vices are public benefits. As Dr. Johnson shrewdly observed, "the fallacy of the book is that Mandeville defines neither vices nor benefits." The author reasons well on the motives of human action, and his analysis of character is close.

JONATHAN RICHARDSON, 1665–1745; a prominent portrait-painter of the eighteenth century, is better known, however, as an art-critic than as a painter. His chief works are an Essay on the Theory of Painting, which exercised a decisive influence on the development of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and Two Discourses on the Art of Criticism. In connection with his son, he also published a volume of notes on Milton's Paradise Lost, with a likeness of the poet. This engraving, made by Richardson himself, is said to bear a striking resemblance to Wordsworth, and to be a better likeness of him than any of those made expressly for him. Richardson's poems have no great merit.

LEWIS THEOBALD, 1744, is chiefly known as one of the early editors of Shakespeare, and as one of the heroes of the Dunciad. He possessed much industry, and was conscientiously accurate, but had little taste and no genius. He published an edition of Shakespeare in 7 vols., 8vo, which is of considerable value, and exposed therein many of the inaccuracies of Pope, for which Pope took exemplary vengeance in the Dunciad.

AARON HILL, 1685-1750, published a number of writings on a great variety of subjects, historical, poetical, politico-economical. He is principally known by his Progress of Wit, a satire aimed at Pope, who had introduced Hill into the Dunciad.

THOMAS SPRAT, 1636-1713, is one of the minor authors of this period. He wrote both prose and verse, and is chiefly known by the latter, though his merits as a poet are much inferior to his merits as a prose writer.

Sprat studied at Oxford, and took orders in the Church of England, finally becoming Bishop of Rochester. He is the author of several works, both in prose and verse. The latter are of little merit. They are An Account of the Plague of Athens, and a Poem on the Death of Oliver Cromwell. His prose works are a History of the Royal Society of London, etc., A True Account of the [Rye House] Conspiracy, etc., and several volumes of sermons and discourses to the clergy, which have been highly praised.

"Unhappily for his fame, it has been usual to print his verses in Collections of the British poets; and those who judge of him by his verses must consider him as a servile imitator, who, without one spark of Cowley's admirable genius, mimicked whatever was least commendable in Cowley's manner; but those who are acquainted with Sprat's prose writings will form a very different estimate of his powers. He was, indeed, a great master of our language, and possessed at once the eloquence of the author, of the controversialist, and of the historian."- Macaulay.

JOHN SHEFFIELD, Earl of Musgrave, Duke of Buckinghamshire, 1649–1720, a prominent English statesman of this period, was the author of several works which were much praised at the time, but which are now comparatively unknown. The principal one is an Essay on Poetry, in which Dryden was for awhile supposed to have had a share. Besides this, Sheffield published two Dramas - Julius Cæsar and Marius Brutus-mere alterations of Shakespeare.

SIMON OCKLEY, 1678-1720, a clergyman of the Church of England and Professor of Arabic at Cambridge, was the author of several works upon oriental literature and history. He is known almost exclusively, however, by his History of the Conquests of the Saracens. Although oriental studies have made immense progress since the eighteenth century, Ockley's work still retains a large share of its original value. It was the work which Gibbon chiefly consulted for information upon Saracenic conquests. "The very curious history of the Saracens, given by Oakley, should be consulted, and is somewhat necessary to enable the student more exactly to comprehend the character of the Arabians, which is there displayed, by their own writers, in all its singularities." — Smyth.

JOHN OLDMIXON, 1673-1742, was the author of a number of historical works: The British Empire in North America, History of England, Clarendon and Whitlock compared, etc. Oldmixon is so bigoted a Whig that writers of even his own party,Macaulay, for instance, reject his works as of no authority. His Prose Essay on Criticism had no other effect than to elicit from Pope a satirical passage in the Dunciad.

THOMAS SALMON, 1742, was an English historian of some note. His principal works are Modern History, in 32 vols., published in 1725, and his Abridgment and Review of State Trials from Richard II. to George II. His Modern History was much read in its day, and has been made the text for numerous abridgments since.

ROBERT WODROW, 1679-1734, the historian of the Church of Scotland, was born and educated at Glasgow, and was minister of Eastwood from 1703 to his death in 1734. His chief work was A History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, 2 vols., fol. Besides this, he published A Life of James Wodrow, Professor of Divinity at Glasgow and father of Robert; Analecta, materials for a history of remarkable providences; and numerous other Collections, Letters, etc.

