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ery, 8,412 power-looms, and 131 hand-looms; in making worsted goods, 191 sets of machinery were employed, 5,114 power-looms, and 3 hand-looms; in making linen and gunny cloth, 15,606 spindles and 605 looms; silk-works, 500 spindles; webbing, 288 looms; braiding machines, 2,194; knitting, 82 power and 6 hand machines. The whole number of newspapers and periodicals in the State was 341, including 26 dailies, with an annual circulation of 83,389,028 copies; 222 weeklies, with an annual circulation of 47,650,250; and 58 monthlies, circulating 7,504,224 copies annually; total annual circulation of all periodicals, 141,774,382 copies. The whole number of vessels engaged in fisheries and coastwise and ocean commerce, in 1875, was 2,274, with an aggregate tonnage of 422,895 tons. The amount invested in fisheries was $7,269,442; annual product, $7,684,716. The grand total of the value of industrial products in 1875 is as follows: Manufactures and fisheries, $600,016,678; agriculture and mining, $43,461,599; total, $643,478,277. In 1865 it was: Manufactures and fisheries, $444,524,353; agriculture and mining, $51,149,576; aggregate, $495,673,929. Reduced to a gold basis, the aggregate for 1875 is $574,534,175; for 1865, $315,715,877: a gain of about 82 per cent. The increase in population at the same time was from 1,267,030 to 1,651,912, a gain of 30.38 per cent.

The educational statistics of the year 1876'77 are as follows:

Number of public schools....

Number of children between five and fifteen years of age.

Number of pupils in public schools during the year

Average attendance.

Number of children under five years attending school..

Number of persons over fifteen attending schools
Number of male teachers in public schools..
Number of female teachers.

Number of teachers who have attended normal
schools

Average term of public schools..

5,556

296,375

307,832
222,704

28,190

1.176

1,898

pupils, cost $13,000.03; at Salem, 312 pupils, cost $13,160.33; at Worcester, 156 pupils, cost $12,784.99; Normal Art School, Boston, 225 pupils, cost $9,669.04. Total State appropriation for normal instruction, $76,000.

The volunteer militia of the State consists of 3,775 enlisted men, and 373 commissioned officers, a total force of 4,148 men. The 61 companies of infantry contain 48 men each; the three companies of cavalry, 81 men each, and the three companies of artillery, 80 men each. The two corps of cadets contain 272 men, and there are 92 non-commissioned and staff officers. There was a full parade of the militia on the 26th of June, on the occasion of the reception of the President of the United States in Boston, and again at the dedication of the Army and Navy Monument, in the same city, September 17th. The enrolled militia of the State numbers 217,239.

The political canvass of the year opened with a convention of the "Greenback" party, held in Boston, on the 5th of September. The following ticket was put in nomination: For Governor, Wendell Phillips, of Boston; LieutenantGovernor, Dyer D. Lum, of Northampton; Secretary of State, Nathan Clark, Jr., of Lynn; Auditor, H. M. Bearse, of Boston; Treasurer, W. F. Whitney, of South Ashburnham; Attorney-General, Israel W. Andrews, of Danvers. The platform adopted was as follows:

Whereas, By the vicious and reckless financial policy of our National Administration since the commencement of the late war, money, the medium of exchange, the unit and measure of credit and liability in all contracts, has been so reduced in quantity, so rapidly and completely changed and appreciated in value, as compared with property and labor, that all bonds, notes, mortgages, and other money liabil2,058 ities, have been so increased as to render bankruptcy the only alternative of the debtor class. By the suicidal policy of contraction, increasing the measure of 7,544 the dollar as a unit of liability, property mortgaged but a few years ago to the extent of two-thirds or onehalf of its value, now fails to satisfy the mortgage. 8 months 15 days The weight of national, State, and municipal debts has been increased nearly 50 per cent. in the last four years. Thus, the real property of the country is rap$4,831,675 85 idly centralizing in the hands of money-lenders, and all the resources of taxation are required to meet the obligations of the public creditors. The increasing scarcity of circulating medium, causing, as it does, the steady depreciation of prices, has made all investments in productive enterprises unprofitable, reduced production to the limited demand of absolute daily necessity, and brought upon us the paralysis of trade, and the destitution and enforced idleness of the laboring classes.

