pronunciation of English words by good society. The work was so well done, that it helped greatly to fix what is in itself arbitrary and fluctuating, and Walker's pronunciation has continued accordingly without material change to the present dayalmost a century from the time when he began his work. Walker was not a lexicographer. He was simply an orthoepist and elocutionist. All that he contributed to the Dictionary was to mark the pronunciation. His publications were: A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language; A Key to the Pronunciation of the Greek and Latin Proper Names, and also to the Scripture Proper Names; A Rhyming Dictionary; Elements of Elocution; Elocution taught, like Music, by Visible Signs; Rhetorical Grammar, etc.

Lindley Murray.

Lindley Murray, 1745-1826, holds about the same relation to English Grammar that Walker holds to the English Dictionary. Murray's Grammar was, to many generations of school-boys and school-girls, the court in the last resort on all questions of correct speaking and writing.

Murray, though an American by birth and education, is counted an English writer, as he became an Englishman by residence, and wrote all his works in England. He was born at Swatara, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and was educated in Philadelphia, at an academy of the Society of Friends, to which body he belonged. He began as a lawyer; abandoned law for the counting-house; retired early with a competence; and then lived for some years on the Hudson, three miles above New York. In 1784, being a little over forty, he removed to England, and remained there the remainder of his days, living at Holdgate, a mile from York.

Murray was a devout Christian, and he had the benevolence and the practical sense characteristic of the Society to which he belonged. The following are his principal works: The Power of Religion on the Mind in Retirement, Affliction, and at the Approach of Death; The Duty and Benefit of a Daily Perusal of the Holy Scriptures; A Compendium of Religious Faith and Practice, designed for Young Persons of the Society of Friends; and some other pieces, all of which were characterized by sobriety and good sense, and passed through many editions. But his main works were his English Grammar and his English Reader. These, though marked by no special originality or scholarship, yet by their general correctness, and by their being pioneers in the ground which they covered, acquired a prodigious influence which is not even yet spent.

Murray was no philologist, and no scholar in the proper acceptation of the term; he was not even a grammarian, as the word is now understood. But he had a large fund of common sense, and he reduced to a practical form the grammatical principles advanced first by Wallis and afterwards by Bishop Lowth. As English Grammar before that time had only begun to be a common study, scholars previously getting their knowledge of grammar from their study of Latin, Murray's book came in to supply a want just beginning to rise; and it acquired, and for a long time held, exclusive possession of the field. His Grammar was in various forms, from 2 vols., 8vo,

down to small abridgments in 18mo, but the one chiefly in use was the 12mo, with which most readers are acquainted.

Murray's English Reader, with the Introduction, and the Sequel, had an enormous sale, both in England and America. Indeed, they are still extensively used in both countries, and probably always will be used. A better selection has never been made for such a purpose, and the books deserved the popularity which they enjoyed. They cannot adequately represent English literature at this day, for many of the best things which exist in the language were not yet written when Murray's compilations were made. But up to the year 1800, these Readers contain the very marrow and fatness of what English literature had to give.

ROBERT HENRY, D. D., 1718-1790, a Scotch Presbyterian divine, educated at the University of Oxford, is chiefly known as an author by his History of Great Britain, in 6 vols., 4to, of which the last volume was edited by Laing after Henry's death. The history embraces the time from the invasion under Julius Cæsar to the death of Henry VIII. It was continued by James Petit Andrews down to the accession of James I. Charles Knight has based his own excellent history upon Henry's plan slightly modified. Henry's history embodies the labor of thirty years of anxious research; the author has succeeded in making it a vast repository of information, but his style is dry, and his treatment too unphilosophical to entitle him to a place by the side of Hume, Gibbon, and Hallam.

WILLIAM RUSSELL, 1741-1793, a native of Scotland, removed in 1767 to London, where he was employed in various printing offices as corrector and literary manager. His leisure moments were passed in the composition of numerous miscellaneous works, chiefly of an historical nature. Ilis poems and tales have fallen into neglect. He is known almost exclusively by his History of Modern Europe, down to 1648, in 5 vols., 8vo. This work lays no claim to originality of investigation, but is a mere compilation. As such it still retains its value, although many of its statements and views should be corrected by the light of recent discoveries.

WILIJAM TYTLER, 1711-1792, a distinguished Scotch lawyer, father of Lord Woodhouselee, and grandfather of the author of the History of Scotland, is chiefly known in the literary world by his famous Historical and Critical Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots, one of the ablest arguments ever made in favor of the Queen. Mr. Tytler was also a man of general culture and an accomplished musician,

WILLIAM GILPIN, 1724-1804, a clergyman of the Church of England, wrote many works, partly religious and partly descriptive and picturesque. Being an accomplished artist, he illustrated his works of the latter kind by drawings of his own, besides the etchings furnished by his brother Sawery Gilpin, who was a professional artist.

