JOHN RAMSEY MACCULLOCH, 1789-1864, a native of Scotland, contributed to the daily press and to the reviews a great number of articles upon politico-economical subjects.

MacCulloch's principal works are: The Principles of Political Economy; a Dictionary of Commerce and Commercial Navigation; and a Dictionary, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical. He also edited Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, and Ricardo's Works. He was a bold, uncompromising advocate of free-trade, and aided materially in the introduction of that system into England.

SIR TRAVERS TWISS, D. C. L., 1818, a distinguished writer on political economy and international law, was born in Westminster, and graduated at Oxford, with high honors, in 1830. He has held successively a number of important posts: Professor of Political Economy at Oxford, 1842-47; Professor of International Law in King's College, London, 1852-55; Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University of Oxford, 1855; Advocate-General, 1867, etc. Besides epitomizing Niebuhr's History of Rome, and giving a critical edition of Livy, Dr. Twiss has written: A View of the Progress of Political Economy since the Sixteenth Century; Certain Tests of a Thriving Population; The Law of Nations Considered as Independent Political Communities, 2 vols., 8vo; Letters Apostolic of Pope Pius IX., considered with Reference to the Law of England and the Law of Europe, etc.

THOMAS P. THOMPSON, 1783-1869, a distinguished English officer, was a writer on political economy. He was born at Hull, and educated at Cambridge. He served in the army in South America, Spain, and India, attaining the rank of Major-General, and was three times elected to Parliament. He was one of the proprietors of the Westminster Review, and through it and through his books advocated free-trade, the abolishment of slavery, and other projects of that kind. His chief publications are: The True Theory of Rent, in opposition to Ricardo; An Exposition of Fallacies, on the same subject as the preceding; Catechism of the Corn Laws, an arsenal from which the Anti-Corn Law League drew many of its weapons; Catechism on the Currency; Geometry without Axioms, an attempt to prove the propositions in the first book of Euclid without resorting to axioms or postulates.

Gladstone.

great equally as a

RT. HON. WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE, 1809 statesman, an author, and an orator, has risen by slow but sure degrees, through the various stages of advancement, until in 1868 he became the Prime Minister of the Crown.

Mr. Gladstone took the highest honors for scholarship in the University at the time of his graduation in 1831, and he has excelled in whatever he has undertaken since. As a parliamentary speaker, he holds a rank somewhat like that of William Pitt, in a former generation, and he is unmatched by any of his contemporaries except perhaps John Bright. His great speech on the Budget, in 1860, for clearness of statement, force of reasoning, intimate acquaintance with the intricacies of finance, and skill in making them plain to the common understanding, was certainly equal to any efforts of Pitt in his palmiest days. The London Quarterly Review, in referring to this speech, says: "We find ourselves in the enchanted regions of pure Gladstonism, — that terrible combination of relentless logic and dauntless imagination. We soar into

the empyrean of finance. Everything is on a colossal scale of grandeur, all-embracing free-trade, abysses of deficit, and mountains of income tax." He was opposed to the Crimean war in 1855, and to the Chinese war in 1857, and he has steadfastly advocated free-trade. His greatest and boldest parliamentary measure was the disestablishment of the Episcopal Church in Ireland, which, after earnest discussion and repeated reverses, was finally carried in 1869. The "London Times" calls this "the greatest and boldest act of legislation of modern times."

Like several of the other great statesmen of Great Britain of the present day, Mr. Gladstone, in the midst of his intense parliamentary labors, has found time to employ his pen on subjects of general concern. His works, though not numerous, are in the highest degree scholarly and able, and sufficient of themselves to give him rank among the great writers of the age. They are the following; The State in its Relation to the Church; Church Principles Considered in their Results; Juventus Mundi, the Gods of Men of the Heroic Age; Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age; and a great number of Addresses and Letters on public occasions.

NASSAU WILLIAM SENIOR, 1790-1864, was educated at Oxford, where he subsequently became Professor of Political Economy. He also rose to distinction at the English bar. Mr. Senior's works are chiefly on political and politico-economical subjects. Among them are treatises and lectures On Political Economy, On the Transmission of the Precious Metals, On the Rate of Wages, On Population, etc. Some of his literary efforts are well known, such as his article in the Edinburgh Review on Uncle Tom's Cabiu, his Journal of Travels in Turkey and Greece, his Biographical Sketches, and his Essays on Fiction.

RICHARD COBDEN, 1804-1865, was a prominent politician, who especially distinguished himself by his agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws, and of other legislative reforms. He published a pamphlet, England, Ireland, and America; another, Russia; How Wars are got up in India; What Next? Speeches, etc.

