ALEXANDER ADAM, LL. D., 1741-1809, was Rector of the Edinburgh High-School. His Roman Antiquities and his Latin Grammar, though now superseded, were for a long time the leading text-books on those subjects in the United States as well as in Scotland. He was also the author of a work on Ancient Geography, and of a Summary of Geography and History.

WILLIAM ENFIELD. LL. D., 1741-1797, a Unitarian minister, was an author of considerable celebrity.

Enfield assisted Dr. Aikin in the General Biography, and wrote a large part of the Lives in the first volume of that work. He wrote The Preacher's Directory, containing an arrangement of topics and texts; and published The English Preacher, a collection of short sermons from various authors, 9 vols., 12mo. He prepared several school-books which had not gone entirely into disuse when the writer of this paragraph was a boy: Enfield's Speaker, a collection of pieces in prose and verse; Elocution; Natural Philosophy. He also published Sermons, Prayers, and a Selection of Hymns. But his chief work was a History of Philosophy, 2 vols., 4to, being a translation and abridgment of Brucker's Historia Crítica Philosophiæ, 6 vols., 4to.

JOHN BERKENHOUT, 1730-1791, was an English physician of Dutch origin, who, to numerous other avocations, gave considerable time to authorship. Besides several works of a scientific character, he published Biographia Literaria, a biographical history of literature, containing the lives of authors, English, Scotch, and Irish. It was intended to be in 3 vols., but only one volume appeared, running from the beginning of the fifth century to the end of the sixteenth.

GEORGE ELLIS, 1745-1815, did a good service to the cause of letters by his publication of Specimens of the Early English Poets, 3 vols., 1790; and his Specimens of Early English Romance in Metre, 3 vols., 1805.

Gough the Antiquarian.

RICHARD GOUGH, 1735-1809, has been termed "The Camden of the 18th Century." He was indeed the prince of antiquarians of the age in which he lived.

Gough was a native of London, and a graduate of Cambridge, and having an ample fortune he devoted his time and much of his money to the prosecution of antiquarian research. The following are his chief publications: Sepulchral Monuments in Great Britain, applied to illustrate the history of families, manners, habits, and arts, at different periods, from the Norman Conquest to the 17th century, 3 vols., fol., bound in 5; Anecdotes of British Topography, 2 vols., 4to; Account of the Bedford Missal, 4to. "While the greater number of his associates might have been emulous of distinguishing themselves in the gayeties of the table or the chase, it was the peculiar feeling and master-passion of young Gough's mind to be constantly looking upon every artificial object without as food for meditation and record. The mouldering turret and the crumbling arch, the moss-covered stone and the obliterated inscription, served to excite, in his mind, the most ardent sensations, and to kindle that fire of antiquarian research, which afterwards never knew decay; which burnt with undiminished lustre at the close of his existence, and which prompted him, when in the full enjoyment of his bodily faculties, to explore long desolated castles and mansions, to tread long-neglected by-ways, and to snatch from impending oblivion many a precious relic,

and many a venerable ancestry. He is the Camden of modern times. He spared no labor, no toil, no expense, to obtain the best information; and to give it publicity, when obtained, in a manner the most liberal and effective." -Dibdin.

FRANCIS GROSE, 1731-1791, an antiquary of distinction, spent much time in travelling through Great Britain, sketching various objects and collecting materials for their history. The following are his principal works: Antiquities of England and Wales, 4 vols., 4to; Antiquities of Scotland, 2 vols., 8vo; Antiquities of Ireland, 2 vols., 8vo; Treatise on Ancient Armor, 4to; Military Antiquity of the English Army, 2 vols., 4to; Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue; A Provincial Glossary, etc., etc. He was also one of the conductors of the Antiquarian Repertory, 4 vols., 4to.

THOMAS MAURICE, 1764–1821, a clergyman of the Church of England, and Assistant Librarian in the British Museum, published several historical and antiquarian works of great value: Indian Antiquities, 7 vols., 8vo; History of Hindostan, 2 vols., 4to; Poems, Tragedies, etc.

SAMUEL PEGGE, LL. D., 1701-1796, a learned antiquary and a dignitary of the English Church, published several works that throw light upon the growth of English letters: Dissertations on some Elegant and very Valuable Anglo-Saxon Remains; An Assemblage of Coins fabricated by authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury; Anonymiana, or Ten Centuries of Observations on Various Authors and Subjects; Curialia Miscellanea, or Anecdotes of Old Times; The Life of Robert Grosseteste, etc.-SAMUEL PEGGE, JR., 1731-1800, was son of the preceding, and, like his father, an antiquarian. He was the author of the following works: Curialia, or an Historical Account of some Branches of the Royal Household; Anecdotes of the English Language, chiefly regarding the local dialect of London and its environs.