The following are Gilpin's principal works: Forest Scenery, 2 vols., 8vo; Northern Tour, 2 vols.; Southern Tour; Western Tour; Eastern Tour; Scottish Tour, 2 vols. ; River Wye; Essays on Picturesque Beauty, etc.; Life of Bernard Gilpin; of Latimer; of Wyckliffe; of Cranmer; Lives of the Reformers, 2 vols.; Lectures on the Catechism of the Church of England; Exposition of the New Testament, 2 vols.; Sermons to a Country Congregation, 4 vols.; Dialogues on the Amusements of the Clergy.

"Gilpin has described, in several justly esteemed Tours, the picturesque beauties

of Great Britain. All his volumes are accompanied by engravings in aquatint, executed by himself with the taste and feelings of a painter. He has in some measure created a new kind of tour, which has found bad imitators everywhere. All his works abound with ingenious reflections, proper to enrich the theory of the arts and to guide the practice of them."- Biog. Universelle.

REV. GILBERT WHITE, 1720-1793, was a native and a resident of Selborne, which he has made famous by his writings. He wrote a Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, which has been published in a great variety of forins, and is considered a model of its kind.

ARTHUR YOUNG, 1741-1820, "left behind him a name, so far as the rural economy of Great Britain is concerned, inferior to that of no man in the kingdom."

Young wrote exclusively on agricultural subjects, but in a popular way that made him entertaining for ordinary reading. The following are a few of his many publications: The Farmer's Letters to the People of England; The Farmer's Letters to the Landlords of Great Britain; A Six Week's Tour through the Southern Counties of England and Wales; A Six Month's Tour to the North of England, Rural Economy, etc., etc.

"The works of Arthur Young did incomparably more than those of any other individual to introduce a taste for agriculture and to diffuse a knowledge of the art in this and other countries. They are written in an animated, forcible, pure English style, and are at once highly entertaining and instructive. Though sometimes rash and prejudiced, his statements or inferences may in general be depended upon. His activity, perseverance, and devotedness to agriculture were unequalled. His Tours, especially those in Ireland and in France, which are both excellent, are most valuable publications." McCulloch: Lit. of Polit. Econ.

Orme.

ROBERT ORME, 1728-1801, acquired celebrity as historiographer to the British East India Company.

Orme was the son of an English physician in the service of the East India Company. He was educated at Harrow, and then returned to India and took a conspicuous part in the administration of the Company's affairs. It was by his influence that Clive was placed in military command, and thereby the foundation laid for British empire throughout the peninsula.

Orme returned to England in 1758, and was appointed historiographer to the Company. In this position he published a number of historical works, the most impor tant of which are: History of the Military Transactions of the British in Hindostan, and Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, etc. These works are very minute in details, and carefully prepared; but the narrative proceeds so slowly that the reader's patience is wearied. It is to Orme that we owe the best account of Clive's appearance on the scene of action, the cruelties of Surajah Dowlah, and the unparalleled growth of the British power, that now seems like a dream.

JAMES FORBES, 1749-1819, a native of London, was employed for many years in India, in the civil service of the East India Company.

On his return to England, Forbes published a work of great research and beauty, on the manners and customs of the East: Oriental Memoirs, a Narrative of Seventeen Years' Residence in India, embellished with ninety-five fine engravings, 4 vols., 4to. He published also Reflections on the Character of the Hindoos; Letters from France, etc. Mr. Forbes compiled the work first named from his original materials of 150 vols., folio. "The drawings and collections of Mr. Forbes seem almost to exceed the power of human industry and perseverance, and this literary monument to his name may fairly be considered the essence of his extraordinary researches."— London Lit. Gazette.

GEORGE FOSTER, 1792, was a traveller and an employee in the civil service of the East India Company. He published A Journey from Bengal to England, 2 vols., 4to; Sketches of the Mythology and Customs of the Hindoos.

JONAS HANWAY, 1712-1786, was a native of Portsmouth. He lived some years in Russia, where he was engaged in mercantile business. On his return to England, he published a book of travels, called An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian, etc., etc., 4 vols., 4to. A few years later, he published A Journal of Eight Days' Journey from Portsmouth to Kingston-upon-Thames, etc. Johnson says: "Jonas acquired some reputation by travelling abroad, but lost it all by travelling at home."

