Erde be finden sich (are found); Berge und Wälder, Hugel und Thäler; Wiesen; Aecker, und Früchte; Meere, Seen, Hüsse und Büche; Thiere und Menschen. To each noun apply a suitable adjective. Decline each noun above given, note any peculiarity of declension occurring in them. Write into German -The surface of the earth consists of sea and land; The four elements of bodies are fire, earth, air, and water; There are four chief winds, the North, the South, the East, and the West. Senior.-Continue "Undine," parsing each pronoun, and giving the syntax as far as possible. Write into GermanBronze is a compound of copper and brass; The spring months are April, May, and June; We divide philosophy generally into theoretical, which teaches us the ideas of things, and into practical, which informs us of the advantageous use of things; The knowledge of the ancient languages is called philology; of the new, linguistics. III. Junior.-Nepos or Cæsar, as before, giving the syntax of all nouns, and declining each noun having an adjective agreeing with it, along with that adjective through all the cases. Translate and parse- Calcaria sunt decus equitis; Somnus est mortis imago; Mons altus, nomine Parnassus, sidera verticibus pulsat; Spes victoriæ milites delectat. Senior. Continue translation of Virgil, Cicero, or Sallust, as before. Mark the scansion, and translate into verse the following lines:"Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. Fortem posce animum, et mortis terrore carentem: Qui spatium vitæ extremum inter munera ponat Naturæ, qui ferre queat quocumque labores Neciat irasci, cupiat nihil." IV. Junior.-Translate and decline each noun and adjective together, through all the cases, in the following lines:φθονον οὐκ οἶδ' εμον ῆτος, Φθονον ου δειδια † δηκτην, Φιλολοιδοροιο γλωττης Φευγω βέλεμναι κωφα. Στυγεω μαχας παροινούς Πολυκωμους κατα δαῖτας Βιον ἡσυχον φεραμεν. Quote the second and third verses of St. John, chap. i., and translate literally. Senior.-Continue to translate Xenophon, as before. Quote one sentence of the lesson in the order of construction. State the laws of syntax, or the principles of language, which regulate the collocation given. In Anabasis, I., 2, what is the force of åπò? effect has rai... dé? Parse λaßwv. Write in Greek-May he who first loved money perish. * Knows. § Hate. Literary Notes. GEO. L. DUYCKINCK, editor of the 66 Cyclopædia of American Literature," &c., died 30th March, at New York, of which he was a native, aged 40. M. Leon de Wailly, translator of Thackeray's Esmond, "Burns's Poems," &c., into French, died in May. Madame Lamartine (née Birch, 1795) died 21st May, and was buried at Maçon What Shun. Let us lead. two days thereafter. It may be here stated, that the writer of a paper on "Lamartine," in the British Controversialist, May, 1859, received a letter conveying the "best thanks" and "gratitude" of the poet, historian, ex-president of France, &c., and his wife for his "excellent essay." A dozen volumes of State papers, memorials, and chronicles, of or drawn from the public records, are either already in or nearly ready for the press. Herr D. Heidenheim, editor of "Theological Inquiries and Criticisms," is about to publish a portion of the New Testament in Uncial Greek, copied from the Codex in the Vatican, in the reading of which he has been engaged nearly two years. J. Payne Collier has issued proposals for the publication of fifty copies of a second series of twelve rare Old English tracts, issuable to subscribers only. They include curious poems by Churchyard, Barnfield, Greene, Waprill, &c. A meeting has been held in Stratfordon-Avon, under the presidency of Lord Leigh, to decide upon the forms of celebrating the tercentenary of the birthday of Shakspere. It was resolved-1st, that a national memorial should be erected in the town; 2nd, that the educational advantages of the Grammar School should be extended; 3rd, that a triennial prize for the best essay or poem on Shakspere should be founded for public competition; 4th, that New Place Gardens should be laid out, and opened to the public. Nathaniel Hawthorn (born 1809), author of "The Blithedale Romance," &c., is engaged on a new work of fiction. Messrs. Chapman and Hall announce an edition of Shakspere, by Rev. Alexander Dyce, in volumes at intervals of two months, to consist of a textaltered and amended; a large body of notes; and a glossary of words, allusions, and customs. Mr. Charles Cowden Clarke has in the press a work on the subordinate characters in Shakspere's plays. The matter has, for the most part, been previously delivered as lectures. The Mirror has ceased, after a month's trial, "to show the age and body of the time, its form and pressure;" and the Parthenon has fallen after little more than a year's attempt to rise upon the foundations of the Literary Gazette. These are both losses to the literary world, which, however, is sadly oppressed by the number of organs established for its behoof. A debate on "the law of copyright" has been inaugurated at the Law Amendment Society, by the reading of a paper on the subject by Serjeant Burke. 