JOSEPH STRUTT, 1742-1802, was a well-known English engraver and antiquarian.

Strutt's contributions to English archæology are: The Legal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of England, Horda Angel-Cynnan (a Complete View of the Manners, Customs, Arms, Habits, etc., of the People of England), two volumes of the Chronicles of England (down to the Norman Conquest), a Biographical Dictionary of Engravers, and Glig-Gamena Angel-Leod, or The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England. All these works are profusely and handsomely illustrated by Strutt himself, Besides these graver works, Strutt is the author of several tales and romances, one of which, Queenhoo Hall, had the honor of being completed and published by Scott after the author's death. It is scarcely necessary to add that Strutt's works are of the greatest value to the lover of English antiquities.

SAMUEL AYSCOUGH, 1745-1801, was for twenty years assistant librarian in the British Museum. In connection with Mr. Harper and Dr. Maty, he prepared the Catalogue of printed books in the Museum, 2 vols., folio, 1787, each of the collaborators contributing about one-third. He also prepared a Copious Index to the Remarkable Passages and Words in Stockdale's edition of Shakespeare, in 1784. He made indexes likewise to the Monthly Review, The British Critic, and the first 56 vols. of The Gentleman's Magazine. "His labors in literature were of the most useful cast, and manifested a patience and assiduity seldom to be met with; and his laborious exertions in the vast and invaluable library of the British Museum form a striking instance of his zeal and indefatigable attention."-Chalmers.

THOMAS ASTLE, 1734-1803, was a distinguished antiquary, and Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London. By appointment of the House of Lords, 1770, he superintended the printing of the Ancient Records of Parliament, in 6 folio volumes. He was an active member of the Society of Antiquaries, and contributed numerous papers to the Archæologia. His greatest work is his Origin and Progress of Writing, 1784. "This work will fully establish Mr. Astle's literary fame, and will transmit his name with lustre to posterity." — Gentleman's Magazine.

JOHN FERRIAR, M. D., 1764-1815, was a man of literary taste and culture, and something of an antiquary.

Ferriar was a resident of Manchester, and Physician to the Infirmary at that place. Works: The Prince of Angola, a Tragedy; Medical Histories and Reflections, 3 vols., 8vo; Illustrations of Sterne, showing that Sterne pillaged largely from Burton, Hale, and the old French novelists; Foxglove; Biblomania, etc. "If we look closely into the style of composition which Sterne thought proper to adopt, we find a sure guide in the ingenious Dr. Ferriar, who, with the most scrupulous patience, has traced our author through the hidden sources whence he borrowed most of his striking and peculiar expressions."-Sir Walter Scott.

IV. THEOLOGICAL WRITERS.

The Wesleys.

John Wesley, 1703-1791, and Charles Wesley, 17081788, are distinguished as the founders of Methodism, the greatest religious movement since the Reformation.

These great and good men were sons of the Rev. Samuel Wesley. They were born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, where their father was rector. Like the other members of the family, they were educated at Oxford; both also entered the ministry of the Church of England. John was elected Fellow of Lincoln College, and was appointed Greek Lecturer. The two brothers, with fourteen others, members of the University, moved by a consideration of the low state of religion in the University, formed an association for the promotion of greater personal holiness, and received from the other students various nicknames, such as The Holy Club, The God Club, The Bible Bigots, The Methodists, etc. The term last named, thus given in derision, has adhered permanently to them and their followers.

When General Oglethorpe went to America, in 1735, to found his new colony of Georgia, John and Charles Wesley accompanied him. They travelled a good deal through the colonies, preaching in different places, and returned to England, Charles in 1737, and John in 1738.

In their subsequent labors in England and elsewhere, the work of organization and managemont fell upon John, whose talents for administration have rarely been

Y

equalled. Charles was a zealous and efficient preacher, but is especially noted as a hymnist.

Wesleyan Hymnody.—A vein of poetry and music seems to have run through all the members of this remarkable family. The father, Samuel, wrote several vol. umes of poetry on religious subjects. Even John, in the midst of his overwhelming cares and labors, wrote many hymns, some of them excellent. Samuel, another brother, published a volume of poems. Samuel and Charles, in the next generation, sons of the hymnist, were famous as musical composers. But in Charles, the associate of John in the great work of founding Methodism, this kind of faculty was developed to an extraordinary degree, and he turned it to excellent account in the work in which they were both engaged. The Hymns of Charles Wesley were a great help to John in giving form and expression to the new religious movement. No man has written so many hymns as Charles Wesley, and no one has written so many that have obtained general acceptance. As a literary monument, they are worthy to be placed beside the other great productions of genius.

