that "he was defective in drawing, colouring, and composition, and even in that most necessary, and perhaps most easy talent of a portrait-painter, likeness. In general, his pictures are a light, flimsy kind of fan-painting, as large as life." His vanity, inflamed perhaps by the undeserved praises he received from wits and poets, was excessive. He affected to be violently in love with lady Bridgewater; yet, after dispraising the form of her ear, as the only faulty part about her face, he ventured to display his own as the complete model of perfection. Jervas appeared as an author in his translation of Don Quixote, which he produced, as Pope used to say of him, without understanding Spanish. Warburton added a supplement to the preface of Jervas's translation, on the origin of romances of chivalry, which was praised at the time, but has since been totally extinguished by the acute criticisms of Mr. Tyrwhitt. Jervas died about 1740.1

JERUSALEM (JOHN-FREDERICK WILLIAM), an eminent. German divine, was born at Osnaburgh, in 1709, aud died in 1789. Of his life we have no farther account than that his talents raised him to the offices of vice-president of the consistory of Brunswick, abbot of Marienthal, court preacher, and director of the Caroline-college at Brunswick, of which, in 1745, he wrote an account. He was reckoned in his country one of the most original and most excellent defeuders of religion that the eighteenth century had produced. His principal works were, 1. Two volumes of "Sermons," Brunswick, 1756-69. 2. "Letters on the Mosaic Religion and Philosophy," 1773. This work contains a demonstration that Moses really wrote the books attributed to him: and observations on his being the author of the book of Genesis, and of the style of that book, &c. 3. "Life of prince Albert-Henry of Brunswick Lunenburgh." 4. "Thoughts on the principal Truths of Religion," Brunswick, 1768, &c. in several volumes, reckoned a very capital performance. The abbot Jerusalem had been tutor to the late duke of Brunswick, and his highness. desired him to digest the instructions he had given him on the Christian religion in a regular form; and afterwards gave him leave to publish them. 5. "Character of prince William-Adolphus of Brunswick," Berlin, 1771.

1 Bowles's edition of Pope, see index.-Ruff head's Life of Pope, p. 147, 4to edit.-Walpole's Anecdotes.

6. "Thoughts on the Union of the Church ;" and 7. a very elegant and judicious letter " concerning German literature," addressed to her royal highness the duchess dowager of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, 1781.'

JESUA (LEVITA), a learned Spanish rabbi in the fifteenth century, is the author of a book, entitled "Halicoth olam," "The Ways of Eternity;" a very useful piece for understanding the Talmud. It was translated into Latin by Constantin l'Empereur; and Bashuysen printed a good edition of it in Hebrew and Latin, at Hanover, 1714, 4to.o JEUNE (JOHN LE), a celebrated French divine, was born in 1592, at Poligni in Franche-Comté. His father was a counsellor in the parliament at Dole. The piety of Le Jeune was of the most exemplary kind. He delighted in the most arduous offices of his profession; and refused a canonry of Arbois, to enter into the then rising, but strict society of the oratory. His patience and humility were no -less remarkable than his piety. He lost his sight at the age of thirty-five, yet did not suffer that great misfortune to depress his spirits. He was twice cut for the stone, without uttering a single murmur of impatience. As a preacher he was highly celebrated, but totally free from all ostentation. As a converter of persons estranged from religion, or those esteemed heretical, he is said to have possessed wonderful powers of persuasion. Many dignitaries of the church were highly sensible of his merits; particularly cardinal Berulle, who regarded him as a son, and La Fayette bishop of Limoges, who finally persuaded him to settle in his diocese. Le Jeune died Aug. 19, 1672, at the age of eighty. There are extant ten large volumes of his sermons, in 8vo, which were studied and admired by Massillon, and have been also translated into Latin. His style is simple, insinuating, and affecting, though now a little antiquated. He published also a translation of Grotius's tract" De Veritate Religionis Christianæ.'

JEWEI. (JOHN), a learned prelate, and deservedly reputed one of the fathers of the English church, was descended from an ancient family at Buden in Devonshire, where he was born May 24, 1522. After learning the rudiments of grammar under his maternal uncle Mr. Bellamy, rector of Hamton, and being put to school at Barnstaple, he

1 Maty's Review, vol. VIII.-Saxii Onomast.

2 Moreri. Dict. Hist.-Wotton's Misc. Discourses, vol. I. ch. iii. 3 Moreri.-Dict. Hist.

was sent to Oxford, and admitted a postmaster of Merton college, in July 1535, under the tuition of Parkhurst, afterwards bishop of Norwich, who entertained a very high opinion of him from the beginning, and had great pleasure in cultivating his talents. After studying four years at this college, he was, in August 1539, chosen scholar of Corpus Christi college, where he pursued his studies with indefatigable industry, usually rising at four in the morning, and studying till ten at night; by which means he acquired a masterly knowledge in most branches of learning: but, taking too little care of his health, he contracted such a cold as fixed a lameness in one of his legs, which accompanied him to his grave. In Oct. 1540, he proceeded B.A. became a celebrated tutor, and was soon after chosen reader of humanity and rhetoric in his college. In Feb. 1544, he commenced M. A. the expence of taking which degree was borne by his tutor Parkhurst.

