per month, how many more births were there than deaths in the whole? 4. A lady, at her death, bequeathed to each of her three servants a share of £2,000 in proportion to the time each had been in her service. A was 37, B 21, and C 11 years with her: how much should each receive? 2. Commercial.-1. Bought goods, 34 articles, at 72s. What must I charge for each to gain 25 per cent.? Bought articles at 11s. 2d., for which I charged 13s. 6d.: what was my profit on £1,550 worth, deducting expenses, £122 7s. 10d.? 3. If 27 cwt. cost £42 8s. 4d., how much can I buy for £851 10s. 6d. 4. I draw net profit £23 13s. per 2 roods 7 poles on a farm of 238 acres: what is my income? III. Name each cape in the British Islands, and the nearest town to it. Name the six towns in the British Islands farthest from railway, river, canal, or other outlet. Name ten towns in Great Britain which have more than doubled their population since 1832; and ten which have lost one-half of their population since 1832. What are the respective advantages of inland and seaport towns? IV. Write an account of the martyrdoms of Mary I. Detail the circumstances of the Spanish marriage. Esti mate the effects of that marriage on British history. What insurrection occurred in this reign? Write a notice of Calais, its fortunes and misfortunes. Give a summary of Mary's reign. V. Give lists of the chief novelists, poets, historians, dramatists, of the present day, in tables, thus: I. Theoretical. Explain the signification of the following adjectives of comparison, viz.:-Il est plus savant que moi; Il est moins riche que vous; Nous sommes aussi braves que vous; Il n'est pas aussi adroit que vous; Nous avons autant d'argent que vous; Il vaut mieux rire que de pleurer; Vous êtes plus sage que je ne croyais; Il a plus de vingt ans. Practical. Form first.-TranslateApelle ayant peint Alexandre à cheval, fut surpris de voir que ce tableau n'arrachait pas la moindre louange à ce prince. Un cheval qui passait l'endroit où ce tableau etait exposé se mit a hennir, en apercevant l'animal qui lui ressemblait. Sire dit Apelle à Alexandre ce cheval se connaît mieux en peinture que vous. Form second.-Translate-Voltaire et Piron avaient été passer quelque temps dans un chateau. Un jour Piron ecrivit sur la porte de Voltaire "Coquin." Sitôt que Voltaire le vit, il se rendit chez Piron, qui lui dit, "Quel hazard me procure l'avantage de vous voir?" Monsieur, lui repondit Voltaire, "je vu votre nom sur ma porte, et je viens vous rendre ma visite.-Parse the words in italics. - Nature Form third.-Colomb, as before. II. Junior. - Translate gives (giebt) us friends; Help yourself, and God will help you; The day begins; A burned child dreads (scheuet) the fire; The ship has gone to sea; We had wind and rain, snow and ice, hail and frost, thunder and lightning; The snow falls in great flakes. Logik, in weitester Bedentung, ist die Wissenschaft der Regeln des Denkens. Sie ist entweder allgemeine oder besondere Logik. Jene hat die Regeln des allgemeinen, diese die Regeln des bessondern Verstandesgebrauchs zun Gegenstande. Die enterstere ist wieder von doppelter Art, entweder sie ist reine allgemeine Logik, oder angewandte allgemeine Logik. Senior Continue "Undine" as before, and write out the parsing of the first twenty words translated. III. Junior.-Nepos or Cæsar, as before. Translate-Malo cum Platone errare, quam cum aliis recte, sentire; Dum in dubio est animus, paulo momento huc ant illuc impellitur; Quod volunt homines, se bene velle putant; Spem pretio non emo; Ficta voluptatis causa sit proxima veris. Senior.-Translate selected author as before; also translate and scan the following, viz.: Sic ubi deseruit madidos septemfluus agros Nilus, et antiquo sed flumina reddidit alveo, Æthereoque recens exarsit sidere limus; Plurima cultores versis animalia glebis Inveniunt, et in his quædam modo cœpta sub ipsum Nascendi spatium; quædam imperfecta suis que Literary Notes. M. LAFOND is translating Ben Jonson's "Works." Douglas W. Jerrold's "Works are to be reissued under the editorship of his son Blanchard. A "People's Edition" of Macaulay's "History," in 14 shilling parts, has been commenced. Dr. Alex. Henderson, author of "A History of Ancient and Modern Wines," &c., died 23rd Sept., aged 83. R. Stewart, Elgin, has begun a reissue of the Works of Sir Thomas Dick Lander, Bart. (1784-1848), with "The Wolf of Badenoch," 1827. Collected editions of the works of Neander, Tholuck, &c., are being issued. The pseudonym "Wycliffe Lane" was used by Mrs. Edmund Jenings, Hawkhurst, Kent, whose posthumous novel, Thyra Gascoigne," Messrs. Tinsley will publish