THOMAS CARTE, 1686-1754, was a careful and voluminous writer of English history. He was suspected of being in collusion with the exiled Stuarts, and was obliged in consequence to flee from the country, but was permitted afterwards to return and complete his historical works. These were: History of the Life of James, Duke of Ormond, 1610-1688, containing a full account of the Irish Rebellion, 3 vols., fol.; History of England, 4 vols., 4to. Both these works were the fruit of original research, and are counted of great value for their facts, though the style is not such as to attract

the general reader. "Carte's Life of the Duke of Ormond is considered a book of authority; but it is ill written. The matter is diffused in too many words; there is no animation, no compression, no vigor. Two good volumes in duodecimo might be made out of the two [three] in folio."- Dr. Johnson,

GEORGE SALE, 1680-1736, the distinguished orientalist, was by profession a lawyer. He contributed largely to Bower's Universal History, and to Birch's General Dictionary, but is chiefly known by one work, A Translation of the Koran. He was extremely poor, and "often wandered in the streets in search of some compassionate friend who would supply him with the meal of the day.”— Disraeli.

EDWARD SPELMAN, 1767, great-grandson of the celebrated antiquary, Sir Henry Spelman, is chiefly known by his translations of Xenophon's Anabasis and Cyropædia (pronounced by Gibbon, and lately by Dr. Smith, to be the best English rendering), and of The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Spelman also translated a Fragment of the Sixth Book of Polybius, and wrote a History of the Civil Wars between York and Lancaster.

JOHN POTTER, D. D., 1674-1747, Archbishop of Canterbury, was celebrated for his profound learning as a Greek scholar. His chief work, Archæologia Græca, or The Antiquities of Greece, in 2 vols., 8vo, was long the only standard text-book on this subject. Some of his other publications are Theological Works, 3 vols, 8vo, containing Charges, Sermons, Addresses, etc.; Critical Editions of Clemens Alexandrinus, Plutarch, and Lycophron.

ROBERT AINSWORTH, 1660-1743, has been well known to many successive generations of school-boys. For a full century, almost the only road to classical learning in England and America was by "Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary." This work, which cost the author twenty years of labor, was first published in 1737; it soon displaced those which had preceded it, and held undisputed sway among students of the Englishspeaking race until comparatively recent times.

Nathan Bailey,

1742, was author of the English Dictionary which was in current use previous to that of Dr. Johnson.

Bailey's Dictionary was published in folio and in various other forms, and was for a long time almost the only acknowledged standard of the language. Mr. Bailey was a good philologist for that day, and his work was a worthy contribution to the cause of letters.

Dr. Allibone records a curious anecdote in regard to Bailey's Dictionary. It was studied through twice, word by word, by Mr. Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham, the import and mode of construction of each word being carefully examined, so that the strength, the significance, and the beauty of the English language might be properly understood, and enlisted in the service of oratory when required. "Probably no man, since the days of Cicero, has ever submitted to an equal amount of drudgery.” A somewhat similar story is told of Dr. Archibald Alexander, of Princeton. When Webster's large Dictionary was first published, in 1827, in 2 vols., 4to, Dr. Alexander is said to have read it regularly through, from beginning to end. Such was the tradition at the time among the college students.

LAWRENCE ECHARD, 1671-1730, was a clergyman of the English Church, and a writer of some note on history and geography.

Works.-Compend of Geography; The Gazetteer, a Geographical Index to Europe; Classical Geography; Ronan History, 5 vols., 8vo; General Ecclesiastical History, 2 vols., 8vo; History of England, 3 vols., folio.

The work last named was for a time very popular, and bid fair to become a standard authority on the subject. But it was superseded by Napier and others. The contrast between Echard's history and that of Gilbert Burnet is thus sketched in a witty epigram of the day:

Gir's History appears to me

Political anatomy;

A case of skeletons well done,
And malefactors every one.
His sharp and strong incisive pen
Historically cuts up men,

And does with lucid skill impart
Their inward ails of head and heart.
Lawrence proceeds another way,
And well-dressed figures does display;
His characters are all in flesh,
Their hands are fair, their faces fresh,
And from his sweeting air derive

A better scent than when alive.

