years had amounted to the total sum of $50,979. The assets of the Permanent Church Extension fund amounted to $31,315, or $6,830 more than at the time of the previous synod. The interest of the fund, however, can not be made available for the purposes for which it was created till the capital amounts to $50,000. Efforts were decided upon to raise the fund to this amount. The Old Church Extension fund, which was available for use, amounted to $18,533. The Home Mission Treasury returned a surplus of $1.280. The right of congregations to lay representation in the synod was made contingent on their discharging their financial obligations. Reference to the lot was ordered to be omitted from all future editions of the "Provincial Digest."

A special committee was instituted to consider the matter of the relations of ministers to the Government of the province, and report thereon to the next synod. An advisory board of 6 laymen was appointed, to constitute, together with the Provincial Elders' Conference, a joint board for the management and control of all the financial affairs of the province not otherwise provided for. Proposed rules concerning the remarriage of divorced persons, and prohibiting ministers from solemnizing them except in the case of innocent parties who had obtained divorce for the scriptural cause, were considered and referred. A debt upon the German mission in New York was recognized as an obligation of the entire Church. Action was taken for raising the standard of scholarship in the Theological Seminary. Certain persons belonging to the Southern Provincial Synod were requested to act as an advisory committee to the board of trustees of this institution. The synod desired to give the Southern Synod regular representation in the board, but was prevented by legal restrictions.

In the Southern Synod the spiritual condition of the congregations was represented as being more encouraging than for several years past. A lively interest in Sunday schools among the country congregations was remarked upon. The formation of a regularly constituted missionary society was decided upon. A subscription of $1,000 for the Theological Seminary at Bethlehem, Pa., was approved, and an annual collection was ordered for the benefit of the institution. The appointment by the Northern Synod of representatives of the Southern Synod as advisory members of the board of trustees of this institution was gratefully acknowledged and accepted. Steps were taken toward founding an endowment fund for Salem Female Academy. The representation in the synod of the colored Moravian congregation at Salem was ordered continued. Pensions were fixed: To a retired minister and his wife, $360 per annum; to a retired minister, if a widower, $175; and to the widow of a minister. $175.

MOROCCO, an absolute monarchy in northern Africa, established in the year 790. In 1546 it came under the rule of the Shereefs of Tafilet, and since 1669 the Alides, a younger branch of the same family, have reigned. The Sultan usually designates his successor, who, on his demise, is formally elected by acclamation. The Sultan, though claiming to be the spiritual ruler, is not limited in his powers by the expounders of the Koran, as in other Moslem countries, and in

and presents from officials, is estimated at $2,500,000 a year. His regular army, of about 10,000 trained infantry and 2,400 cavalry, is reenforced by drafts from the forces of provincial governors when he undertakes a military expedition or a progress between the capitals, Fez and Morocco, or to other parts of the country.

The area of the empire is estimated at 312,000 square miles, of which 76,000 miles consist of extensive fertile plains and mountain districts, 26,000 miles of steppes, and 210,000 form part of the Sahara, including the oasis of Tuat. The population is supposed to be 8,000,000 or 9,000,000. Fez has 140,000 to 150,000 inhabitants, and the city of Morocco 40,000.

Commerce.-The foreign commerce is relatively small, owing to restrictions on trade and intercourse. Foreigners are not permitted to reside, or even travel, in the interior. The value of the imports in 1891 was about $9,000,000, and of exports $8,500,000. Cotton cloth of British manufacture is the heaviest article, after which come sugar loaves, tea, woolens, hardware, candles, and silk. The chief exports are chick-peas, wool, olive oil, maize, goat skins, almonds, cattle, eggs, gums, slippers, beeswax, woolen stuffs, dates, and canary seed. Export of wheat is prohibited. The navigation returns for 1890 show 2,512 entrances, with a tonnage of 930,105, the French and British tonnage being nearly equal, the Spanish next, and the Italian next.

