ward Ho! or Sir Amyas Leigh, in 1855; Two Years Ago, 1857; The Heroes, or Greek Fairy Tales for my Children; Hereward, the Last of the Saxons.

Besides these, his principal works, Mr. Kingsley has published several volumes of Sermons and several Lectures on historical and social subjects, and, very recently, At Last, or Sketches of Travel in the West Indies. His Poems were first published in a collected form in 1856. Prominent among them may be mentioned the ballad of The Three Fishers, and The Sands of Dee.

Discussing, as he does, the gravest problems of Church and State in a liberal, not to say radical, spirit, Mr. Kingsley has been subjected to severe and oftentimes unjust criticism. Blackwood's Magazine, in particular, has been very severe in its strictures.

Character. Mr. Kingsley is no doubt far from being an exact historical writer. Now and then, in his works of fiction, he is guilty of anachronism in his characterizations, although not in his incidents. Even his professedly historical Lectures are tinged too much with the spirit and style of fiction. But, with all his defects, his great merits as a writer and thinker are beyond question. His characters, even when not perfectly historical, are still perfectly human-creatures of flesh and blood and brains. His style is vigorous in the extreme, pointed without being strained, elegant in the selection of words, and abounding in passages of the rarest beauty. His poetical pieces have the merit of uniting depth and intensity of feeling with perfect simplicity of language, while their imagery is suggestive rather than descriptive.

HENRY KINGSLEY, 1830

brother of Charles Kingsley, is a rising novelist of the day. His principal works, so far, are The Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn, Ravenshoe, Austin Elliot, The Hillyars and the Burtons, Leighton Court, Silcote of Silcotes.

Thomas Hughes.

Thomas Hughes, M. P., 1823, better known in America, as in England, by his pseudonym of Tom Brown, is the author of several popular works.

The works by which chiefly Mr. Hughes acquired celebrity are: Tom Brown's School-Days, describing life at Rugby under the administration of Arnold, and Tom Brown at Oxford, describing life at the University.

Personal History.—Thomas Hughes was born at Donnington Priory, in Berk. shire, and educated at Rugby and Oxford. He passed through Oxford in the very height of that extraordinary intellectual ferment which, beginning with the Tractarians, ended in supplying English Catholicism on the one hand, and English Radicalism on the other, with their most active and efficient recruits. Thomas Hughes had gone to Oxford from Rugby, where his warm, loving, and earnest nature had been deeply and permanently affected by the influence of Dr. Arnold. His College of Oriel was, of all the Oxford colleges, the most profoundly stirred by the Tractarian movement; and although Mr. Hughes is not to be classed with the thinkers and theologians upon whom and through whom that movement produced its most memorable effects, it nevertheless modified and gave tone to his subsequent career.

Career at College, — He was more conspicuous at college for his manliness of character than for his scholarship. The athletic sports which he has described so well in his stories of school and University life found in him a most ardent practical disciple. Perhaps his first appearance as an author was in the pages of a University publication called "Weeds from the Isis," in which he printed a lively and picturesque

poetical account of a great University boat-race. Doubtless he then little dreamed that twenty years afterwards he would be called by American voices to preside as umpire over a similar contest between the crews of an English and an American University. Subsequent Career. — On leaving Oxford, Mr. Hughes began the study of the law, under the guidance of an eminent lawyer who died but recently, full of years and of honors, as Chief Baron Pollock of the Exchequer. He took, however, quite as deep an interest in the great social questions which had begun a quarter of a century ago to agitate England, as in his legal researches. He attached himself to the group of active and earnest young men who made Frederic Dennison Maurice their central guide and teacher; and with the two Lushingtons, Mr. Malcolm Ludlow, Charles `Kingsley, Llewellyn Davies, and Lord Goderich, now the Marquis of Ripon, he soon became well known as a hard-working believer in the possibility of saving English society by elevating the lower classes of England. From the foundation of the "Working Men's College," in London, Mr. Hughes gave himself without stint to its service. The elevation and manliness of his nature early won for him not only the confidence but the frank admiration of his associates. He sat, unconsciously enough, to Charles Kingsley for the character of Sir Amyas Leigh in the charming romance of "Westward Ho!" In the promise of his early manhood he married Miss Fanny Ford of Devonshire, a niece of Richard Ford, the cynical but clever author of the famous "Handbook of Spain," and established himself in a delightful little homestead at Wimbledon, in Surrey, which he has long since exchanged for a London house in Park Street, Grosvenor Square. He has had little success in Parliament, though a hard and honest worker on committees. He is not facile enough and not diplomatic enough for a successful politician. In 1870 Mr. Hughes visited America, and had a most cordial reception.

His Authorship. It was in 1857 that Mr. Hughes first became known as an author, or indeed widely known at all. His account of "Tom Brown's School-Days at Rugby," which was to a very considerable degree autobiographical, took immediate hold upon the public heart. Its success was a triumph of character quite as much as of ability. The style had the literary charms, indeed, of directness, strength, and simplicity; but its supreme charm lay in its transparent veracity. Tom Brown at Oxford, which followed, was of the same general character, though less fresh and forcible.