John Wesley lived to his eighty-eighth year, and continued his life of incessant ministerial labors to the last,-travelling, preaching, and writing. It is said that during his ministry of fifty-three years, he travelled 225,000 miles, a great part of it on horseback, and preached more than 40,000 sermons. His printed works, as published immediately after his death, filled 32 vols., 8vo. A later edition, revised and condensed, is in 14 vols., 8vo. It is impossible, in a work like the present, to particularize in regard to this great man. He wrote, as occasion required, on almost every topic growing out of the exigencies of a new religious community, -expository, hortatory, controversial, and although no one work of his stands out as a special monument of genius, few men have left upon the minds of their race so strong and abid. ing an impression of their own individuality.

Some further details in regard to the Hymns of Charles and John Wesley are given in the Chapter on English Hymnody.

SAMUEL WESLEY, SEN., 1664-1735, father of John and Charles, was a clergyman of the English Church, rector of Epworth, Lincolnshire.

Wesley was educated at Oxford, and was a man of learning, poetically inclined, and the author of several works: The Life of our Blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, an Heroic Poem; The History of the Old and New Testament Attempted in Verse; Marlborough, or The Fate of Europe, a Poem; Elegies on Queen Mary and Archbishop Tillotson; Maggots, or Poems on Several Subjects never before handled; Defence of a Letter concerning the Education of Dissenters; Dissertations and Conjectures on the Book of Job, folio. "Poor Job! it was his eternal fate to be persecuted by his friends. His three comforters passed sentence of condemnation upon him, and he has been executing in effigy ever since. He was first bound to the stake by a long catena of Greek Fathers; then tortured by Pineda; then strangled by Caryl; and afterwards cut up by Wesley, and anatomized by Garnet. Pray don't reckon me amongst his hangmen." Warburton.

SAMUEL WESLEY, JUN., 1690-1739, son of the preceding, and brother of John and Charles, was educated at Oxford, took orders in the church, and was for many years Head-Master of Tiverton School, Devonshire.

Like most of the Wesleys, he had a bent towards poetry. He published a quarto volume of Poems.

Whitefield.

George Whitefield, 1714-1770, was the founder of the Calvinistic branch of the Methodists, and was the greatest preacher of his day, if not the greatest uninspired preacher of all time.

Whitefield was born at Gloucester, and educated at Oxford. He was ordained in 1736; and embarked for Georgia in 1737; returned to England in 1738; and began preaching in the open air in 1739.

The accounts given of the effects of Whitefield's eloquence border on the marvellous, and would be set down to credulity, were they not authenticated by so many and such unimpeachable witnesses. That these effects were in a great measure the fruits of mere oratory,—of voice, tone, and gesture,-is evident from the fact that his published sermons are decidedly commonplace, giving the reader no idea of unusual power or eloquence.

Whitefield's Works and Life have been published in 7 vols., 8vo. The contents consist of Letters, Journals, and Sermons. Whitefield preached extensively in America, and died here, at Newburyport, Mass. For over thirty years he was engaged with most extraordinary activity in public ministrations, chiefly itinerant. When his health began to fail, he put himself on what he called "short allowance," that is, preaching only once every week-day and three times on Sunday. In the course of his ministry, it is said, he crossed the Atlantic seven times, and preached 18,000 sermons.

"There are extant seventy-five of the sermons by which Whitefield agitated nations, and the more remote influence of which is still distinctly to be traced in the popular divinity and the national character of Great Britain and of the United States. Deficient in learning, meagre in thought, and redundant in language as are these discourses, they yet fulfil the one great condition of genuine eloquence. They propa gate their own kindly warmth, and leave their stings behind them."- Sir James Stephen in the Edinburgh Review.

As an evidence of the persuasive power of Whitefield's eloquence, the following instance is related by Franklin. Whitefield had much

at heart the establishment of an Orphan House in Savannah.

"I did not disapprove of the design; but, as Georgia was then destitute of materials and workmen, and it was proposed to send them from Philadelphia at a great expense, I thought it would have been better to have built the House at Philadelphia and brought the children to it. This I advised; but he was resolute in his first project, rejected my counsel, and I, therefore, refused to contribute. I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of which I perceived he intended to finish with a collection, and I silently resolved he should get nothing from me. I had in my pocket a handful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles in gold. As he proceeded, I began to soften, and concluded to give the copper. Another stroke of his oratory made me ashamed of that, and determined me to give the silver; and he finished so admirably that I emptied my pocket wholly into the collector's