Relations with Europe.-After a German envoy to Fez had obtained for his country a commercial treaty containing some new concessions of little importance, Sir Charles EuanSmith, the British minister at Tangier, was sent on a special mission to the Moorish court in 1892 to press for the opening of the country to foreign trade, which he did in so unfortunate a manner that the negotiations were terminated

by the Sultan's dismissing the English envoy without ceremony. The Comte d'Aubigny visited Fez on a like mission from the French Government a few months later, and succeeded in negotiating a commercial convention, but he obtained no important concession either in the way of commercial privileges or the rectification of the Algerian frontier. The French have been building a railroad in the Figuig district, and have planned to extend it to Tuat, which they expect to possess, claiming that it is not a part of Morocco. Failing to obtain an adjustment of the boundary, they surveyed it alone and set up boundary stones. They also built a line of forts to enable them to hold the country against the Kabyles, who now claim to be subjects of Morocco although prior to the French occupation they denied such allegiance. In 1893 Sir West Ridgeway was sent as a special envoy of the British Government to repair the blunder of Sir Charles Euan-Smith, and renew the good relations established by Sir John Drummond Hay. Before proceeding to Morocco he visited Paris and Madrid in the hope of securing an accord between the three powers chiefly interested in Morocco in respect to the demands that should be presented to the Sultan concerning greater facilities for commerce and investment, better security for foreigners and foreign enterprises, and more latitude to establish consular agencies. The British mission was also instructed to urge the repression of the slave markets that are openly held in the interior. Another subject of complaint was the persecution of the Moorish Jews, of whom there are 250,000, and who, when they have money or valuables to be extorted, are often cruelly maltreated by the officials. The Spanish Government, claiming a reversionary right to political supremacy in Morocco, preferred to maintain perfect liberty of action. The French Government would not commit itself to any new proposals, being inclined to sympathize with Spain's pretensions. When Sir West Ridgeway arrived at Tangier on a British man-of-war, the Spanish and French governments sent war vessels to the coast of Morocco as a protest against any exclusive action on the part of England. The special envoy found no way to reopen negotiations or to restore British prestige.

Siege of Melilla.-Ceuta and Melilla, Spanish posts on the north coast of Morocco, have often been the object of hostile demonstrations on the part of the neighboring Moorish population. Melilla, situated at the foot of the Riff mountains, is a fortified station used as a convict settlement for military delinquents. The Riffian Kabyles are an unruly and fanatical tribe over whom the Sultan can exercise no effectual control. They are addicted to piracy, and have often fired on the Spanish sentinels. The Spanish claim all the territory up to the base of the mountains, about 6 miles inland, and in the summer of 1893 began to build a fort at Sidi Guariach, directly inland from the town of Melilla, at the limit of Spanish territory and close to some settlements of the Kabyles. The hostile disposition lately shown by the Moors impelled them to strengthen their fortifications and place restrictions on trade. On Oct. 2 a force of Moors estimated at 6,000 attacked the new fort and drove the Spaniards back with a loss of 3 officers

and 18 men killed and 35 wounded. The Moors attempted to scale the walls of the inner line of fortifications and carry them by storm, but were met by bayonet and cavalry charges whenever they advanced in close order. The Moors risked their lives bravely, knowing that they must take the citadel by assault, as the garrison was supplied with food and water sufficient to last till fresh supplies could be brought. They were armed with Remington rifles and fought with fanatical fury, pursuing the whites up to the walls of the citadel despite the deadly fire directed at them from the fort. Gen. Margallo, the commandant, led the sortie that covered the retreat of the men from Fort Guariach. The artillery did good execution. The fire was sometimes directed at buildings within range on Moorish territory, especially at a mosque, which was almost demolished.

On the following day a truce was arranged to enable both sides to bury their dead. The Moorish Government expressed its readiness to make reparation, and warned the Riffian tribes against interfering with the Spaniards, whose right to build forts was acknowledged. Re-enforcements were sent to Melilla, where the garrison, usually 600 or 700, had dwindled to little more than 400, Guns and ammunition were dispatched from Malaga and Sevilla and a gunboat was ordered to Melilla. The British, French, German, and Italian representatives in Madrid were informed by the foreign minister that Spain, while endeavoring to maintain the status quo in Morocco, intended to push forward the work on the forts and would chastise every attempt of Moorish aggressors to drive her from the coast. The Moorish tribesmen, incensed at the bombardment of the mosque, gathered in thousands round Melilla. In Spain the Government deliberated over the question of undertaking a military expedition in the face of its financial difficulties and of the danger of political complications, especially with Great Britain, which seemed disposed to seize Tangier, and perhaps Ceuta, in case Spain should disturb the status quo. The whole Spanish army was eager to fight the Moors, and a dozen regiments volunteered to go to Melilla without extra pay. The Minister of Finance reported that 90,000,000 pesetas were available for military operations. The Minister of War, Gen. Lopez Dominguez, decided on a defensive policy. Troops and supplies were forwarded slowly after the garrison was sufficiently strengthened to hold the position. No further fighting took place till Oct. 21, when a reconnoitering party of Spanish soldiers was fired upon and driven back, and in retaliation the forts and the gunboat “ Conde de Venadito" shelled the Moors, who had dug lines of trenches, some of them on Spanish territory. On the Spanish side rifle-pits and breast works connected the line of forts surrounding the town. There were half a dozen of these forts, circular brick structures, which were impregnable against the Moors because they had no cannon. The Moors abandoned their intrenchments and took refuge in the hills during the bombardment, but returned immediately afterward. On Oct. 27, while Gen. Margallo and Gen. Ortega were directing the construction of intrenchments at the advanced Spanish lines, close to the Riff trenches, they were suddenly attacked by several thousand