Mr. Lever is a native of Ireland. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and afterwards studied medicine on the continent. For a number of years, he was a successful practitioner, but after 1842 he devoted himself exclusively to letters. Lever's principal works are Harry Lorrequer, Charles O'Malley, Jack Hinton, Tom Burke, Maurice Tiernay, and Kate O'Donoghue.

As a delineator of the droll side of Irish life and character, and of army life in general, Lever is unequalled. The plot of his novels is usually weak, and the professed heroines are tame and conventional. But the other characters are all highly marked, and reveal a wealth of humor and fun that borders on the incredible. They are all excellent, and some of them, like Mickey Free and Major Monsoon, may be safely classed among the greatest literary creations. Lever's later works are not so good as his early ones, because they treat of the same general themes, and are consequently lacking in freshness. There is a charm, a fascination, about such books as Harry Lorrequer, Charles O'Malley, and Jack Hinton, that captivates the young imagination,

and does not lose its power even in after-life. Of all care-dispelling, mirth-provoking books, Charles O'Malley is the most genial. It is one carnival of wit, humor, and revelry from end to end, with just enough of the shady side of life to temper the merriment, and prevent it from becoming monotonous, as is the case in "Verdant Green."

It may be added, in conclusion, that Lever has long been editor of the Dublin University Magazine, and has also published many contributions in Blackwood's Magazine.

Lover.

SAMUEL LOVER, 1797–1868, a native of Dublin, was the author of a number of sketches, songs, and novels of Irish life.

The best known of Lover's novels are Rory O'Moore, Handy Andy, and Treasure Trove. The Angels' Whisper, Rory O'Moore, and Molly Bawn are the most admired of his songs.

For a number of years Mr. Lover delivered in Great Britain and the United States a course of Irish Evenings, or entertainments in which he told his own stories, and sang his own songs to his own music. The broad, blundering fun of Handy Andy has been welcomed everywhere. But Mr. Lover cannot compare with his great rival, Charles Lever. The latter has infinitely more play and delicacy of feeling, and a wider range of character, as well as keener insight. Mr. Lover's books are simply funny.

Warren.

SAMUEL WARREN. L L. D., 1807

is prominent both as a novelist, and as a writer on law. He is one of the few who have succeeded in reconciling the lighter muse with the proverbially “jealous mistress."

Mr. Warren studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but soon turned aside to the profession of the law. He has held various legal offices, and he sat in Parliament for two terms. For a number of years he was Recorder of Hull. In 1859 he was appointed Master în Lunacy.

His legal treatises have all been highly recommended by the best authorities. The principal are: Popular and Practical Introduction to Law Studies; Select Extracts from Blackstone's Commentaries; The Moral, Social, and Professional Duties of Attorneys; and Blackstone's Commentaries systematically abridged and adapted to the Existing State of the Law.

But Mr. Warren is far better known as a novelist than as a writer of legal treatises. His earliest work, Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician, a collection of sketches, first appeared in Blackwood's Magazine, and attracted general attention. So intense was the air of reality about these sketches that one of Mr. Warren's critics found fault with them as a betrayal of professional confidence. His next-and also his best work was Ten Thousand a Year, which likewise appeared in Blackwood as a serial. This novel has its faults, and grave ones; it is too long, and, being written in the interests of the Conservative party, betrays too palpably its tendency. But with all its defects, it is a delightfully fascinating book, and some of its characters have already passed into the permanent gallery of great English creations. Tittlebat Titmouse and Oily Gammon stand on an equal footing with Oliver Twist and Uriah Heep. Warren's other works, Now and Then, and the allegorical poem of The Lily and the Bee, are decidedly inferior.

G. P. R. James.

GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFORD JAMES, 1800-1860, was the most voluminous novelist of his day.

Mr. James was a native of London. While still very young he attracted the attention of Washington Irving, who encouraged him in his attempts at authorship, In 1822 appeared his first work, Edward the Black Prince; in 1829, Richelieu, which had first received in manuscript the approving verdict of Sir Walter Scott. From this time on, Mr. James was the producer of an almost interminable series of historical novels, amounting to one hundred and eighty-nine volumes. He is a pleasing writer, and very popular; but his works have a monotony of plot, character, and description, that render them tiresome to the critical reader. Any one of them is almost the precise counterpart of all the others. Mr. James cannot be said to have added any new creation to the world of imagination.

Wilkie Collins.

WILLIAM WILKIE COLLINS, 1824 —, is a distinguished novelist, and the son of William Collins the landscape painter.

The first publication of Wilkie Collins was a Life of his father, in 1848. Since that time he has written Rambles beyond Railways; Antonina, or the Fall of Rome; Basil; Mr. Wray's Cash-Box; Hide and Seek; After Dark; The Dead Secret; Armadale; The Moonstone; No Name; Queen of Hearts; Woman in White; Man and Wife, etc.