JOSEPH KAY, ——— ———, a Barrister-at-Law, and a graduate of Cambridge, under a travelling commission from the Senate of the University, visited various countries for the purpose of exploring the state of public education and of crime. His publications, most of which were printed in the United States, excited a good deal of discussion. The following are the chief: Education of the Poor in England and Europe; The Social Condition and Education of the People in England and Europe.

Goldwin Smith.

GOLDWIN SMITH, 1823 formerly Professor of History in the University of Oxford, has attained distinction as a writer on political and historical subjects.

Mr. Smith was educated at Eton and at Oxford. In the latter place he became tutor and Regius Professor of Modern History. He also acted as secretary to the parliamentary commission on the revision of the Oxford statutes. In 1864 he visited the United States, in 1866 resigned his professorship, and in 1868, when the Cornell University was opened, he became professor of English history in that institution.

His inaugural Lecture, delivered at Oxford after he had been appointed Regius Professor, is an admirable survey of the province of the historian. His several Lectures on History have been collected and republished in one volume, and form a very suc

cinct and vigorous statement of the claims and method of the study. Two of his most valuable monographs are the pamphlet entitled, Does the Bible Sanction Slavery, published in 1863, and the sketch of the lives of Pym, Cromwell, and Pitt, published in 1867. The former, although no longer of practical value to Americans, is still important as a mile-stone, so to speak, in the march of ideas.

In 1866 Mr. Smith delivered an address on The Civil War in America, at Manchester. The Empire, a series of letters published in the Daily News, is also from his pen. Many other sketches and essays by him now lie scattered through the columus of the journals and reviews, awaiting the collector. The article on Carlyle, in Putnam's for 1869, is also by him.

Mr. Smith is a man of great culture and attainments. His classical scholarship is of the highest order, as was shown by his taking the Chancellor's prize for Latin verse while a student at Oxford. Several of his metrical translations have been printed in Bohn's Anthology. As a writer of vigorous and elegant English prose he can be said to have scarcely a superior. His sketches of the three English statesmen will stand as a model of the historical essay. In politics Mr. Smith is a reformer, if not a radical. The ballot-box, church reform, the abolition of University tests, human freedom, have found, of late, no abler champion.

Since locating himself at Cornell University, he has delivered, in addition to his regular lectures on English history, occasional lectures on topics of the day. Two of these were on Oxford, and one was on England. They have not been published. Those who had the privilege of hearing them will readily admit their merits. The one on England, in particular, was a model of condensed description. Within the scanty limits of an hour and a half, the lecturer succeeded in conveying an easy, graphic, and full description of the England of the present in its physical and social aspects, about as it would strike the eye of the tourist of culture. The celebrated lecture in reply to Charles Sumner's speech on the rejection of Reverdy Johnson's Alabama treaty, was also delivered at Ithaca. It occasioned much ill feeling at the time, which was due largely to misunderstanding, and which has since passed away.

SIR JAMES STEPHEN, 1789-1859, was a writer of high repute on historical subjects.

Sir James studied at Oxford, and was admitted to the English bar. He occupied several high posts under Government, and from 1849 until his death was Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge. He also occupied the chair of Modern History and Political Economy at Haileybury College. He is the author of several essays in ecclesiastical biography and other subjects, first published in the Edinburgh Review, and afterwards republished in book-form in 1849. His chief work, however, is his Lectures on the History of France, published in 1851. This has been, ever since its appearance, a favorite book of students of French history. It gives the leading features and underlying principles of French history in a clear and animated form, and contains much valuable discussion of theories.

gaged in State affairs, has found the leisure, like many other prominent English statesmen, to cultivate letters.

Earl Russell is the youngest son of the Duke of Bedford. He was educated at Westminster and at the University of Edinburgh. He has been throughout his long political career a prominent and consistent champion of the Whig party. He is reported to have had the principal share in the composition of the celebrated Reform Bill of 1832; he also co-operated actively, in 1845, in the repeal of the Corn Laws. He has twice held (1846-1852 and 1865–6,) the highest position of power attainable by a subject that of prime minister, and has been honored with numerous other appointments.

As an author, Earl Russell is known chiefly by his Essay on the History of the English Constitution, which is one of the very best manuals on the subject, his Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe from the Peace of Utrecht, his Life and Times of Charles James Fox, and his Correspondence of Fox. He has published some other historical works of interest, and one or two poems and stories which have not been received favorably. Earl Russell has not imagination enough to succeed as a poet or narrator. His talent is rather that of the clear, straightforward statement of historical facts and truths. His great experience as a statesman and party leader enables him to appreciate accurately party agitations and manoeuvrings in the past.

The Earl of Derby.