Moors, who poured down from the hills in spite of the fire from the guns of the forts and the gunboats. Their small force were shut up in the forts of Camellos and Cabrerizas. On the following morning Gen. Margallo attempted to return to the citadel, but was killed with several of his soldiers. His body and 2 captured field guns were retaken by a bayonet charge of the relieving force that came up immediately after the disaster. Gen. Ortega made a successful sortie, charging the Riffian trenches with fixed bayo nets, and succeeded in provisioning the forts of Rostrogordo, Cabrerizas Altas, and Cabrerizas Bajas, which were entirely cut off from the town. The Spanish losses in four days' fighting were 7 officers and 15 privates killed and 21 officers and 67 privates wounded. On Oct. 29 Gen. Macias arrived to take the chief command. He called for more troops, and to meet the emergency the Government called to the colors all the reserves who had left the army since 1888. A squadron of gunboats was sent to cruise along the coast of Morocco, and Riffian villages within range were bombarded. The Spaniards at Melilla were able to drive back the Moors by daylight, but could not hold their positions at night, when all the work accomplished during the day was destroyed by the tribesmen. On Nov. 6 the besiegers, who had remained quiet for several days and allowed Fort Camellos to be revictualed, advanced in force close to Melilla, blocking all approaches to the forts. A concentrated artillery fire prevented them from destroying the boats that were engaged in debarking horses and supplies from a steamer. At night they destroyed the roads and then retired. The Riffians lost their commander, who was killed by a shell during the fight on Nov. 6. They asked for an armistice, which Gen. Macias refused to grant. Their trenches were cannonaded daily, and more than 300 were reported to have been killed. An envoy from Fez commanded the Riffians to cease hostilities, threatening them with the armed forces of the Sultan. At his request Gen. Macias agreed to a week's truce on condition that hostages should be given, but as none were sent firing was continued. The Spanish lines were extended to several villages formerly belonging to the Riffians. By the aid of strong search lights a heavy cannonade was directed against the besiegers, who were taken by surprise on the night of Nov. 13, and after that they were more wary in approaching the Spanish positions under cover of darkness. A company of guerrillas which was raised among the convicts met the tribesmen with their own tactics and did great execution after the Moors had been compelled by the constant bombardment to abandon their trenches. The Spanish force was sufficient to invade Moorish territory and chastise the Kabyles, but the Spanish Government still observed its purely defensive policy for fear of opening the Morocco question and provoking England, Muley Araaf, the Sultan's brother, accompanied by Sidi el Gharnit, Minister of Foreign Affairs, arrived among the Riffians and entered into negotiations with the Spanish commander with a view to ending hostilities. The Sultan had admitted his liability for the breach of the treaty of 1860, which guaranteed the security of the Spanish territory. The Spanish forces were in

creased until there were 24,000, and Marshal Martinez Campos went over to take command, with power to treat with the Moors. The Riffians would not listen at first to Muley Araaf, but when the Spanish re-enforcements arrived they kept quiet and allowed the work on the fort at Sidi Guariach to proceed under the protection of a guard of the Sultan's soldiers. Muley Araaf was unable to obtain from Gen. Campos the right desired by the Riffians to trade in Melilla, and was not authorized to settle the amount of the indemnity due to Spain. The Riffians were induced to suspend hostilities and agree to a neutral zone, and a protocol was signed by Gen. Campos and Muley Araaf at Fort Sidi Guariach on Dec. 12, 1893, the matters that required the consideration of the Sultan being reserved for further negotiations.

