Archbishop Manning.

THE MOST REV. HENRY EDWARD MANNING, D. D., 1808 who " succeeded Cardinal Wiseman as Archbishop of Westminster, has written many works, chiefly theological, which give him a high place among authors.

Archbishop Manning, son of William Manning, Esq., M. P., merchant of London, was born at Totteridge, Herts, England. He studied at Harrow, and entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated Bachelor of Arts, in first-class honors, in 1830, and became Fellow of Merton. He was for some time one of the select preachers in the University of Oxford, and was appointed Vicar of Lavington in 1834. In 1840 he was made Archdeacon of Chichester. The sermons which he delivered in these relations are noted for their earnestness of thought and beauty of expression, and possessed much influence over the minds of members of the Established Church.

Among the works published during this period of his life were The Rule of Faith; Holy Baptism; a gracefully written treatise on the Unity of the Church; Thoughts for those that Mourn; and A Letter on The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Crown in

matters Spiritual.

In 1851, after issuing a protest against the decision in the Gorham Case, resigning his preferments, he became a Catholic. He was ordained to the priesthood, and for eight years resided, as Superior of a congregation of the Oblates of St. Charles, in St. Mary of the Angels, at Bayswater. He composed Lectures on Grounds of Faith, and three small treatises on The Temporal Power of the Pope, afterwards reprinted

in one volume with a general preface.

In 1862 he wrote a little book on the sacrament of penance called The Love of Jesus to Penitents. He delivered many sermons, some of which have appeared in pamphlet form, among them one entitled The Blessed Sacrament the Centre of Immutable Truth. Several, on ecclesiastical subjects, were collected and republished with an introduc tion on The Relations of England to Christianity. He addressed two controversial letters to an Anglican friend, The Crown and Council on the Essays and Reviews, and The Convocation and the Crown in Council, and one to the Rev. Dr. Pusey on The Workings of the Holy Spirit in the Church of England. In the same year, 1864, he occupied himself with writing The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost, a work of great vigor of thought and originality of conception.

In 1865, on the death of Cardinal Wiseman, Dr. Manning was named Archbishop of Westminster. Since then he has been very conspicuous in his defence of Catholic interests and his devotion to the Holy See. He has written several Pastoral Letters to his Clergy, all of which have been remarkable for ability.

In 1869 he was called to Rome to take part in the Ecumenical Council, and before leaving home he issued a Pastoral upon The Ecumenical Council and the Infallibility of the Roman Pontiff. He was nominated by the Pope on the Committee tions, and was elected by the Fathers to represent England on the Committee on the upon PetiFaith. He was present at almost every session of the Council, and during the deliberations spoke, it is said, with great effect.

On the adjournment of the Council, in the summer of 1870, he returned to London, and addressed his clergy in an important Pastoral on The Vatican Council and its Definitions. Since then a sermon on Rome the Capital of Christendom has attracted attention, and an article in The Contemporary Review on The Relations of Will to Thought.

Of late, Archbishop Manning has been caring for the subject of Catholic education, and other matters closely related to the general well-being of his diocese.

In 1871 he published two correlated works: The Four Chief Evils of the Day, and The Fourfold Sovereignty of God, both which are mentioned in high terms of commendation.

WILLIAM GEORGE WARD, 1812 was one of the Oxford scholars concerned in the Tractarian movement, and with many others went over to the Church of Rome.

Ward had won high distinction at the University by his mathematical and classical attainments. He has been for some years Professor of Dogmatic Theology in the Catholic College of St. Edmund's, near Ware, and also Editor of the Dublin Review, which work he has conducted with signal ability. Other works: The Ideal of a Christian Church; The Anglican Establishment Contrasted with the Church Catholic of Every Age; Nature and Grace; etc.

Kenelm Digby.

KENELM HENRY DIGBY, 1800 —, a member of the Anglican Church who went over to the Church of Rome, has written a number of literary works, both before and after his conversion, which have attracted attention by their learning and by the elegant style of their composition.

Mr. Digby is the youngest son of the Very Rev. William Digby, Dean of Clonfert, Ireland, and a member of the family represented by Lord Digby. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1823. He delighted in the study of the scholastic system of theology and of the philosophy and literature of the Middle Ages, and became extensively acquainted with these subjects of his research.