EDWARD GEOFFREY SMITH STANLEY, Earl of Derby, 1799-1869, a distinguished English statesman, and leader of the Tory party, gained great distinction also in the field of authorship.

He was educated at Eton and at Oxford, and was distinguished at both places by his scholarship. Besides some minor works, he published The Iliad of Homer in English Blank Verse. Derby's Homer is considered far superior to Pope's, and cer tainly is one of the best, if not the best, ever published. Such a literary achieve. ment is the more remarkable, as it was executed amidst the cares and excitements of political life.

DAVID URQUHART, 1805, was born in Cromarty, and educated at Oxford. He was appointed in 1835 Secretary to the Turkish Embassy, and was a Member of Parliament from 1847 to 1852. He was a warm opponent of the foreign policy of Palmerston, particularly in Turkish affairs, affirming stoutly that the Turkish empire had elements of vitality; that it was capable of being brought up to the standard of other European states, and was worth the experiment. Most of his writings are on this subject: Turkey and its Resources; England, France, Russia, and Turkey; Spirit of the East, a Journal of Travel; Observations on European Turkey; The Sultan Mahmoud and Mehemet Ali Pacha; The Mystery of the Danube; Letters and Essays on Russian Aggressions; Recent Events in the East; The Occupants of the Crimea, etc. Mr. Urquhart has written also on various other topics of international con

cern.

SIR JAMES EMERSON TENNENT, 1804-1869, was born at Belfast, Ireland, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He studied law, but never practised. He entered Parliament in 1832, and continued there for twenty years. He held various important offices under the Government, one being that of Secretary to the Colonial Government of Ceylon. He published Letters from the Ægean; A History of Modern Greece, 2 vols., 8vo; A Treatise on Copyright of Designs; Belgium, 2 vols., 8vo; Wine, its Use and Taxation; Ceylon, 2 vols., 8vo; The Story of the Guns, being a recommendation of

the Whitworth over the Armstrong; The Wild Elephant, and the Method of Capturing and Taming them.

PROFESSOR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL FRASER, 1819 of note as a writer on metaphysics.

is a man

Prof. Fraser is the son of a clergyman. He was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, and was a pupil of Sir William Hamilton's. He was elected Professor of Logic in New College, in 1846; became editor of the North British Review, in 1849; and on the death of Sir William Hamilton, in 1856, succeeded that distinguished philosopher as Professor of Logic and Metaphysics in the University of Edinburgh. Prof. Fraser has published Essays in Philosophy; and Rational Philosophy in History and in System.

WILLIAM SPALDING, 1809–1859, was born in Aberdeen; educated at Marischal College; was Professor of Rhetoric in the University of Edinburgh from 1834 to 1845, and Professor of Logic, Rhetoric, and Metaphysics in the University of St. Andrew's, from 1845 to 1859. He wrote A History of English Literature, 12mo; An Introduction to Logical Science; and Italy and the Italian Islands, 3 vols., 12mo.

JAMES F. FERRIER, 1808-1864, was a son-in-law of Professor John Wilson (the Christopher North of Blackwood). Mr. Ferrier was a native of Edinburgh. He became Professor of Moral Philosophy and Political Economy in the University of St. Andrew's, in 1845. He edited the Works of Prof. John Wilson, in 12 vols. He wrote a work of great originality and power: Institutes of Metaphysics, the Theory of Knowing and Being. "This is no ordinary book. If we mistake not, its publication will mark an epoch in the history of speculation in this country."

MR. E. S. DALLAS published, in 1886, The Gay Science, 2 vols., 8vo, being an attempt to settle the first principles of criticism. It is a scholarly book, displaying extensive reading and research, and rare powers of discrimination. It is one of the most charming and original works on criticism that has yet appeared in English. The author, in his Preface, promises to follow up the work by two additional volumes, showing the application of his principles in the actual work of criticism.

Lady Eden.

LADY EMILY EDEN, 1795–1869, was an accomplished traveller and author.

Lady Eden accompanied her brother, the Earl of Auckland, to India, when he went out as Governor-General in 1835, and remained with him till his return in 1841. After her return, she published an interesting volume, Portraits of the People and Princes of India. Another volume, the fruits of her India residence, was a volume of her letters, entitled Up the Country. A few years since she published two very popular novels, The Semi-Attached Couple, and The Semi-Detached House.

CHARLES WENTWORTH DILKE, 1780-1864, was a contributor to the Westminster Review and other periodicals, and was for many years editor and proprietor of the London Athenæum. He edited Old English Plays, 6 vols.SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH DILKE, LL. D., 1810-1869, only son of the preceding, attained great eminence as a jour