an equal number are respectively £1 Os. 9d., 14s. 3d, and 3s. 1 d. each? Bought a piece of cloth, measuring 59 yards, at 12s. 6d. per yard; and another, of 41, at 138. 8d. per yard; by retailing them I gained £10 4s. 4d.: what did they bring per yard, and in all? A gentleman set out on a pleasure excursion with 20 sovereigns in his pocket; a return ticket cost him £3 128., and his expenses averaged 178. 94d. per day: how much had he on his return? A grocer bought 137 lbs. of tea at 3s. 2d., and sold it so as to gain £3 19s.: what did it cost per lb.? III. Name places in Britain famous for shipbuilding, battles, cathedrals, Roman ruins, Norman buildings, manufactures of steel and woollen, for copper smelting, &c. Name the smallest county in England, in Scotland, in Ireland. Which county in Scotland consists of 14 separated parts? Mention the counties in Wales and in England which border upon each other. Trace the course of the Severn, and tell the names and give a description of the chief towns in the counties through or beside which it flows. Name the chief cattle-markets in the three kingdoms. Give three quotations from the poets containing names of places, and tell all you can about these places. IV. Give an account of the chief executions during the reign of Henry VIII. Give a chronology of the battles of the reign. Give an account of the death of Henry VIII. Describe the accession of Edward VI., and give an epitome of his reign. Write a biography of Lady Jane Grey. PART II.-FRENCH, GERMAN, LATIN, AND GREEK. I. Theoretical.-State the principle for translating phrases like the following: Un chapeau de castor; Une montre d'argent; De la poudre à canon; Un verre à vin; Un moulin à café; Le lis est le symbole de la candeur, de l'innocence, et de la pureté; L'opinion des anciens philosophes. Give rules for the gender of the italic words: Le Piémont est en Italie; Otez la vase du vase; Les chemins sont bordés de lauriers, de grenadiers, de jasmins, et, d'autres arbres. Practical. Form first.—Translate-Henri IV. étant un jour à Paris, et voyant un homme qui avait la barbe noire et les cheveux blancs, lni demanda, D'où vient que vous avez la Il barbe noire et les cheveux blancs? répondit, C'est que les cheveux sont plus âgés de vingt ans que la barbe. Form second.-Translate-Thomas More, célèbre homme d'etat, utopiste, historien, théologien; Londres, 1480— 1535. Il fut élu membre du parlement entra au conseil de Henri VIII., fut nommé grand-chancelier, place où il déploya de rares vertus. Ayant résigné cette charge au bout de deux ans, pour ne pas prendre part aux réformes ecclésiastiques, il résista à toutes les offres du roi, qui le fit emprisonner et condamner à mort. Il eut la tête tranchée à Londres. Form third.-Colomb, as before. Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Es ist der Vater mit Seinem Kind, Siehst, Vater du den Erlkönig nicht? A storm, accompanied by hail, destroyed the harvest; This is a thing I never heard of; He gave a good advice to his friend. Senior. Continue "Undine," as before. III. Junior.-"Nepos," or " Cæsar," as before. Translate-It is not doubtful that the soldiers will fight bravely; They could not be restrained from hurling darts; Cæsar erects forts that he may the more easily keep the Helvetii off; The messenger said that all Carl Werner, the greatest naturalist of Germany, author of a treatise on Entomozairi, has, after expending his patrimony and his eyesight in the coinpletion of that work, died blind in an hospital in Paris, and been thrown unnoted in a charity shell into the funeral pit attached to La Charité. Middleton's "Life of Cicero" is about to be superseded by a new one by William Forsyth, a barrister, who in 1853 issued a History of Napoleon's captivity, and more recently a Biography of Cicero's contemporary, “Hortensius." A Picket editor of the Revue Britannique has translated "John Halifax, Gentleman." Dr. Edward Fischel, whose work on the English constitution has been the subject of most favourable reviews in England, France, and Germany, was run over by a cab in Paris, and instantaneously killed. A great festival was held on the 26th August, at Wobbelin, where the German patriot poet, Theodor Körner, died the death of a hero, by the bullet of Franz, the musketeer, in the grand national struggle for liberty, the glory and joy of 1813, fifty years since, in honourable memory of the author of "Zring," "Leier and Schwert," &c. A "History of the World," by Philip Smith, is announced. Mr. Lane's "Arabic-English Lexicon" is now all ready for the press. 