his name, soon after, among the sixteen divines appointed by queen Elizabeth to hold a disputation in Westminsterabbey against the papists. In July 1559, he was in the commission constituted by her majesty to visit the dioceses of Sarum, Exeter, Bristol, Bath and Wells, and Gloucester, in order to exterminate popery in the west of England; and he was consecrated bishop of Salisbury on Jan. 21 following, and had the restitution of the temporalities April 6, 1560. This promotion was presented to him as a reward for his great merit and learning; and another attestation of these was given him by the university of Oxford, who, in 1565, conferred on him, in his absence, the degree of D. D. in which character he attended the queen to Oxford the following year, and presided at the divinity disputations held before her majesty on that occasion. He had, before, greatly distinguished himself, by a sermon preached at St. Paul's-cross, soon after he had been made a bishop, in which he gave a.public challenge to all the Roman catholics in the world, to produce but one clear and evident testimony out of any father or famous writer who flourished within 600 years after Christ, of the existence of any one of the articles which the Romanists maintain against the church of England; and two years afterwards he published his famous "Apology" for that church. In the mean time he gave a particular attention to his diocese, where he began in his first visitation, and completed in his last, a great reformation, not only in his cathedral and parochial churches, but in all the courts of his jurisdiction. He watched so narrowly the proceedings of his chancellor and archdeacons, and of his stewards and receivers, that they had no opportunities of being guilty of oppression, injustice, or extortion, nor of being a burden to the people, or a scandal to himself. To prevent these, and the like abuses, for which the ecclesiastical courts are often censured, he sat in his consistory court, and there saw that all things were conducted rightly: he also sat often as an assistant on the bench of civil justice, being himself a justice of the peace.

Amidst these important employments, the care of his health was too much neglected. He rose at four o'clock in the morning; and after prayers with his family at five, and in the cathedral about six, he was so intent on his studies all the morning, that he could not, without great viocace, be drawn from them. After dinner, his doors and

ears were open to all suitors; and it was observed of him, as of Titus, that he never sent any sad from him. Suitors being thus dismissed, he heard, with great impartiality and patience, such causes debated before him, as either devolved on him as a judge, or were referred to him as an arbitrator; and, if he could spare any time from these, he reckoned it as clear gain to his study. About nine at night, he called all his servants to an account how they had spent the day, and then went to prayers with them: from the chapel he withdrew again to his study, till near midnight, and from thence to his bed; in which when he was laid, the gentleman of his bed-chamber read to him till he fell asleep. Mr. Humfrey, who relates this, observes, that this watchful and laborious life, without any recreation at all, except what his necessary refreshment at meals, and a very few hours of rest, afforded him, wasted his life too fast, and undoubtedly hastened his end. In his fiftieth year, he fell into a disorder which carried him off in Sept. 1571. He died at Monkton Farley, in his diocese, and was buried in his cathedral, where there is an inscription over his grave, written by Dr. Laurence Humfrey, who also wrote an account of his life, to which are prefixed several copies of verses in honour of him. Dr. Jewel was of a thin habit of body, which he exhausted by intense application to his studies. In his temper he was pleasant and affable, modest, meek, temperate, and perfectly master of his passions. In his morals he was pious and charitable; and when bishop, became most remarkable for his apostolic doctrine, koly life, prudent government, incorrupt integrity, unspotted chastity, and bountiful liberality. He had naturally a very strong memory, which he greatly improved by art; so that he could exactly repeat whatever he had written after once reading; and therefore generally at the ringing of the bell, he began to commit his sermons to his memory; which was so firm, that he used to say, that "if he were to deliver a premeditated speech before a thousand auditors, shouting or fighting all the while, yet he could say all that he had provided to speak." On one occasion, when the bishop of Norwich proposed to him many barbarous words out of a Kalendar, and Hooper bishop of Gloucester forty strange words, Welsh, Irish, and foreign terms, he after once or twice reading at the most, and a little recollection, repeated them all by heart backward and forward. Another time, when sir

Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper of the great seal, read to him only the last clauses of ten lines in Erasmus's Paraphrase, confused and dismembered on purpose, he, sitting silent a while, and covering his face with his hand, on the sudden rehearsed all those broken parcels of sentences the right way, and the contrary, without any hesitation. He professed to teach others this art, and taught it his tutor Parkhurst beyond the seas; and in a short time learned all the Gospel forward and backward. He was also a great master of the ancient languages, and skilled in the German and Italian.

Dr. Humfrey, in the Life of our bishop, has endeavoured to represent him a favourer of the nonconformists. But it is certain, that he opposed them in his exile, when they began their disputes at Francfort; and in a sermon of his preached at Paul's Cross, not long before his death, and printed among his Works in 1609, he defended the rites and ceremonies of the church against them. He had likewise a conference with some of them concerning the ceremonies of the present state of the church, which he mentioned with such vigour, that though upon his death-bed he professed that neither his sermon nor conference were undertaken to please any mortal man, or to trouble those who thought differently from him; yet the puritans could not forbear shewing their resentments against him. "It was strange to me," says Dr. Whitgift, "to hear so notable a bishop, so learned a man, so stout a champion of true religion, so painful a prelate, as bishop Jewel, so ungratefully and spightfully used by a sort of wavering wicked tongues." He is supposed likewise to have been the author of a paper, entitled "A brief and lamentable Consideration of the Apparel now used by the Clergy of England," written in 1566, in which he addresses the nonconformists in a style which evidently shews his dislike of their obstinacy in matters of trivial importance, and his dread of what might be the consequences to the church in future times.