Marshal Campos was sent as ambassador extraordinary to arrange the terms of settlement with the Sultan and his ministers at the city of Morocco, where he arrived on Jan. 29, 1894. The Sultan conceded in principle the Spanish demands, but suggested arbitration in regard to the amount of indemnity. He sent a circular note to the powers, but got no support from them, and on March 5 signed the treaty. It bound the Sultan to pay 20,000,000 pesetas in installments, and in case of default 4 customhouses were to be placed under Spanish control and to be retained until the whole indemnity was paid. The Sultan undertook to remove the tribes that were concerned in the attacks on Melilla; to seek out the ringleaders and punish them severely; to maintain a garrison of 400 Askaris on the Melilla frontier; to keep in check the Riff tribes; to render effective the neutral zone of 500 metres provided for in the treaty of 1860, the mosque situated within to be surrounded with a high wall and opened only at stated religious festivals; and to permit Spanish consular agents at Fez and Morocco.

The first installment fell due just after the death of the Sultan, and when a Spanish treasury official went to Mazagan on a war vessel to collect it he could get no money nor any definite assurance as to its future payment.

A New Sultan.-Muley Hassan, the Sultan, while making one of his periodical progresses, died suddenly of dysentery on June 7 at Tadla, between Morocco city and Casablanca. He was accompanied by his chosen heir, Muley Abdul Aziz, a youth of fourteen years, who was his son by a Georgian woman, Laela Rekia, his favorite wife. She had been presented to him originally by the Vizier Sidi el Gharnit, who was one of his companions on the fatal journey. When the expedition reached Rabat the ministers and officials and the officers of the army who accompanied it swore allegiance to Abdul Aziz, June 11. There were several other claimants for the throne, chief of whom were Muley Mohammed, the late Sultan's eldest son, Muley Omar, the Khalifa of Fez, another son, and Muley Ismail, the brother of Muley Hassan, who a year or two before had been deposed from office on account of his dangerous popularity. Muley Mohammed, a fanatical Moslem, was expected to raise the standard of revolt among the tribes, and perhaps be joined by 4 of his brothers, for he was the son of a legitimate Shereefa, not of a Cir

cassian slave, and was a general in the Moorish army and popular with the troops. The Spanish reserves were called out and war ships were held in readiness at the ports near the Morocco coast. The French Government ordered a detachment of the Mediterranean squadron to Oran, and the British authorities dispatched vessels to Gibraltar to be ready to defend the interests of British subjects or the political interests of Great Britain in the event of civil war or complications arising therefrom. The powers finally agreed on joint action in case military interference became necessary. The tribes in the vicinity of Rabat were not willing to acknowledge the new Sultan, and were raided by his soldiers. The people of Fez were divided in their sympathies between the rival claimants. The army was generally attached to the cause of Abdul Aziz, but not the viziers who were at Fez. When the new Sultan was proclaimed there, on June 12, there occurred an uprising against him, which was speedily suppressed by the military. The officers of the army who were concerned in it were executed. The Grand Vizier, Mohammed el Arbi ben el Moghtar, and his brother, the Minister of War, Mohammed ben el Arbi, were arrested and roughly treated, and in their places the new Grand Vizier, Mohammed ben Mussa, and his brother, Said ben Mussa, were installed. Muley Ismail, who was kept a prisoner in his house during the disturb ance, was released after promising to support the young Sultan, and was reinstated in his former office of khalifa or chief judge. Muley Abdul Aziz in journeying to the capital received deputations of the tribesmen, and ordered immediate restitution to be made to them when they complained of robbery and extortion. The officials who were believed to be guilty were removed. Officers whose loyalty was suspected were transferred to distant commands. The allegiance of the citizens of Mequinez and Marakesh was purchased by the abolition of octroi duties. Muley Mohammed, who had set out for Sus, probably for the purpose of establishing a rival court among the fanatical tribesmen, was arrested and imprisoned at Marakesh until he signed an act of adhesion to the new emperor. The people both of the towns and the