1 Three Goethe works may be noted,"The Roman Elegies" of Goethe, translated into Latin by H. Stadelmann; "Goethe and his Importance," with fifteen parables by the author of "Werther," by C. Glearns; and "Faust in History and Legend," by P. Ristelhuber. To these let us add that Messrs. Longman promise "Faust," Part II, translated by John Muster. LL.D., whose version of the first part has been highly appreciated. A posthumous novel by Wickliffe Lane, a young and gifted lady recently deceased, author of "My Good-fornothing Brother," is nearly ready. The Rev. Charles Hemans, son of Mrs. Hemans the poetess, has written a work on Catholic Italy, in the church of which he is a priest. Mr. Charles Summers has prepared a colossal statue of Shakspere for erection before the public library in Melbourne on the tercentenary. William Buchanan, a poet, who has toiled somewhat from local obscurity in Glasgow into a position among men of letters in London, has a volume in the press, to be called "Undertones." The Critic has abandoned independent criticism, and is chiefly to consist hereafter of" Opinions of the Press." James William Gilbart, author of "Logic for the Million," "Logic for the Young," ""Logic of Banking," &c., died 8th August, aged 69. Eugène Baret aspires in France to Ticknor's place in America as the historian of Spanish literature. Vincent Knauer has issued at Vienna "The Kings of Shakspere." J. H. Simpson is engaged on "A Life of Herod the Great." Those who, like the youths of Rome, delight "Ad strepitum cithara cessatum ducere curam will shortly have the opportunity afforded them by the publication of M. F. Tupper's new volume of poems, to be entitled "Cithara." Eilhard Mitscherlich, author of the "Treatise on Chemistry," and professor of that science at Berlin, died 29th of August. "A History of the Jews," by the Rev. Dr. Margoliouth, is in preparation. Alfred de Vigny, poet, novelist, and dramatist (b. 1799), is dead. M. Hartzenbusch, editor of Calderon and Lope de Vega, has revised the text of "Don Quixote," which is being printed in the prison where Cervantes wrote it. F. V. Hugo's "Translation of Shakspere" is completed. Mr. Booth's fac-simile reprint of the first folio is to be ready for issue on the tercentenary day. Joseph Wolff's "Life" has been translated into German. E. Littré, author of "De la Philosophie Positive," has published "Auguste Comte et la Philosophie Positive " J. M. Hutterus, a celebrated German novelist, writes two new novels, entitled "A Holy Evening," and "Three Weeks' Leave." Rochefoucauld's "Memoirs," vol. xi., is out, as is also Napoleon's 6 Correspondence," vol. xiii. "The Truth about the Trojan War" has, it seems, been discovered by Professor Louis Benloen. F. Gerstaecker has published "From my Diary," being two vols. of Tales of Travel. "Memoirs of Steffens." the German naturalist, have been translated in America by W. L. Gage. Théophile Gautier, poet, novelist, feuilletoniste, vaudeveilliste, ballet-writer, traveller, &c., author of "Malle de Maupin," "Fortunis," "Nouvelles," &c., has published a series of papers en"Émaux et Cameos." titled, Ch. Vogel has translated Dr. Fischel's "Constitution of England" into French. The "History of the Rising of the Netherlands against Spain" (1572-4) has been written by T. Juste. "The Modern English Comic Drama," in process of publication as a serial, edited by Dr. A. Dietzmann, has reached the 70th number. A work entitled, "Culture and Selfculture," by Samuel Neil, is in the press for Messrs. Houlston and Wright. Mr. Jos. Gwilt, architect, translator of "Vetruvius," died 14th ult. Mr. F. Poole, one of the explorers of the Cascade Mountains, is preparing a narrative of the journey for the press. Brachvogel has published a tale about Solomon de Cano, the projector of steam-power. William Tooke (born 1777), the founder and promoter of Literary Associations, editor of Churchill's "Poems," and author of "The Monarchy of France; its Rise, Progress, and Fall," is dead. The Rev. John Boag, compiler of "The Imperial Lexicon," which he begun in his 70th year, died 15th ult., aged 89. Jacob Ludwig Grimm (born 1785), historiographer, the elder of the celebrated "Brothers Grimm," is dead. Public Meetings, and how to conduct them. THE formation of opinion is scarcely more important than the publication of it. Public opinion is the mental force of the nation exercised upon the questions of the day. Its determinations must not only be entertained, but expressed. Freedom of thought may be enjoyed by any and all; but it is an ineffective force unless freedom of speech accompany it, and follow it, and freedom of action be held as the ultimate aim of its efforts. Thought is doubtlessly the grand central motive-power in morals as in mechanics, in social life as in steam-industries, in national as in material prosperity. Thought is the seed-grain out of which all progress springs. But its productiveness depends upon and results from its being placed under the conditions of growth, and specially under and amidst all the activities of culture. By speech thought is made living and winged. Thought is, in itself, the result of reasoning; when expressing