Dr. Jewel's writings, which have rendered his name celebrated over all Europe, are: 1." Exhortatio ad Oxonienses." - The substance printed in Humfrey's Life of him, p. 35, 1573, 4to. 2. "Exhortatio in collegio CC. sive concio in fundatoris Foxi commemorationem," p. 45, &c. 3. "Concio in templo B. M. Virginis," Oxon. 1550, preached for his degree of B. D. reprinted in Humfrey,

p. 49. 4. "Oratio in aula collegii CC." His farewell speech on his expulsion in 1554, printed by Humfrey, p. 74, &c. 5. A short tract, "De Usura," ibid. p. 217, &c. 6. "Epistola ad Scipionem Patritium Venetum," &c. 1559, and reprinted in the appendix to father Paul's "History of the Council of Trent," in English, by Brent, third edi tion, 1629, folio. 7. "A Letter to Henry Bullinger at Zurich, concerning the State of Religion in England," dated May 22, 1559, printed in the appendix to Strype's "Annals," No. xx. 8. Another letter to the same, dated Feb. 8, 1566, concerning his controversy with Hardynge, ibid. No. 36, 37. 9. "Letters between him and Dr. Henry Cole, &c. 1560," 8vo. 10. "A Sermon preached at St. Paul's Cross, the second Sunday before Easter, anno 1560," 8vo. Dr. Cole wrote several letters to him on this subject. 11. "A Reply to Mr. Hardynge's Answer, &c." 1566, fol. and again in Latin, by Will. Whitaker, fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, at Geneva, 1578, 4to; and again in 1585, in folio, with our author's "Apologia Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ." 12. "Apologia Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ," 1562, 8vo; several times printed in England, and translated into German, Italian, French, Spanish, and Dutch; and a Greek translation of it was printed at Oxford, in 1614, 8vo. was likewise translated into Welsh, Oxford, 1571. The English translation by the lady Bacon, wife to sir Nicolas Bacon, was entitled "An Apology or Answer in Defence of the Church of England, &c." 1562, 4to. This "Apology" was approved by the queen, and set forth with the consent of the bishops. 13. "A Defence of the Apology, &c." 1564, 1567, folio; again in Latin, by Tho. Braddock, fellow of Christ's college, Cambridge, at Geneva, 1600, fol. The Apology" was ordered by queen Elizabeth, king James, king Charles, and four successive archbishops, to be read and chained up in all parish churches throughout England and Wales. 66 14. An Answer to a book written by Mr. Hardynge, entitled 'A Detection of sundry foul Errors,' &c." 1568 and 1570, folio. 15. "A View of a seditious Bull sent into England from Pius V. &c." 1582, 8vo. 16. "A Treatise of the Holy Scriptures," 8vo. 17. "Exposition on the two Epistles to the Thessalonians," 1594, 8vo. "A Treatise of the Sacraments, &c," 1583. 19. "Certain Sermons preached before the queen's majesty at Paul's Cross, and elsewhere." All these books (except the first eight), with the "Sermons" and "Apology," were printed

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at London, 1609, in one volume, folio, with an abstract of the author's life, by Dan. Featly; but full of faults, as Wood says. There is a better life prefixed to the octavo edition of the Apology, 1685. 20. "An Answer to certain frivolous Objections against the Government of the Church of England," 1641, 4to, a single sheet. 21. Many letters in the collection of records in Part III. of Burnet's "History of the Reformation."

JOACHIM, abbot of Corazzo, and afterwards of Flora in Calabria, distinguished for his pretended prophecies and remarkable opinions, was born at Celico near Cosenza, in 1130. He was of the Cistertian order, and had several monasteries subject to his jurisdiction, which he directed with the utmost wisdom and regularity. He was revered by the multitude as a person divinely inspired, and even equal to the most illustrious of the ancient prophets. Many of his predictions were formerly circulated, and indeed are still extant, having passed through several editions, and received illustration from several commentators. He taught erroneous notions respecting the holy Trinity, which amounted fully to tritheism; but what is more extraordinary, he taught that the morality of the Gospel is imperfect, and that a better and more complete law is to be given by the Holy Ghost, which is to be everlasting. These reveries gave birth to a book attributed to Joachim, entitled "The Everlasting Gospel," or "The Gospel of the Holy Ghost." "It is not to be doubted," says Mosheim,

that Joachim was the author of various predictions, and that he, in a particular manner, foretold the reformation of the church, of which he might see the absolute necessity. It is, however, certain, that the greater part of the predictions and writings which were formerly attributed to him, were composed by others. This we may affirm even of the "Everlasting Gospel," the work undoubtedly of some obscure, silly, and visionary monk, who thought proper to adorn his reveries with the celebrated name of Joachim, in order to gain them credit, and render them more agreeable to the multitude. The title of this senseless production is taken from Rev. xiv. 6; and it contained three books.

Life prefixed to the octavo edition of the Apology, 1685, reprinted by Dr. Wordsworth in his Ecclesiastical Biography.-Ath. Ox. vol. I.-Fuller's Abel Redivivus.-Biog. Brit.-Strype's Life of Cranmer, pp. 337, 357;—of Parker, pp. 53, 76, 99, 111, 178, 180, 185, 263, 317, 368, 369, 460.-Prince's Wor thies of Devon,