country were generally well disposed because the harvest had been an unprecedented one, prices of grain were lower than they had been for years, and the agriculturists were busy gathering in and marketing their crops. The Spanish envoy went to the new Sultan while he was at Rabat and obtained a promise that the war indemnity would be paid. A large part of the installment due was paid over. In July Muley Omar conspired with the Vizier Hadj Hahim Zambi, Sid Mohammed Segir, chief cadi of the army, and other officials to obtain possession of the throne and of the treasure in Fez, and they invited Muley Mohammed and one of the late Sultan's brothers who was in command at Tafilet to join them. The plot was discovered, and the conspirators were imprisoned in their houses. The Sultan would not condeinn them to death, though urged by the chief officials at Fez, saying that his father had never ordered the death of a conspirator. He made his public entry into Fez on July 21, amid demonstrations of popular welcome. In August the Kabyles threatened the town of Mazagan, where some oppres sive Kaids had taken refuge, and when the Sultan's troops were unable to disperse them Great Britain and Spain sent war vessels to protect their subjects. The question of the appointment of consular agents at Fez was brought forward again after the accession of the new ruler. Great Britain nominated a Moor to act as consular agent, whereupon the French Government appointed a vice-consul and the Spanish, the Italian, and other governments made preparations to do the same thing. The Sultan begged them not to attempt it, and repeated his representations after the French vice-consul had arrived in Fez and had been insulted by the mob. Muley Mohammed was reinstated in September in the post of khalifa at the city of Morocco, which he had held under the late Sultan before he fell into disgrace. This act was forced upon the Sultan by the rebellion of the Kabyles of Erhamma, of Zeman, and of Witaman, who had supported the one-eyed prince in his claims to the throne and who menaced the city of Morocco and refused to be pacified unless he was released from imprisonment and restored to his former powers and dignity.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The officers of the Academy in 1894 were: President, Othniel C. Marsh; Vice-President, Francis A. Walker; Foreign Secretary, Wolcott Gibbs; Home Secretary, Asaph Hall; Treasurer, John S. Billings. Two meetings were held in 1894. The first or stated meeting was held in Washington, D. C., on April 17-20, when the following papers were read:

"The Coral Reefs of the Bermudas," "The Socalled Serpulæ Reefs of the Bermudas," and "The Bathymetrical Extension of the Pelagic Fauna," by Alexander Agassiz; "The Bacteria of River Water" and The Influence of Light upon the Bacillus of Typhoid, and the Colon Bacillus," by John S. Billings; “On Late Researches on the Variation of Lati

tude," by Seth C. Chandler: "The Geographical Distribution of Fishes," by Theodore Gill, Histological Characteristics of Certain Alpine Plants" and "Corrosions by Roots," by George L. Goodale; “Note on a Possible Increase in the Ultimate Defining Power of the Microscope," by Charles S. Hastings; "On the Infra-red Spectrum," by Samuel P. Langley; "New Method of determining the Relative Affinities of Certain Acids," by M. Carey Lea; "On the Change of Young's Modulus of Elasticity with Variation of Temperature, as determined by the Transverse Vibration of Bars of Various Temperatures," "On the Production of Beat and Beat Tones by the Covibration of Two Sounds so High in Pitch that when separately sounded they are Inaudible," and "On the Motions of Resonators and Other Bodies caused by Sound Vibrations, with Experimental Illustrations; also a Reclamation,” by Alfred M. Mayer;

and "Recent Gravity Instruments and Results," by Thomas C. Mendenhall; also a " Biographical Memoir of John Le Conte," by Joseph Le Conte.

A paper was read by George C. Comstock, entled An Investigation of the Aberration and Atmospheric Refraction of Light, with a Modified Form of the Loewy Prism Apparatus."

For a second time in the history of the Academy no new members were elected, because the many names presented made it impossible for the members to agree in a majority upon any of the candidates. At the business session the members of the old council were re-elected, and that body now includes, besides the officers previously mentioned, George J. Brush, Benjamin A. Gould, Samuel P. Langley, Thomas C. Mendenhall, Simon Newcomb, and Ira Remsen.

The treasurer's report of the condition of the trust funds was accepted and referred to an auditing committee. The aggregate of the Bache fund, the Watson fund, the Henry Draper fund, the J. Lawrence Smith fund, the Barnard medal, and the Wolcott Gibbs fund is now about $80,000, all of which is invested within the District of Columbia, the interest being used for furtherance of scientific investigation.

At this session the Watson medal was awarded to Seth C. Chandler, of Cambridge, for his researches on variable stars and on the variation

of latitude. Also at this meeting the death of Charles E. Brown-Séquard was reported, and the preparation of a biographical memoir was assigned to Dr. Henry P. Bowditch.