"Mr. Wilkie Collins has justified the expectations that were formed of him on the appearance of his first acknowledged romance, Antonina. Since then he has gone on steadily improving, each work making progress on the preceding one. In his earlier works he delighted in the morbid anatomy and painful delineation of monstrous growths, of miscalled human nature. As his mind has matured and mellowed, it has become healthier. Mr. Collins has the faculty of invention well under control; and he keeps clear of extravagance, either in style or sentiment."-London Athenæum.

Other Novelists.

There are, in this period, many other writers of fiction, who are authors of no little mark. A few of them only can be mentioned.

WILLIAM HARRISON AINSWORTH, 1805 — has attained some celebrity as a novelist. "Jack Sheppard," and other tales of the same kind, making heroes of the lowest class of criminals, gave the author for a time a most unenviable reputation. His later stories, such as The Tower of London, Old St. Paul's, Windsor Castle, and St. James's Palace, are in a better vein.

THOMAS COLLEY GRATTAN, 1796-1864, a popular Irish novelist, was born in Dublin. He spent some time on the continent, of which many traces appear in his works, and he was British consul at Boston, U. S., from 1839 to 1853. The following are his principal publications: Highways and Byways, or Tales of the Roadside, picked up in the French provinces by a walking gentleman; Traits of Travel; Men and Cities, or Tales of Travel; Legends of the Rhine; Philibert, a poetical romance; The Heiress of Bruges; Jacqueline of Holland; Agnes de Mansfelt; The Master Passion; History of the Netherlands; History of Switzerland, etc.

WILLIAM CARLETON, 1798-1869, was a native of Ireland and a writer of Irish tales. Works: Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry; Fardorougha, the Miser; The Fawn of Spring Vale; The Clarionet; Valentine McClutchy; Willey Reilley. "Mr. Carleton has caught most accurately the lights and shadows of Irish life. His tales are full of vigorous, picturesque description and genuine pathos."- Lon. Quar. Review.

LEITCH RITCHIE, 1800-1866, was born at Greenock, Scotland. He began life as a banker's clerk, but after sundry experiments settled down in the profession of letters in London. He wrote a large number of works, chiefly novels, tales, and sketches, and contributed to or edited a great many more. Although he did not rise to the level of the great novelists, his tales had decided merit, and were always in good demand. The following are some of his best known works: Head Pieces and Tail Pieces; London Night Entertainments; Romance of History; Ireland, Picturesque and Romantic; The Game of Life, a Novel; The Magician, a Romance; History and Description of Versailles; Pedestrian Ramble along the Wye; British World in the East, etc.

ROBERT FOLKESTONE WILLIAMS,

Professor of History in the Cavalry College, England, has written a large number of historical as well as some poetical and fictitious works. Among the latter may be nained Mephistopheles in England; Eureka, a Prophecy of the Future; Maids of Honor; Strawberry Hill, an Historical Novel; The Luttrells; Jack Scudamore's Daughter; Rhymes and Rhapsodies. Also three Shakespearian novels: The Youth of Shakespeare, Shakespeare and his Friends, and The Secret Passion. Of historical works the following may be named: Court and Times of James I., 2 vols.; Court and Times of Charles I., 2 vols.; Memoirs of Sophia Dorothea, Consort of George I., 2 vols.; Domestic Memoirs of the Royal Family and of the Court of England, 3 vols., 8vo; Lives of the Princes of Wales; Lives of the English Cardinals, 2 vols.; Life of Bishop Atterbury, 2 vols.

ELIOT B. G. WARBURTON, 1810–1852, was born in Ireland, and educated at Cambridge. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. He had landed estates in Ireland, whose oversight engaged some portion of his time, and the rest was given to society, books, and travel. He was lost in a steamer destroyed by fire on the passage to the West Indies. He published The Crescent and the Cross, or Romance and Realities of Eastern Travel; Memoirs of Prince Rupert; Reginald Hastings; Darien, or The Merchant Prince. Major GEORGE WARBURTON, d. 1837, brother of the preceding, was for some time a resident of Canada, and afterwards Member of Parliament. He wrote Hochelaga, or England in the New World; The Conquest of Canada; A Memoir of Charles Mordaunt.

FRANCIS E. SMEDLEY, 1815-1864, wrote popular novels, comic ballads, and so forth, mostly under the name of Frank Farleigh. He edited also, for a time, Cruikshank's Magazine, and Sharpe's London Magazine. Gathered Leaves, a Collection of his Poetical Works, with a Memoir by Edmund Yates, appeared after his death. His novels were: Frank Farleigh, Lewis Arundel, Fortunes of the Colville Family, Harry Cover dale's Courtship, etc.

Jane Porter.

MISS JANE PORTER, 1776-1850, the daughter of a surgeon in the English army, was the author of many works, some of which have made her name famous.

Miss Porter's chief works are: Thaddeus of Warsaw, The Scottish Chiefs, and Sir Edward Seaward. This last was published as an authentic account of Sir Edward's