Average wages of male teachers per month..
Average wages of female teachers per month..
Amount raised by taxation for support of pub-
lic schools...

Income of funds appropriated for public schools
at option of towns

Amount expended in erecting and repairing

Expense of superintendence..
Amount of local school funds..

Income of local school funds.

Income of State school fund..

school-houses.

[blocks in formation]

$82 22

$34 20

$59,229 01
$131,804 39

$1,898,891 19
$119.968 26
$76,320 07

$956,483 88

216
494

19,160

3.989

385

92 1. We demand the immediate and unconditional 545 repeal of the specie resumption act of January 14, 5.305 1875, and the rescue of our industries from the disas$78,350 53 ter and ruin resulting from its enforcement; and we 44 call upon all patriotic men to organize in every con$131,692 99 gressional district of the country, with the view of electing representatives to Congress who will legislate for and a chief magistrate who will carry out the wishes of the people in this regard, and thus stop the present suicidal and destructive policy of contraction. 2. We believe that to the legal tenders we owe the We do not believe times of peace. Neither do we believe it right or exthat a currency so potent in disaster is worthless in pedient to pursue further a policy, every step of which

15.228 $439.603 11 $5,552,519 23 The State Normal Schools are as follows: At

Total cost of public education...

Framingham, 130 pupils, cost of support to the State $12,160.68; at Westfield, 170 pupils, cost of support $12,397.14; at Bridgewater, 211

successful termination of the war.

is marked by failure and distress; which has crippled every industry, trade, and profession, except that of the money-lender on real estate, at one-third of its value, who is rapidly acquiring the property for default of interest and taxes. We believe that the consolidation of property now going on under this policy is dangerous; that if persevered in it will end in revolution.

3. We believe that any and all money issued by the Government, whether of gold, silver, or paper, should be a full legal tender, and at all times convertible into Government bonds, bearing a low rate of interest, not over 3 per cent.; said bonds to be reconvertible into such lawful money. And we hold that it is the duty of the Government to provide such a circulating medium, and we insist, in the language of Thomas Jefferson, "that bank paper must be suppressed, and the circulation restored to the nation, to whom it belongs."

4. It is the paramount duty of the Government, in all its legislation, to keep in view the full develop ment of all legitimate business, agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and commercial.

5. We most earnestly protest against any further issue of gold bonds, for sale in foreign markets, by means of which we would be made, for a longer period, hewers of wood and drawers of water for foreign nations.

6. We demand that the silver dollar, which has been a full legal tender for all debts, both public and private, from 1792 until February 12, 1873, which was demonetized at the suggestion and in the interest of the foreign creditors of the nation, be restored to its original position as a full legal tender, and that its free coinage and circulation be encouraged.

7. Resolved, That the present system of taxation on mortgaged property is unjust, as against the person holding the fee in the property, and should be abolished.

8. Resolved, That we demand a reduction of public expenditures, the rapid payment and extinction of all outstanding State and municipal debts, to the end that the burdens of taxation borne by the present and future generations may be reduced to the lowest pos

sible limit.

9. Resolved, That we demand the abolition of all class legislation; of the iniquitous system of land grants and subsidies to corporations and private individuals, which has spread the sinister influence of the lobby, and sown the seed of official corruption throughout our whole political fabric, which has subjected the public welfare and the general good to a hostile and dangerous oligarchy of private interests. The nominations of the "Greenback" party were afterward accepted by the Labor Reform and Workingmen's parties.

The Prohibitionists held a convention, at Worcester, on the 12th of September. Judge Robert C. Pitman, of New Bedford, was nominated for Governor; Elijah A. Morse, of Canton, Lieutenant-Governor; D. B. Gurney, of South Abington, Secretary of State; Orin T. Gray, of Hyde Park, Attorney General; D. N. Skillings, of Winchester, Treasurer. The following resolutions were adopted:

Resolved, That we congratulate the Prohibitionists of Massachusetts upon the increasing signs that our party is making good the declaration of last year, that we organized not merely for the campaign but

for the war.