He had early imbibed Protestant principles, and inculcated them among his pupils; but this was carried on privately till the accession of Edward VI. in 1546, when he made a public declaration of his faith, and entered into a close friendship with Peter Martyr, who was professor of divinity at Oxford. Mr. Jewel was one of his most constant hearers, and used to take down his lectures, by means of a kind of short-hand invented by himself, with so much accuracy, that he was frequently afterwards employed in taking down the substance of public debates on religion, which were then common. In 1551 he took the degree of B. D. and frequently preached before the university with great applause. At the same time he preached and catechised every other Sunday at Sunningwell in Berkshire, of which church he was rector. Thus he zealously promoted the Reformation during this reign, and, in a proper sense, became a confessor for it in the succeeding; so early, as to be expelled the college by the fellows, upon their private authority, before any law was made, or order given by

In the primitive church, the title of Confessor was given not only to those who actually suffered torture for the faith, but to such as were imprisoned in order to suffer torture or death. See Cyprian" de unitate eccles." And perhaps Jewel was not inferior to any of the ancients in point of piety, and much superior in regard to learning. Prince, in his "Worthies of DeVOL. XIX.

C

vonshire," tells us, that Mr. Jewel's life, during his residence in college, was so exemplary, that Moren, the dean of it, used to say to him, "I should love thee, Jewel, if thou wert not a Zuinglian; in thy faith I hold thee an heretic, but surely in thy life thou art an angel; thou art very good and honest, but a Lutheran,"

4.

queen Mary. On this occasion, they had nothing to ob ject against him, but, 1. His following of Peter Martyr. 2. His preaching some doctrines contrary to popery. 3. His taking orders according to the laws then in force. And, according to Fuller, his refusal to be present at mass, and other popish solemnities. At his departure he took leave of the college in a Latin speech, full of pathetic eloquence. Unwilling, however, to leave the university, he' took chambers in Broadgate-hall, now Pembroke college, where many of his pupils followed him, besides other gentlemen, who were induced by the fame of his learning to attend his lectures. But the strongest testimony to his literary merit was given by the university, who made him their orator, and employed him to write their first congratulatory address to her majesty. Wood indeed observes, that this task was evidently imposed upon him by those who meant him no kindness; it being taken for granted, that he must either provoke the Roman catholics, or lose the good opinion of his party. If this be true, which is probable enough, he had the dexterity to escape the snare; for the address, being both respectful and guarded, passed the approbation of Tresham the commissary, and some other doctors, and was well received by the queen; but his latest biographer attributes the appointment solely to the opinion the university had of him as an elegant writer, and therefore the most fit to pen an address on such an occasion.

Burnet informs us, that her majesty declared, at her accession, that she would force no man's conscience, nor make any change in religion. These specious promises, joined to Jewel's fondness for the university, seem to have been the motives which disposed him to entertain a more favourable opinion of popery than before. In this state of his mind, he went to Clive, to consult his old tutor Dr. Parkhurst, who was rector of that parish; but Parkhurst, upon the re-establishment of popery, having fled to London, Jewel returned to Oxford, where he lingered and waited, till, being called upon in St. Mary's church to subscribe some of the popish doctrines under the several penalties, he took his pen and subscribed with great reluctance. Yet this compliance, of which his conscience se verely accused him, was of no avail; for the dean of Christ church, Dr. Martial, alleging his subscription to be insincere, laid a plot to deliver him into the hands of bishop

Bonner; and would certainly have caught him in the snare, had he not set out the very night in which he was sent for, by a bye-way to London. He walked till he was forced to lay himself on the ground, quite spent and almost breathless where being found by one Augustine Berner, a Swiss, first a servant of bishop Latimer, and afterwards a minister, this person provided him a horse, and conveyed him to lady Warcup, by whom he was entertained for some time, and then sent safely to the metropolis. Here he lay concealed, changing his lodgings twice or thrice for that purpose, till a ship was provided for him to go abroad, together with money for the journey, by sir Nicholas Throgmorton, a person of great distinction, and at that time in considerable offices. His escape was managed by one Giles Lawrence, who had been his fellow-collegian, and was at this time tutor to sir Arthur Darcy's children, living near the Tower of London. Upon his arrival at Francfort, in 1554, he made a public confession of his sorrow for his late subscription to popery; and soon afterwards went to Strasburgh, at the invitation of Peter Martyr, who kept a kind of college for learned men in his own house, of which he made Jewel his vice-master: he likewise attended this friend to Zurich, and assisted him in his theological lectures. It was probably about this time that he made an excursion to Padua, where he contracted a friendship with Sig. Scipio, a Venetian gentleman, to whom he afterwards addressed his "Epistle concerning the Council of Trent." During all the time of his exile, which was about four years, he studied hard, and spent the rest of his time in consoling and confirming his friends, frequently telling them that when their brethren endured such "bitter tortures and horrible martyrdoms at home, it was not reasonable they should expect to fare deliciously in banishment," always concluding with "These things will not last an age," which he repeated so often as to impress their minds with a firm belief that their deliverance was not far off. This, however, was not peculiar to Jewel. Fox was likewise remarked for using the same language, and there was among these exiles in general a very firm persuasion that the dominion of popery and cruelty, under queen Mary, would not be of long duration.

The much wished-for event at length was made known, and upon the accession of the new queen, or rather the year after, 1559, Jewel returned to England; and we find