66 From Matter to Spirit," a guide to persons wishing to investigate for themselves the subject of the so-called spiritual manifestations, and the result of ten years' experience in spiritual phenomena, is announced by Messrs. Longmans. The volume is said to be the production of Mrs. De Morgan, a daughter of the late William Friend, of Jesus' College, Cambridge; and the preface is written by Augustus De Morgan, the eminent mathematician. Mr. Henry Spicer, author of "The Lords of Ellingham," Honesty," 'Judge Jefferies," &c., has also a book on spiritualism ready, entitled, Strange Things among us." 66 66 66 Charles Swain (b. 1803), author of "The Mind; and other Poems," "English Melodies," &c., has a new volume in the press. Mrs. Bernal Osborne has written a novel on a style of life which her husband has been accused by the press of getting into-"False Positions." George Ticknor (b. 1791), the historian of Spanish literature, has forthcoming a biography of his lifelong friend, W. Hickling Prescott, whose chief honours were also won on Spanish fields, in "The Conquest of Peru," and "Mexico;" "The History of Ferdinand and Isabella;" "Philip II.," &c. (1796 -1859). John Foster Kirk, Prescott's amanuensis, is occupied on "The Life and Times of Charles the Bold." Professor A. C. Fraser, successor of Sir Wm. Hamilton, has in preparation a "Manual of Logic and Metaphysics," as a text-book for students. The IXth and Xth vols. of Bancroft's "History of the United States of America," -as they were-are one in, and the other nearly ready for, the press. "Lady Audley's Secret" is published in a translation in the Turin Stampa. The Presse informs its readers that Napoleon III.'s "Life of Cæsar" is in process of being printed, and that the first and second vols. will appear simultaneously, and the third hereafter. Rev. Charles Merivale, B.D., author of a "History of the Romans under the Empire," filling up the historical void left by the death of Dr. Arnold, has been appointed Boyle Lecturer in Cambridge, 1864-1873. A bi-monthly publication, called the Austrian Review, has been established at Vienna. In Etonensia, a new Eton school magazine, just started, there is a brief paper on A. H. Hallam, himself formerly an Etonian, and a writer in an Eton miscellany. Professor Summers, of King's College, London, is to be the editor of a monthly "Chinese and Japanese Repository." Mr. Gladstone's financial statements, and speeches upon tax-bills and charities, are to be issued by Murray. Dr. August Knobel, the Biblical critic, died June 5th, at Giessen, aged 57. Dante translation is getting on in America. A Mr. T. W. Parsons has in the press "The Inferno." M. de Chatelain, translator of Chaucer, has nearly ready for issue a French version of "Hamlet." The Right Hon. William Keogh, one of the judges of her Majesty's Court of Common Pleas in Ireland, has nearly ready Vol. I. of a "History of Ireland from the Union." This will be an important contribution to the records of our century, if, as is promised, it be "written in detail, and truthfully and temperately treated." The Abbé Moigno is translating into French, Prof. Tyndall's "Heat as a Mode of Motion." He has already issued Grove's "Correlation of Forces." The third volume of Mr. Eyre Evans Crowe's new "History of France". which a fourth volume will conclude→ is ready for issue. It reaches from the epoch of the Reformation to the age of Richelieu and Mazarin, or France in the time of Cromwell. Mrs. F. A. Kemble has in the press an English tragedy, a translation of Schiller's "Marie Stuart," and of Dumas' "Mademoiselle de Belleisle," which will together form one volume. M. F. A. A. Mignet (born at Aix, 1796), the historian of the French Revolution-who is engaged on a history of the Reformation-read before the Academy of Sciences, Paris, on 13th June, a" Notice of the Life and Works of Lord Macaulay." Since the death of Arago, Mignet stands first among French writers as the pronouncer of Eloges on remarkable men. A statue of Wincklemann (1717— 1768), the historian of ancient art, is to be placed in the National Museum, Berlin. A select committee of the "Guild of Literature and Art" have now reported in favour of the remodelment of that institution, to which Sir E. Bulwer Lytton has made a free gift of two acres of land, whereon to build dwellinghouses for the occupancy of members chosen by the council of the guild. The Shakspere Tercentenary celebration is occupying much attention; and a general anxiety is manifested for some united effort, and some general plan of procedure. Seventy-five controversial works have already been issued against Bishop Colenso, the third part of whose work is now published. "The Constitutional History of England, from Henry VIII. to Charles I.," has been published in France. "A Hand Bible," to be edited by the Archbishop of York, author of "The Laws of Thought," &c., is announced. Modern Logicians. No. V.