in a short time. 66 Rev. Dr. F. W. Faber, divine and poet, author of "All for Jesus," "The Lily of the Cherwell," &c., died at the Oratory, Brompton, of which he was Superior, on 26th September. Synd Ahmud, a zealous Mahometan, principal Sudder Ameen of Ghazepore, has issued a "Commentary on the Holy Bible," and is preparing a "Reply to Bishop Colenso" Į W. M. Praed's works, edited, with a memoir, by Rev. Derwent Coleridge, are in the press. A reference" Shakspere is announced. "A Critical Disquisition on the Sonnets of Shakspere" has been privately issued by Mr. Bolton Corney. "Dante et sa Comédie" has been issued by F. G. Bergmann. Mommsen's "History of Rome" has been translated into French by C. A. Alexandre, and the fifth edition of a History of Rome by M. Duruy, Minister of Instruction, is just out. Henri Richelot's "Goethe; ses Mémoires et sa Vie," is nearly completed. Dr. F. Strauss has produced a new and original, not a reprint of the old, 66 Leben Jesu." Mrs. Frances Trollope (née Milton, at Heckfield, 1779) died at Florence, 6th Oct., in her 85th year. Archbishop Whately died at Roebuck House, near Dublin, 8th Oct., aged 77. [See British Controversialist, January and February, 1862, for biographic sketch.] G. Spiegel has issued a work on "The Spirit of Schopenhauer's Philosophy." A. Pannevis has issued "Shakspere: Critical Contributions to a Knowledge of the Poet and his Poetry," in Dutch. Professor E. Bocking, of Bonn, has issued a carefully revised edition of the Epistola Obscurorum Virorum,—that tremendous German satire which foreran the Reformation, of which Sir Wm. Hamilton ascribed the conception and authorship to Ulric von Hutten, Crotus, and Buselius, in one of his most learned papers, March, 1831, which was translated into German by Dr. Vogler in 1832. "Mixpickles" is the name of a projected German Punch. Sir Roundell Palmer (born 1812), editor of "The Book of Praise," who won the Newdegate prize for English Verse on "Staffa," 1832, &c., has been appointed Attorney-General. Archenholz's (1745-1812) "Seven Years' War" has reached its eighth edition, and is now published with a memoir of the author, by A. Potthast. John Bowyer Nichols, editor of his father's "Literary Anecdotes," &c., and the Gentleman's Magazine, one of the three registrars of the Literary Fund, died 19th October, aged 85. Charles Knight's autobiography cannot fail to be interesting. It will bear the title, "Passages in a Working Life during Half a Century," and Vol. I. will appear soon. The posthumous MSS. of Leibnitz are to be issued by Dr. Kopp, of Hanover, at an early date. "Hannah Thurston" is the name of the first novel by Bayard Taylor, the author of Poems of the Orient," &c., which is about to be published. M. Auguste Maquet is to appear as an independent author, and no longer as Dumas's partner, with a novel entitled, "La Rose Blanche." "The Travels of Marco Polo," with illustrative notes from Chinese authorities, is under the editorial care of M. Panthier. W. J. Stewart, author of "Footsteps behind him, &c., editor of the Illustrated London News, died 17th inst. A novel of his is in the press. "The Roman World and its New Historians" is the title of a recent work by P. Roilet. Bremen has appointed its travelwriter, J. G. Kohl, city librarian. Prof. Geo. Long has in the press Vol. I. of a new "History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire "Gibbon's great topic. "Modern France; its Journalism, Literature, and Society," is in preparation by A. V. Kirwan, Esq., of the Middle Temple, author of the article "France" in the Encyclopædia Bri tannica," &c. Modern Logicians. No. VI.-WILLIAM SPALDING. THE University of St. Andrew's is the oldest seat of learning in Scotland. In 1410 a number of persons of ability and acquirements associated themselves together for the promotion of literature and the diffusion of knowledge among the people of North Britain. They communicated instruction gratuitously to the youths placed under their charge; and so notable was the success of their efforts, that in 1411 they obtained from Henry Wardlaw, then Bishop of St. Andrew's, a charter which conferred on the founders and frequenters of this pedagogy, as it was then called, all the immunities and powers usually granted to universities. This charter was confirmed in 1413 by Pope John XXIII. James Kennedy, successor of Wardlaw, and nephew of James I. of Scotland (the poet-sovereign, author of "The King's Quhair," 1394-1437), founded and endowed in 1458 the College of St. Salvator. In 1512, John Hepburn, Prior of St. Andrew's, set apart revenues and buildings which had formerly been