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pal Government Schismatical; Discourse concerning the One Altar and the One Priesthood; A Discourse concerning the Soul, etc. This last advanced a curious theory, in some respects like that of the modern Annihilationists, and led to considerable controversy. HENRY DODWELL, JR., eldest son of Henry, was an infidel, and published in 1742 Christianity not Founded on Argument. -WILLIAM DODWELL, 1709-1785, younger son of Henry, Sr., wrote Rational Faith, in reply to his brother Henry's essay. He wrote also Free Answer to Middleton; Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers of the Primitive Church; The Sick Man's Companion; Practical Discourses, etc.

PATRICK DELANY, 1686–1768, a native of Ireland and a Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, was an intimate friend of Swift's. Delany wrote: Revelation Examined with Candor; Reflections on Polygamy; The Life and Reign of David; The Tribune, a periodical paper like The Spectator, etc., and running through twenty numbers; Strictures on Lord Orrery's Remarks on Swift, etc.

Doddridge.

Philip Doddridge, 1702-1751, was a Dissenting minister of great repute among all branches of the Protestant Church.

Career. Doddridge was the twentieth child of a London merchant, and lost both parents while he was still young. His first religious instruction was given by his mother, who told him the Bible stories which were represented on the figured Dutch tiles in the chimney of his apartment. He was aided in obtaining his education by Dr. Samuel Clarke. He commenced preaching in his twentieth year to a small country congregation, where he remained several years, leading a retired and studious life, and laying up those treasures of useful learning which he afterwards poured forth in such profusion. He had at one time an academy for training young men for the ministry, and several very eminent dissenting ministers received their theological training from him. He was exceedingly methodical in all his arrangements and habits of life, and especially in the distribution and employment of his time. One of his habits was to rise invariably at five, at all seasons of the year. It was this method and economy in the use of his resources that enabled him to accomplish so much more than many who have had far greater and more brilliant abilities.

Works.- Doddridge's collected Works fill 10 vols., 8vo, besides 4 vols. of Sermons published posthumously, and 5 vols, of Life and Correspondence,-in all, 19 vols. The works best known are: The Family Expositor, which occupies 6 vols. in the collected edition here mentioned, and The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul. The Family Expositor has been extremely popular, and it is still used to some extent. The author seems to have had an instinctive sagacity in knowing just what was needed in such a work, to fit it for family use. The Rise and Progress has long since become a classic in the list of books on religious experience. Doddridge wrote also some very excellent Hymns, which have found their way into the hymnals of most Protestant churches. His Evidences of Christianity is used as a text-book at Cambridge, England.

WILLIAM CAVE, D. D., 1637-1713, was "an excellent and universal scholar, an elegant writer, and a very eloquent preacher. His works are compiled with extensive knowl edge of his subject, and great industry."-Darling. The following are his principal publications: The Lives of the Apostles; Lives of the Most Eminent Fathers in the first Four Centuries; Primitive Christianity; A Dissertation concerning the Govern ment of the Ancient Church by Bishops; Historia Literaria, a work in Latin, giving an account of ecclesiastical writers from the Christian era to the fourteenth century.

Leland.

JOHN LELAND, D.D., 1691-1766, a Presbyterian minister, settled in Dublin, is distinguished as a writer of apologetics.

Some of his works in defence of Christianity are considered as among the best that have ever been written. The following are the chief: A Defence of Christianity, 2 vols, 8vo, in answer to Tindal; The Divine Authority of the Old and New Testament asserted, 2 vols., 4to, in answer to Morgan: Remarks on "Christianity not Founded on Argument," 2 vols., 8vo, in answer to Dodwell; Remarks on Bolingbroke's Letters on the Study and Use of History; A View of the Deistical Writers, 3 vols, 8vo; The Advantage and Necessity of the Christian Revelation, 2 vols., 4to, etc. Leland's View of the Deistical Writers is specially celebrated.