The scientific session was held in New Haven, Conn., on Oct. 30 to Nov. 1, when the following

papers were read:

and

"On the Influence of Insolation upon Culture Media, and of Desiccation upon the Vitality of the Bacillus of Typhoid, of the Colon Bacillus, and of the Staphylococcus Aureus," by John S. Billings; Atmospheric Dust and Aqueous Precipitation in Arctic Regions," by William H. Brewer; "Further Researches on the Polar Motion," by Seth C. Chandler: "On a Certain Theorem in Theoretical Mechanies," by J. Willard Gibbs: "Remarks upon the Prog ress of Work upon a Handbook of the Brachiopoda Note upon the Occurrence and Distribution of the Dictyospongidæ in the Devonian and Carboniferous Formations," by James Hall; "On Derived Equations in Optics" and "On a Method of eliminating Secondary Dispersion, using Ordinary Silicate Glasses only" by Charles S. Hastings; "Literal Expression for the Motion of the Moon's Perigee," by George W. Hill; "Infra-red Spectrum," by Samuel P. Langley; "The Relation of Gravity to Continental Elevation" and "The Legal Units of Electrical Measure," by Thomas C. Mendenhall; "On the Effect of Pressure in broadening Spectral Lines," by Albert A. Michelson; "The Winnebago County (Iowa) Meteorites, and the Meteor," by Hubert A. Newton; "An Indirect Experimental Determination of the Energy of Obscure Heat" and "Determination of the Errors of the Circles of an Electrotype Copy of Tycho Brahe's Altitude Azimuth Instrument now in Possession of the Smithsonian Institution," by William A. Rogers; and "Geographical and Bathymetrical Distribution of the Deep Sea Echinoderms discovered off the American Coast North of Cape Hatteras," by Addison E. Verrill; also a "Biographical Memoir of Ferdinand V. Hayden," by Charles A. White.

The following papers were read by gentlemen who are not members of the Academy:

"The Chemical Nature of Diastase," by Thomas B. Osborne, introduced by Samuel W. Johnson;

"Some Features in the Development of Brachiopods," by Charles E. Beecher, and "On the Presence of Devonian Fossils in Strata of Carboniferous Age," by Henry S. Williams, both introduced by Othniel C. Marsh; and "Report on photographing Meteors," by William L. Elkin, introduced by Hubert A. Newton.

The death of Prof. Josiah P. Cooke, of Harvard University, was reported, and to his associate, Dr. Charles L. Jackson, was assigned the preparation of a biographical memoir of him. During the year the Academy has lost by death Dr. Charles E. Brown-Séquard and Prof. Josiah P. Cooke from among its home members, and Prof. Helmholtz from among its foreign members. Sketches of these, together with one of William D. Whitney, a former member, may be found elsewhere in this volume.

NEBRASKA, a Western State, admitted to the Union March 1, 1867; area, 77,510 square miles. The population, according to each decennial census since admission, was 122,993 in 1870; 452,402 in 1880; and 1,058,910 in 1890. Capital, Lincoln.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Lorenzo Crounse, Republican; Lieutenant-Governor, Thomas J. Majors; Secretary of State, John C. Allen; Auditor of Public Accounts, Eugene Moore; Treasurer, Joseph S. Bartley; AttorneyGeneral, George H. Hastings; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Alexander K. Goudy; Commissioner of Public Lands and Buildings, A. R. Humphrey; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, T. L. Norval; Associate Justices, A. M. Post and T. O. C. Harrison; Commissioners of the Supreme Court, Robert Ryan, John M. Ragan, and Frank Irvine.

Finances. The financial condition of the State is not good. There were outstanding warrants on the general fund, Dec. 1, to the amount of $547,281.18, and on the feeble-minded institute fund for $61,256.93, with only $28,503.67 in those funds from which to pay them. But there is $417,313.61 in the treasury belonging to the school fund.

The limit of taxation for the general fund is 5 mills on the dollar, and the assessed valuations are very low; the property of the State, valued by the census of 1890 at $1,275,685,514, is assessed at $180,000,000. Efforts were made by the Board of Educational Lands and Funds to invest the Few counties have permanent school fund. made issues of bonds owing to the depression of business; in some instances school funds have been invested in them; in others, attempts to secure them have failed.

No part of the money deposited in the Capital National Bank of Lincoln, $236,364 (see “Annual Cyclopædia" for 1893, p. 505), has been recovered The bank examby the State from any source. iner found that the bank has been insolvent since Jan. 2, 1885, and that dividends have been declared regularly every six months when, in fact, there were no net earnings. The receiver has begun a suit against resident stockholders to recover $213,708 of these unearned dividends, and similar suits will be brought against nonresident stockholders.

Banks.-The abstract of the October reports of the condition of the 114 national banks in