GEORGE VANCOUVER, 1750-1798, was one of England's great naval explorers. He served with Cook on the second and third voyage of the latter, and was appointed to an independent command, for the purpose of exploration, in 1791. The fruit of his expedition was A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific and a Voyage Round the World, 3 vols., 4to.

THOMAS PENNANT, 1726-1798, educated at Oxford, was an extensive traveller in his day, and published a great number of books of travel and treatises on subjects of natural philosophy. His History of Quadrupeds and Arctic Zoology were highly commended by Cuvier. His Three Tours in Scotland and Tours in Wales abound in interesting details of topography and pleasant bits of description. His Welsh travels contain some curious information about the bards of that country.

HON. HENRY CAVENDISH, 1730-1810, an English gentleman of great wealth, and grandson of the Duke of Devonshire, lived a secluded life, devoting himself to the prosecution of chemical sciences. He made many valuable experiments and discoveries, which were published in the Philosophical Transactions.

JOHN ABERCROMBIE, 1726-1806, a Scotchman, wrote fourteen works on Horticulture, the most important of which was The Universal Gardener and Botanist.

THOMAS BEDDOES, M. D., 1760-1808, noted chiefly as a chemist and physician, was a man of great versatility, and, in addition to his scientific publications, wrote several of a popular character, on education, politics, and political economy. Some of these are: History of Isaac Jenkins, a Moral Fiction; Observations on the Nature of Demonstrative Evidence; A Word in Defence of the Bill of Rights; An Essay on the Public Merits of Mr. Pitt. Dr. Beddoes married a sister of Maria Edgeworth.

JOHN MOORE, M. D., 1730-1802, a native of Stirling, Scotland, was educated at the University of Glasgow. He studied medicine in London and Paris, practised for some

time in Glasgow, and afterwards spent much of his time on the continent. He was the father of the celebrated military hero, Sir John Moore. He was a man of letters, and wrote several works of merit: A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, Germany, 2 vols., 8vo; A View of Society and Manners in Italy, 2 vols., 8vo; A View of the Causes and Progress of the French Revolution, 2 vols., 8vo; Journal of a Residence in France, 2 vols., 8vo; Medical Sketches, 4to; and Zelucco, Edward, and Mordaunt, Novels.

WILLIAM HUTTON, 1723-1815, a bookseller of Birmingham, was the author of a number of works, principally sketches of journeys in England. One of them, A Trip to Coatham, was written by Hutton in his eighty-sixth year. His works are interesting and valuable for the vast amount of topographical details that they contain.

Beloe.

REV. WILLIAM BELOE, 1756-1817, a pupil of Dr. Parr's, was for a long time connected with the literature and the literary men of England.

Beloe was one of the librarians of the British Museum. His two best and best known works are his Translation of Herodotus, and his Anecdotes of Literature and Scarce Books. Besides these, he published Translations of Aulus Gellius, Alciphron's Epistles, Rape of Helen, and Arabian Nights (from the French); Miscellanies, 3 vols.; Poems and Translations. He was one of the writers of the Biographical Dictionary, 15 vols. He contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine, and was for many years editor of the British Critic. After his death appeared his autobiography, The Sexagenarian, or Memoirs of a Literary Life, containing amusing anecdotes, but censured for the freedom of its remarks. "These volumes, for presumption, misstatement, and malignity, have rarely been exceeded, or even equalled."— Lowndes.

JOSEPH TOWERS, LL. D., 1737-1799, born in Southwark, was a printer, then a bookseller, and finally a Unitarian preacher. He published British Biography, 10 vols., 8vo; Memoirs of Frederick the Great, 2 vols., 8vo; The Genuine Doctrines of Christianity; Vindication of the Political Opinions of Locke; Tracts on Political and Other Subjects, 3 vols., Svo.

ROBERT BISSET, 1759-1805, a Scotch schoolmaster and author, is chiefly known by his History of the Reign of George III., which served as a continuation of the History of England by Hume and Smollett.

Forty years ago, before the recent revolutions in historical writing, Hume, Smollett, and Bisset were printed together in consecutive volumes, as forming a connected history of England, and were, in the United States at least, the accepted and universal authority on that subject. Bisset's other works were Life of Edmund Burke; Douglas, a novel; Modern Literature, a novel.

AARON ARROWSMITH, 1750-1823, is extensively known by his geographical works. He was for a long time the principal authority on geographical matters, and was noted for the accuracy of the explanatory letter-press as well as for the clearness and beauty of his maps. Of the latter he published more than one hundred and thirty.