REV. SIMON BROWNE, 1680-1732, a Dissenting minister, and a popular preacher and writer, became insane on one particular subject, though in full possession of his faculties on all other subjects. He believed that God had "annihilated in him the thinking substance, and divested him of consciousness; that, though he retained the human form, and the faculty of speaking, in a manner that appeared to others rational, he had all the while no more notion of what he said than a parrot." He continued in this delusion for the rest of his life, and on the strength of it gave up his ministerial charge, though while in this condition he produced some of his ablest works, among others his Reply to Wollaston's Discourse on the Miracles of our Saviour, and Strictures on Tindal's Christianity as old as the Creation. He compiled also a Greek and Latin Dictionary. This work he regarded as no evidence of his having a soul: "I am doing nothing that requires a reasonable soul; I am making a Dictionary; but you know thanks should be returned to God for everything, and therefore for Dictionary makers." Among his other works are: A Disquisition on the Trinity; The True Character of the Real Christian; Hymns and Spiritual Songs, etc.

HENRY GROVE, 1683-1738, was a Dissenting minister. He contributed four numbers to The Spectator. His works, chiefly theological, fill 12 vols. Among the subjects treated are Prayer, The Lord's Supper, Faith, A Future State, and a System of Moral Philosophy. "He resembles Watts, but is more nervous. His sermons are written with elegance of diction rarely to be met with. He has many judicious and new thoughts, disposed in a method quite peculiar, and expressed with force and elegance. Every paragraph he wrote is worthy of attentive perusal." — Doddridge.

THOMAS HALYBURTON, 1674–1712, a distinguished divine of the Church of Scotland, was born near Perth. He was Professor of Divinity in the University of St. Andrew's. He published Natural Religion Insufficient; The Great Concern of Salvation, still in current demand; and Sermons on various subjects.

THOMAS DELAUNE, 1667-1728, a Dissenting clergyman, wrote A Plea for the Non-con

formists, which his opponents answered by having him put in the pillory, having his ears cut off, fining him, and casting him in prison, where he died.

BENJAMIN BENNET, 1674-1726, was an eminent Non-conformist divine, some of whose works produced a marked effect. They were chiefly theological. A Memorial of the Reformation, and a Defence of the same; Irenicum, a work on the Trinity; Christian Oratory, or Devotions of the Closet; The Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures.

THOMAS RIDGLEY, D. D., 1667-1734, an Independent Calvinistic divine, is chiefly known by his work, A Body of Divinity, being the substance of a course of lectures on The Assembly's Larger Catechism. This work, published originally in 1733, in 2 vols., folio, and now in 4 vols., 8vo, is still in current use, and is a standard work on theology among Presbyterians, and indeed among all Calvinists.

DANIEL NEAL, 1678-1743, a Dissenting minister, educated partly at Rowe's Academy, and partly in Holland, wrote many works, but is known almost exclusively by one, The History of the Puritans, 4 vols., 8vo. This is the story of the Non-conformists, as seen and told by themselves; and it is usually applauded or condemned, according as the judge is a dissenter, or a member of the Church of England. There is no question, however, of its being a work of ability and research. "Heylin, in his History of the Presbyterians, blackens them as so many political devils; and Neal, in his History of the Puritans, blanches them into a sweet and almond whiteness." -- - D' Israeli.

Boston.

REV. THOMAS BOSTON, 1676-1732, was a Scotch preacher of great note, whose Fourfold State used to be one of the household treasures in almost every religious family.

Boston's complete works were printed in London in 1852, in 12 vols., 8vo. The following are the ones best known: The Doctrines of the Christian Religion, comprising a complete body of divinity, and filling 3 vols.; The Crook in the Lot; and Human Nature in its Fourfold State, of primitive integrity, entire depravation, begun recov ery, and consummate happiness or misery. "If another celebrated treatise is styled The Whole Duty of Man, I would call this The Whole of Man, as it comprises what he was originally, what he is by transgression, what he should be through grace, and what he will be in glory." — Hervey.

JOHN ABERNETHY, 1680-1740, of Ireland, noted as a Presbyterian divine, wrote Sermons on the Being and Perfections of God, and Posthumous Sermons (4 vols.). The former of these was famous in its day, and went through many editions.

GEORGE BENSON, D. D., 1699-1763, an English dissenter, educated at Glasgow, was the author of numerous works. He was educated a Calvinist, but early went over towards Arianism. "His works are held in high reputation for learning and accuracy."- Darling. They are: A Paraphrase and Notes on Six Epistles of Paul, 2 vols., 4to; The History of the First Planting of the Christian Religion, 2 vols., 4to; The Reasonableness of the Christian Religion, 2 vols., 8vo; The History of the Life of Jesus Christ, 4to.