itself, it is transformed into persuasion, and persuasion is the main influence by which men are stirred to action. When intelligence and feeling are applied to and employed in the forma tion and publication of opinion, they produce a powerful moral force, effective in subjugating many minds, and capable of regulating many events. "The right of private judgment" is one which, in its literal terms, all must enjoy. The right of publicly expressing and acting upon the decisions of the private judgment, so long as that utterance or action does not infringe the rights of others, is the true significance of the words "the freedom of public opinion." This liberty of free and open discussion, which gives us the opportunity of speaking as we think, and enables public opinion to pervade and check, and perhaps, in the last resort, to rule and overrule the whole legislation of the country, as well as to become the protector of freedom, a watchful guardian capable of uniting the weak against the encroachments of power,' is one of the glorious privileges enjoyed in this fatherland of ours. "There is," 66 as Sir James Mackintosh once said, "still one spot in Europe where man can freely exercise his reason on the most important concerns of society-where he can boldly publish his judgment on the acts of the proudest and most powerful tyrants." In that country public opinion is a power, because it is the result of thought and the basis of action. To make ourselves worthy of exercising this right, and to fit ourselves for taking our due share in the preservation of the wisdom and purity of all public measures, demands from us special effort and endeavour. To acquire a mastery over the arts and mysteries by which public opinion is 1863. 66 stirred and formed, and made available for the reversal of wrong or the maintenance of right, for the abolition of evil and the extension of good, is one of the holiest of our social liabilities and functions; and our present paper aims at aiding in the successful accomplishment of this great requirement of civil life and religious fellowship. The highest personal responsibility rests upon each one -for his own welfare and the good of others—to strive to arrive at correct opinions on all social questions, and on all individual obligations. The burden of duty is laid upon all men according to their abilities and opportunities to labour for their own advancement and for the furtherance of the welfare of others. The one great public duty of all men is to give their best thoughts and their most energetic influences towards the realization of that state of social well-being in which the greatest possible happiness of the greatest possible numbers may be enjoyed, for," as Sir Edward Lytton Bulwer suggests, "the longest period of time," not only as a utilitarian piece of policy, but as a natural and prescriptive right. Each man has, and ought to take, an interest in public affairs; for every avoidable evil, permitted to have place in civil society, presses upon him and all others. He has no right to shirk his responsibilities, and pucker his cheek into smiles of self-approval, as he says, "I never interfere in public affairs; politics don't concern me.' This is the age-old excuse of Cain-"Am I my brother's keeper?" It is selfishness so concentrated as to defeat its own aim. Social life is a compact, and every one has his share of public duty, in one way or other, to do, in carrying out that compact. One plain duty seems to be to form correct opinions upon the ways and means of lessening the evils and increasing the delights of the whole tenantry of the commonwealth. The formation and the publication of opinion is one of the first duties, and one of the most important functions of every citizen of a free state,-it ought, in fact, to be regarded as one of the unescapable duties as well as one of the feasible "rights of man." Public opinion is the aggregate of the thoughts of a majority of the people. It is not sentiment, or first impressions, or vague notions, or the instinctive stimulant of impulse. It is thought, scrutinizing reflection, examination, and reasoning speculation expended on matters of fact, interest, and importance. It is the result of well-weighed deliberation, engaged in with the intent of getting at the truth or reality in regard to anything occupying attention. When men's minds are similarly and simultaneously agitated by and engaged in thinking upon a given topic, the conclusions to which many of them come upon or regarding it must be considerably alike. The result of this wide-spread activity of thought-hovering, it may be, shapeless and unexpressed in many minds, but still there-is called public opinion. At length some one appears, who utters,— "What oft was thought, but ne'er so well expressed;" and that is accepted by the many as the hieroglyph of their ideas. |