-IMMANUEL KANT. THE "Logic" of Kant was published, from the papers of the author, by his disciple and friend, Dr. G. B. Jaesche, of Königsberg, to whose care and that of Dr. F. T. Rink, the Orientalist, the Critic of Reason committed his manuscripts about four years before his death, to issue, or consign to oblivion, as they saw fit. It consists of the notes of lectures delivered by Kant in the course of his teaching, in which he made use, as a text-book, of the "Logic" of G. F. Meier, a work which he regarded as the most solid and complete exposition of the subject during the early part of the last century, and one which we know exercised a great influence on the mind, style, and inclinations of as De Quincey calls him-the great thinker of Königsberg. Kant looked upon the "Organon" of Aristotle as a perfected work, and the science, of which it was the exponent, as completed and changeless. He did not, therefore, attempt any reconstruction of Logic, but rather sought to adapt it to the requirements of the epoch in which he lived, and to make it, by its accuracy. determinateness, and distinctness, more conformable to the philosophy of his age. It is not, therefore, in his " Manual of Logic" that we shall find the full and entire system of the most acute and severe of modern dialecticians, of him whom Sir William Hamilton considered second only to Aristotle as a logician. That treatise merely expounds the common Logic, with clearness certainly, for all the side-lights of philosophy are brought to bear upon it; but it contains no systematic formulation of the transcendental Logic in connection with which his name is famous. In some few particulars in this hand-book, the author brushes away some superfluous subtleties from Logic, suggests means for maintaining the integrity of it, and gives counsels against intermixing psychological and metaphysical problems with those which arise within the science of thought itself,—“the vestibule only of the temple of the sciences"; but he does not in any of its sections unravel into their elements those great thoughts which have made "the writings of Kant form incomparably the greatest era in modern philosophy. Had this work led us deep down to the very root and original, the hidden, yet not undiscoverable, firstlings whence, and through which, the Intelligence latently, instinctively. and inherently derives the genesis of thought, or furnished us with a clue for the tracing out of the modes and laws of the organic activities of the peculiarly human mental nature of which Logic takes account, it would not have been difficult to have brought into brief scope a view of the nature, divisions, and laws of the science as taught 1863. G " and practised by Thought's great hierophant in Germany. Common Logic is propaidentic, educative. Transcendental Logic is inquisitive and critical. The former is a canon of the understanding, and informs of the absolutely necessary rules of thinking, without which no right use of the understanding can take place;" "it is a demonstrated doctrine, and everything in it must be certain, and entirely à priori;" the latter is "a science which defines the origin, the extent, and the validity of the forms of thought," and has "merely to do with the laws of the understanding, and the reason applied à priori to the objects engaging the activities of our mind.” The common Logic informs us how we are to proceed in the search for truth; the transcendental Logic, separating reason from its objects, surveys our inner capacity for attaining to knowledge, and criticises the forms in which cognition is possible. The laws of the latter Logic are the laws of the human mind, and in its nature we must seek the grounds of certitude. These grounds of certitude must be invariable, in as far as human nature is in itself invariable. Many attempts have been made to reconstruct Logic upon Kantian principles (as by Beck, Krug, Fries, Jacob, Snell, Hoffbauer, &c.); but we know of no well-grounded and successful effort to colligate the principles of Kant's transcendental Logic into one brief synoptical view, such as may enable the ordinary reader to give meaning to the usual phrase, Kant's Logic. Such a labour we are now about to essay; but we shall first attempt to interest our readers in the man, and then in the great product of his mind. Immanuel Kant was born 22nd April, 1724. His father, John George Kant, the son of an Aberdeenshire Scotchman, who had settled in Königsberg in the latter part of the sixteenth century, was a saddler in a small way, in the suburbs of the murky but commercial metropolis of Prussia Proper. His mother, Anna Regina Reuter-a thorough Teuton-was a woman of high principles, and great religious zeal. This humble pair trained their large family--of which Immanuel was the fourth child-in virtue and industry. Of these, none emerged into fame except (Der Zermalmende) "The Smasher," as the great critic was at first nicknamed. The sterling probity, animated piety, and scrupulous inflexibility in morals, inculcated in precept and enforced by example, had the happiest influence on the lowly homestead flock of the assiduous though struggling harness maker and his wife. I never," said Kant, in after years, saw or heard, in my father's family, anything inconsistent with honour, propriety, and truth.” In such a home education was duly prized, and the moral sentiments received both culture and discipline. Immanuel received the rudiments of learning in the free school of Königsberg, and made such progress in reading, writing, &c., at an early age, as to suggest the ambition in his mother of devoting her son to the Lutheran church. Feeling the pinch of the scanty resources of the family, the good mother succeeded in inducing a wealthy brother of her own-a master shoemaker-to undertake the ex 66 66 |