Resolved, That we meet for political action against a traffic which obstructs every object of good government-a traffic which makes paupers, increases taxes, promotes crime, disturbs the public peace, enslaves labor, destroys the home, impairs the purity of the ballot, and imperils every interest of the Commonwealth.

Resolved, That the policy of the State toward a traffic so deadly to its interests, and at the same time so powerful, can never be settled without an open avowed party issue and a distinct, unquestioned decision at the polls.

Resolved, That no such issue can be made inside of a party that is divided between license and prohibition; that a party so divided can accept neither one side nor the other without losing the votes of the minority; that it will therefore make no such issue; that when compelled to act it can never act higher than its average sentiment, and must at the best adopt a weak, wavering, undecided, and inefficient policy, and that for this reason a political party making the suppression of the liquor traffic an open, avowed issue is an indispensable necessity.

Resolved, That no State issue is presented to the people of the Commonwealth except that which we present, and that no incidental effect of the State election upon national politics, even if there were any well defined issue between the old parties, could in any way justify the indorsement or even the tolerance by a Christian people of the dram-shop system now upheld by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Resolved, That in the deliberate judgment of this Convention, assembled at a time when the rights and interests of labor and capital are the special subject of national consideration, it is incumbent on us to say distinctly and with emphasis, in the language of the illustrious French Republican, Gambetta, that "capital and labor are the inspirers of each other," and with the heartiest sympathy for the great industrial community we emphatically declare that the real remedy for the distress of the times and for the relief of labor and industry, as well as of capital, is to save by legal prohibition the annual waste of $700,000,000 now spent by the country at large in the demoralizing liquor traffic.

Resolved, That the career of Governor Rice has confirmed all that was said by us at the outset, and that his proposed renomination should be regarded as an open challenge to every Prohibitionist still remaining in the Republican party, and should be responded to as such with alacrity.

Resolved, That we bid God-speed to the Women's Temperance Union and to the reform clubs of the State. There can be no higher or holier work than theirs. But under a licensed liquor traffic reformed men can never be safe; that reform will be temporary and spasmodic; that the traffic will shortly regain its supremacy, keep up its quota of victims, until it shall be abolished by the omnipotent moral law. suasion of votes and the educational discipline of

Resolved, That we are pledged to the ballot for women not only by past affirmations but by present convictions and the clearest self-interest. present the name of our tried friend, Robert C. PitResolved, That while it is a satisfaction to us to man, and with him to place before you as his associates men of character and ability, we ask you to lift this contest far above all personal considerations, and give them one and all a vote worthy of the cause for which they stand.

A resolution approving of the administration and policy of President Hayes was defeated. The candidates of the Prohibitionists were accepted by the Women-Suffrage party, at a convention held in Boston on the 9th of October. On the same occasion the following resolutions were adopted:

Resolved, That this Convention reaffirms the principles of universal justice and impartial liberty as the basis on which we claim equal rights for women as for men.

Resolved, That the Democratic party, by the silence of its Convention, the vote of its members in the last

and previous Legislatures, and the pronounced opin ions of most of its leaders, has proved itself false to those principles of true Democracy upon which the party professes to be founded.

Resolved, That the Republican party is now recreant to its former avowed principles and promises, and has proved its degeneracy by acting in direct opposition to its professed principles, and by breaking its solemn promises as made in its previous platforms.

Resolved, That while thus the Democratic and Republican parties have ignored the woman-suffrage issue, and have nominated candidates hostile to the suffrage movement, the Prohibitory party has unequivocally adopted woman-suffrage as one of the leading issues, has invited women to participate in its caucuses and conventions on equal terms with men, and nominated avowed suffragists for its candidates; by this action it has irrevocably made itself a woman-suffrage party.

MEMORIAL HALL, CAMBRIDGE.