Much of the result of his earlier investigations is contained in The Broad Stone of Honour, or Rules for the Gentlemen of England, in which is described, in glowing terms, the Christian chivalry of the olden time. The first two editions of it were published anonymously: afterwards, on becoming a Catholic, Digby re-wrote the work and issued it under his name. Archdeacon Hare praises it warmly as rich "in magnanimous and holy thoughts, and in tales of honour and of piety." "If one sometimes thinks," he says, "that the author loses himself amid the throng of knightly and saintly personages whom he calls up before us, it is with the feeling with which Milton must have regarded the moon, when he likened her to

'One that had been led astray

Through the heaven's wide pathless way.'

If he strays, it is 'through the heaven's wide pathless way:' if he loses himself, it is among the stars. In truth this is an essential, and a very remarkable feature of his catholic spirit. He identifies himself, as few have ever done, with the good and great and heroic and holy in former times, and ever rejoices in passing out of himself into them: he loves to utter his thoughts and feelings in their words, rather than his own; and the saints and philosophers and warriors of old join in swelling the sacred consort which rises heavenward from his pages."

From 1831 to 1842, Digby devoted himself to the composition of his great work, Mores Catholici, or Ages of Faith, a work of prodigious labor and learning, giving in glowing colors a picture of the society of medieval times. Compitum, or the Meet

ing Ways of the Catholic Church, appeared, in several volumes, between the years 1848 and 1854. In spirit and conception, it resembles the other books. More recently were printed The Lover's Seat, The Children's Bower, and the leisurely Evenings on the Thames, or Serene Hours, besides a collection of Short Poems, written with an easy, flowing, almost negligent grace of style.

Pusey.

EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, D.D., 1800 Regius Professor of Hebrew in the University of Oxford, is well known as one of the ablest and most voluminous writers in the English Church at the present day, and one of the founders of a school of theology that goes by his

name.

Dr. Pusey first came prominently before the public as the author, jointly with Newman, Keble, and others, of a series of pamphlets and volumes, begun in 1833, called Tracts for the Times. Seldom, in the history of opinion, has such an influence been produced by the force of mere discussion and argument, as that produced by the pa tient and persistent labors of these recluse and quiet scholars, in the preparation of

this series of Tracts.

In addition to his share in this work, Dr. Pusey has written a large number of other works on the same or kindred subjects. The following are a few: An Historical Inquiry into the Probable Causes of the Rationalistic Character lately Predominant in the Theology of Germany; The Tendency to Romanism Imputed to Doctrines held of old, as now, in the English Church; Scriptural Views of Holy Baptism; The Doctrine of the Real Presence as Contained in the Fathers of the Church; The Real Presence of the Body and Blood of Christ the Doctrine of the English Church; Eirenicon, or The Church of England a Portion of Christ's One Holy Catholic Church; Means of Restoring Visible Unity, etc. For one of his sermons, entitled The Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Penitent, Dr. Pusey was suspended from preaching from 1843 to 1846.

ISAAC WILLIAMS, formerly a Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and one of the writers of Tracts for the Times, besides his eminence as a theological writer, has an enviable reputation as a hymnist, and as a sacred poet.

The following are his principal works: Hymns for Children; Hymns from the Parisian Breviary; Hymns on the Church Catechism; The Cathedral, or the Catholic and Apostolic Church of England, a series of poems; Thoughts in Past Years, Poems; Sacred Verses, with Pictures, illustrating Our Lord's Life; The Altar, or Meditations in Verse on the Great Christian Sacrifice. His other writings on religious subjects are many and voluminous. Harmony and Commentary on the Whole Gospel Narrative, 8 vols., 8vo; The Baptistery, or The Way to Eternal Life, 2 vols., 8vo; Plain Sermons on the Catechism; Sermons on the Epistle and Gospel for each Sunday in the Year, 2 vols.; The Characters of the Old Testament; Female Characters of the Holy Scriptures; The Psalms Interpreted of Christ, 3 vols., etc.

F. W. Newman.

FRANCIS WILLIAM NEWMAN, 1805 —, a younger brother of John Henry Newman, instead of following in the lead of the Tracts for the Times, went rather in the direction of Essays and Reviews, and became one of the representatives of infidel opinion in England.

Mr. Newman was educated at Oxford, where he took double first in classics and mathematics, although not personally so pre-eminent as his brother. He is the author of numerous works and treatises, some on scientific, some on classical subjects, some on political economy, chiefly, however, on theological subjects. Those which have attracted most attention are: The History of the Hebrew Monarchy; The Soul-its Sorrows and Inspirations; and Phases of Faith. This last work appeared in 1850.