He wax-work made to please the sons
Whose fathers were Gil's skeletons.

JOSEPH AMES, 1689-1759, is the author of an antiquarian work of considerable celebrity, called Typographical Antiquities, being an historical account of printing in England, with some memoirs of ancient printers, and a register of the works printed by them from 1471 to 1600. Mr. Ames was an ironmonger of London, who took a fancy for occupying his leisure hours in this kind of literary employment, and who produced, after years of laborious research, a work of real excellence for the time, though it has since been superseded by later works based upon it.

THOMAS BAKER, 1656-1740, was one of those learned and laborious antiquaries for which England has always been famous. The only work which he published was Reflections on Learning. It had great popularity and passed through eight editions. He occupied himself through his long life in collecting and transcribing documents in regard to the history and antiquities of the University of Cambridge. His MSS. on this subject amount to 39 vols., fol., and 3 vols., 4to, besides large collections relative to other portions of English history. If he had undertaken less, and had stopped to arrange and prepare for publication some portion of his accumulations, he would have done a greater service to letters.

"As the employment [of antiquaries] consists first in collecting, and afterwards in arranging, or abstracting, what libraries afford them, they ought to amass no more than they can digest; but when they have undertaken a work, they go on searching and transcribing, call for new supplies-when they are already overburdened, and at last leave their work unfinished. It is the business of a good antiquary, as of a good man, to have mortality always before him." — Hearne,

JOHN LEWIS, 1675-1746, a clergyman of the Church of England, a native of Bristol

and a graduate of Oxford, wrote several works on religious subjects, Baptism, The Litany, etc.; also several antiquarian works, History and Antiquities of the Isle of Thanet; History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of Feversham; Antiquity and Use of Seals, etc. But his chief claim to commemoration is his connection with the memory of Wyckliffe. He wrote A Life of John Wyckliffe, and he published an edition of Wyckliffe's New Testament, prefixing to it a History of the Translators of the Bible into English. Besides these valuable works, and in the same line with them, he wrote A Life of Master William Caxton. Lewis's style is disfigured by carelessness and want of order, but he has collected and transmitted, in these works, valuable materials.

SIR JOHN CHARDIN, 1643-1713, a celebrated traveller, a native of Paris, but a resident of England, and knighted by Charles II., wrote Travels into Persia and the East Indies.

Chardin was a jeweller by trade, and it was on this business partly that he went to Ispahan, where he remained for six years. He was employed by the King of Persia as an agent for the purchase of jewels. "The faculty of seizing, by a rapid and comprehensive glance, the character of a country and people, was possessed in the highest degree by Chardin, and secures him an undisputed supremacy in that department of literature."-. - Sir James Mackintosh.

JOHN WHITING, 1655-1722, is chiefly known by his descriptive "Catalogue of Friends' Books." He was a native of Somersetshire, resident in London. Besides his "Catalogue," Whiting published An Abstract of the Lives, Precepts, and Sayings of the Ancient Fathers; Judas and the Chief Priests Conspiring to Betray Christ, an answer to George Keith; The Admonishers Admonished; Truth and Innocence Defended, an answer to Cotton Mather's "lies and abuses of the people called Quakers," etc.

JOHN DUNTON, 1659-1733, was an eccentric man who turned his hand alternately to bookselling and bookmaking, and whose work of chief value is his own autobiography: Life and Errors of John Dunton, with Lives and Characters of more than a thousand contemporary divines. He published for twenty years The Athenian Mercury, somewhat on the plan of Notes and Queries; also, Religio Bibliopolæ, or Religion of a Bookseller, etc.

EDWARD CAVE, 1691-1754, an English printer, is honorably connected with English literature as the originator of The Gentleman's Magazine, begun by him in 1731, and still continued on the same spot. Dr. Johnson, at the beginning of his career, drew his first support from this magazine. Edmund Burke also contributed largely to it.

EDWARD MOORE, 1712-1757, an unsuccessful linen-draper, turned his attention to literature, and with considerable success. He wrote Fables for the Female Sex; The Foundling, and Gil Blas, Comedies; and The Gamester, a Tragedy. He also wrote a large number of the best papers in The World, a daily paper, of which he was for several years the editor.

William Wotton, D. D., 1666-1726, wrote several works of value, but is chiefly noticeable for his extraordinary intellectual precocity.