SAMUEL CHANDLER, D. D., 1693-1756, was a Dissenting minister, who in connection with his preaching kept a book-store, and did a good deal in the way of authorship. A Vindication of the Christian Religion; Plain Reasons for being a Christian; Para

phrase and Commentary on Joel; Paraphrase and Notes on Galatians, Ephesians, and Thessalonians; A Vindication of the Ilistory of the O. Testament; A Critical History of the Life of David; Sermons, etc. "He possessed great learning, very strong sense, inflexible resolution, and was a zealous advocate of revelation."-Dr. E. Williams.

JAMES FOSTER, D. D., 1697-1753, was a Dissenting minister in London, whose pulpit eloquence attracted great crowds of hearers. He began, in 1728, a series of Sunday Evening Lectures, which were continued for twenty years, and which were thronged by people of all ranks, by those of all religions and of no religion. "Here was a confluence of persons of every rank, station, and quality-wits, free-thinkers, numbers of clergy; who, whilst they gratified their curiosity, had their professions shaken and their prejudices loosened." Dr. Fleming.

"Let modest Foster, if he will, excel

Ten Metropolitans in preaching well. "-.
- Pope.

Foster's principal publications are the following: Discourses on Natural Religion and Social Virtues, 2 vols., 4to; Sermons, 4 vols., 8vo; Essay on Fundamentals; Defence of the Christian Religion, written against Tindal.

JOHN SHUTE BARRINGTON, 1678-1734, in the earlier part of his career engaged in politics, and became Lord Viscount of Ireland. At the age of forty-five he retired from political life, and devoted himself to theological research. He published a work in two vols., Miscellanea Sacra, which was considered as of high value.

RICHARD CLARIDGE, 1649-1723, was an eminent writer among the Society of Friends. He was educated for the Church of England and took orders in that church. He afterwards became a Baptist, and finally a Friend. Some of his works are in Latin. His chief English writings are: Answers to Richard Allen; Mercy Covering the Judgment Seat; The Novelty and Nullity of Dissatisfaction; Gospel Light, etc.

CHARLES DODD,1745, a Catholic priest, wrote The Church History of England, 3 vols., folio, intended as a reply to Burnet. The author is said to have spent thirty years in its compilation. A new edition, 14 vols., 8vo, was begun in 1839.

THOMAS CHUBB, 1679-1746, a Unitarian writer of some notoriety, wrote the following works: The Supremacy of the Father Asserted; The Previous Question with regard to religion; A Discourse Concerning Reason with regard to Religion and Divine Revelation; Tracts, etc.

THOMAS EVELYN, 1663-1743, a learned divine, wrote much in advocacy of Arianism, and was prosecuted and imprisoned for it. His chief work was An Inquiry into the Scripture Account of Jesus Christ. His Works, with a Memoir, have been published in 3 vols., Svo. He believed Jesus to be the first of created beings, the Creator of the world, and an object of worship, but not strictly divine or equal to the Father.

JOHN TAYLOR, D. D., 1694-1761, was a learned Unitarian clergyman, for a long time at the head of an Academy at Warrington, Lancashire. His works elicited replies from John Wesley, Jonathan Edwards, and others of equal note. Taylor wrote the following works: The Scriptural Doctrines of Original Sin proposed to Free and Candid Examination; The Scripture Doctrine of Atonement Examined; A Scheme of Scripture Divinity; A Paraphrase and Notes on the Epistle to the Romans.

CHAPTER XII.

DR. JOHNSON AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES.

AFTER the death of Pope, 1744, the person who for the next forty years figured most largely in literature was Dr. Samuel Johnson. The time of Johnson's supremacy covers, in round numbers, the first twenty-five years of the reign. of George III., 1760-1785. It includes among its political events the celebrated trial of Warren Hastings, and the still more important issue, the American Revolutionary War.

The writers who belong to this period are divided into four sections: 1. Miscellaneous Prose Writers, beginning with Dr. Johnson; 2. Novelists, beginning with Richardson; 3. Poets, beginning with Goldsmith; 4. Theological Writers, beginning with Warburton.

I. MISCELLANEOUS PROSE WRITERS.

Dr. Johnson.

Samuel Johnson, LL. D., 1709-1784, was for nearly an entire generation the acknowledged autocrat of English letters. He was the centre of attraction for such men as Goldsmith, Burke, Fox, Sheridan, Garrick, Reynolds, and Gibbon; his presence and conversation were everywhere courted as though he had been the great Mogul of literary opinion.

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