In 1852 there appeared The Eclipse of Faith, by Henry Rogers, in which deism is represented by an imaginary pupil of Newman's, and the substance of the deistical doctrines is taken from Phases of Faith. To this Newman replied, and Rogers rejoined in a Defence. The controversy was carried on in an acrimonious spirit, and yielded no positive results.

In addition to his controversial and argumentative writings, Newman is the author of metrical translations of the Odes of Horace and the Iliad of Homer. He has also published a Personal Narrative of his travels in Turkey, and contributed to the Eclectic and the Westminster Reviews. He has occupied the Professorship of Languages in Manchester New College and of Latin in University College, London.

Rowland Williams.

ROWLAND WILLIAMS, D. D., 1817-1870, an eminent Cambridge scholar, and a native of Wales, was one of the writers of " Essays and Reviews."

For his part in this work he was convicted of heresy before the Court of Arches, but he obtained a reversal of the sentence before the Privy Council. He wrote Rational Godliness; Christianity and Hinduism; Bunsen's Biblical Researches; The Difficulty of Bringing Theological Questions to an Issue; Persecution for the Word; The Prophets of Israel and Judah, etc.

He was educated at Oxford, where he gained high honors in classics. He became Professor of Anglo-Saxon, and in 1850 was Bampton Lecturer. He has published The Communion of Saints, an attempt to illustrate the true principles of Christian union, being his course of Bampton Lectures; and several Sermons and Pamphlets.

JOHN FREDERICK DENNISON MAURICE, 1805, studied at Cambridge. He was for a time Professor of English Literature and Modern History in King's College, London, and was recently appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge. Mr. Maurice is a clergyman of the Church of England, and a leader of the Broad Church party. Of his many contributions to theological literature the most important are: Prophets and Kings of the Old Testament; The Kingdom of Christ; Religions of the World; Philosophy of the Middle Ages; Philosophy of the First Six Centuries; Conflict of

Good and Evil in Our Day. He was also associated with Charles Kingsley, Trench, Brewer, and others in the Lectures to Ladies on Practical Subjects. Mr. Maurice's works are those of a profound, earnest thinker, keenly alive to the necessities of the age in which he lives and imbued with a sense of the power of the Christian spirit.

Bishop Colenso.

JOHN W. COLENSO, D. D., 1814 " a clergyman of the English Church and Bishop of Natal, in South Africa, became very notorious by the publication of several volumes impugning the inspiration and the historical accuracy of several of the books of the Bible.

Bishop Colenso's works are the following: The Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua Critically Examined; St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, Newly Translated, and Explained from a Missionary Point of View; Village Sermons; Natal Sermons, etc. He published also, before going to Africa, works on Arithmetic, Algebra, and Trigonometry, which had an extensive sale as school-books. Colenso was born in the Duchy of Cornwall, and was educated at Cambridge, where he was distinguished as a scholar. He was made Bishop of Natal in 1854.

REV. BADEN POWELL, F. R. S., 1796-1860, was Professor of Geometry at Oxford for the last thirty-three years of his life.

He was a man not only of great learning, but of great intellectual activity, and filled a large space in the world of opinion at Oxford. He was one of the authors of "Essays and Reviews," and his article on The Evidences of Christianity, in which he denies the possibility of miracles, excited a hot discussion. His publications are numerous. The following are some of them: Revelation and Science; Rational Religion Examined; Connection of Natural and Divine Truth; Tradition Unveiled; State EduThe Spirit of Inductive Philosophy; The Unity of Worlds; The Philosophy of Creation; Christianity without Judaism; The Order of Nature in Reference to the Claims of Revelation, etc.

cation;

The authors of Essays and Reviews went to the other extreme from the authors of Tracts for the Times, and in their rebound from the shackles of Tradition attempted to throw off the bonds of Revelation also. Baden Powell was one of the ablest, boldest, and most ultra of the school to which he belonged.

REV. DICKSON HAMPDEN, D. D., 1794-1868, is notorious for the controversy occasioned by his appointment as Regius Professor of Divinity

at Oxford.

In his previous publications he had shown a decided leaning to what were known as Germanizing views in theology. A very large party in the English Church considered him unsound in the faith, and his appointment as an insult to the University. The agitation which followed his appointment has only been equalled in modern times by that connected with Pusey and Newman and the "Tracts for the Times." Dr. Hampden was afterwards promoted to the Bishopric of Hereford. He was born in Barbadoes, and educated at Oxford.

His chief publications are the following: The Scholastic Philosophy considered in its relation to Christian Theology, a course of Bampton Lectures; Philosophical Evi