an hospital for pilgrims, to found and endow a college, to be called St. Leonard's. St. Mary's College was created in 1537, out of the pedagogy, under the auspices of Cardinal David Beatoun, afterwards, in succession to his uncle, Archbishop of St. Andrew's. In 1569 the college was remodelled by the historian and poet, George Buchanan, who had been maintained at the university by the bounty of John Major, or Mair (1470-1550), the logician; and who was then Principal of the establishment. These several collegiate institutions were carried on for a long time separately, but by Act of Parliament, in 1747, Salvator and Leonard were united, and the university now consists of the United College and the College of St. Mary's,-the former appropriated to the arts curriculum, and the latter to the divinity course. For 437 years this ancient university struggled on without appeal to public aid; but in 1825 the buildings had fallen into disrepair, and on the recommendation of a royal commission, a grant from the Treasury was voted for repairing and rebuilding them. On the reconstitution of the university, and the redistribution of the various professional departments, in 1747, the system of appointing professors of faculties, whose duty it was to carry the students placed under them through the whole of their course in the arts, was departed from, and the professors were enjoined to confine themselves to the teaching of one department only of the range of studies included in it. Logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics 1863. 2 D were classed together as one congeries of studies, and to the chair of this department Mr. Henry Rymer was in that year appointed. Prior to this period St. Andrew's had apparently taken the lead in philosophy in Scotland. Half a century previously, a parliamentary commission ordered the University of St. Andrew's to forward to the University of Edinburgh, as a pattern, a synopsis of the system of logic and metaphysics taught in it; and a chair for instruction in philosophy was formally instituted in the latter in 1708. The system of logic and metaphysics then taught in the educational capital of "the kingdom of Fife" was chiefly an adaptation of that sketched out by Peter Ramus (1515-1572), the reformer of logic, who was massacred and mutilated in Paris on St. Bartholomew's Day, on suspicion of secretly entertaining and propagating Protestant opinions, whilst filling the chair of eloquence and philosophy in the College of France. The name of Peter Ramus is associated with the successful emancipation of the mind from the fetters of scholasticism. The superstitious veneration of Aristotle which it inculcated was first effectively_resisted by him and his disciples. This reform was twofold. It was not only negative and controversial, it was also positive and constructive. By his polemic he shook the dominion of scholasticism, and opened up a pathway for Bacon, Descartes, Arnauld, &c. By his apodictic he substituted another form of exposition for that of Aristotle, and so made subsequent innovations possible, if not acceptable. Ramus defined logic to be the art and practice of thinking clearly and discoursing well, and attributed to it two functions-invention and disposition: the former was employed in discovering arguments, reasons, or proofs; the latter laboured to use and arrange them. The power of thinking he held to be essential to man, and innate in him. Art trains the instinctive logicality of man until practice has formed a habit, and then he employs his whole mental faculties in the best and most approved forms. Ramus treats of invention under four heads, viz., ideas, judgments, discourse, and method; and in this division of the subject he has been followed by a large number of logicians * to this day. Andrew Melville introduced the doctrines of Ramus into his teaching at Glasgow, 1574. In 1580 he was transferred to the principalship of St. Andrew's, and there also he and his nephew (James Melville), though reading Aristotle's Logic in Greek, did not fail to inculcate this system; and there, though at its introduction the cause almost of riot, the Ramist dialectics formed the subjects of prelection from the days of Melville to those of Rymer. Professor Rymer combined the principles of investigation taught by Bacon with the mental philosophy of Locke, and by so doing made a formal innovation on the prior teachings of that university. *For full information on the logic of this author consult the "Life, Writings, and Philosophy of Peter Ramus" (1848), by Charles Waddington-Kastus (b. 1819), Professor of Logic in the Sorbonne, Paris. |