The Democratic Convention was held at Worcester, on the 13th of September. The ticket put in nomination was as follows: For Governor, William Gaston, of Boston; for Lieutenant-Governor, William R. Plunkett, of Pittsfield; for Secretary of State, Weston Howland, of Fairfield; for Treasurer and ReceiverGeneral, David N. Skillings, of Winchester; for Auditor, John E. Fitzgerald, of Boston; for Attorney-General, Charles P. Thompson, of Gloucester. The following platform was adopted:

We reaffirm and announce the National Democratic platform of 1876 as the authoritative exposition of the principles of our party, and we congratulate our political brethren of the whole country that these principles were indorsed in the national canvass by the suffrages of a decided majority of the American people.

We believe the people fairly elected a majority of the Electoral College in favor of the Democratic candidates. And while in the high interest of the public tranquillity we submit to the authority of the constituted Federal Administration, we denounce upon the guilty Republican party stern retribution for the great public crime by which the public were defrauded of their right to be governed by rulers of

their choice and the elective principle was wounded in its most vital part. We challenge for it the opprobrium of history and the indignant judgment of all honest men.

We congratulate the country and the supporters of free government everywhere upon the happy results of restored public order and reviving industrial prosperity, in inaugurating the new reign of domestic peace and liberty regulated by law in the Southern section of the Union, that have ensued upon the adoption of Democratic principles and measures of administration by the Executive Department of the Federal Government in reference to the Southern States.

We recognize in these auspicious results the signal vindication and practical triumph of the constitutional doctrines so faithfully contended for by the Democracy in late political contests, and the statesmanship of the wise fathers which seeks the welfare of the public by the support of the coequal rights and

dignities of all the States in

the Federal Union. We trust that hereafter there will be no Southern policy, no Northern policy, but one common pol icy for the whole Union in the equality of the rights and duties of all men before the law.

Resolved, That the present depression of industrial, commercial, and financial interests of the country is largely due to our inability under present laws to dispose of the surplus products of our industry-products which the other countries want, and which, but for restrictions and injurious legislation, the United States would to a great extent produce and sell cheaper than any other nation.

Resolved, That the interests of the Commonwealth require the removal of the obstacles to our extended reciprocal trade with foreign countries. The opening of the liberal reciprocity with Canada and Mexico would promote our productive energies and stimumarkets of all the varied industries of the Commonlate our carrying trade by land and sea, enlarge the wealth, and give to her merchants, mariners, and laborers a valuable accession of employment.

Resolved, That we are in favor of the honest payment of the public debt, and of a currency on a gold

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basis.

Resolved, That the practice of borrowing money for other objects than those of strict public necessity has generated schemes of extravagant expenditure, until taxation has become wellnigh an intolerable burden. Honesty, economy, and "pay as we go" should be the rules in all appropriations of the people's money. The power of the State, counties, cities, and towns to borrow money ought to be rigidly limited, so that an end may be put to the system which "anticipates the labor of coming ages and appropriates the fruits of it in advance; which coins the industry of future generations into cash, and snatches the inheritance from children yet unborn."

Resolved, That the present system of taxation in Massachusetts is unequal, unjust, and oppressive, and manifestly inconsistent with principles of political economy, and the time has come for a thorough reformation of the laws regulating the levying of taxes.

Resolved, That we are opposed to the reenactment of the prohibitory law.

Resolved, That we view with concern the depression under which the laboring interests of this Commonwealth now suffer. We recognize the fact that the condition of labor and the welfare of the laboring men, the just relations of capital and labor, are pressing questions yet to be solved. We favor such measures as will tend to the great consummationthe elevation of labor and the improvement of the condition of the laboring man-and we oppose all legislation with regard to labor and capital which gives an unjust preference to either over the other, or tends to make labor dishonorable.

Resolved, That we regard with alarm, as dangerous to the best interest of the people, the insidious and constant measures of the Republican party in our Legislature, in restricting the right of suffrage. The exercise of this right instead of being checked should be encouraged; the registry laws should be so framed as not to be the means of disfranchising citizens, to the end that the largest possible portion of the community may be brought under the educating influences of a participation in public affairs, and of a proper voice in the making of the laws by which they are governed. There is imperative need in this Commonwealth of progressive administrative reform, and to that end we appeal to all good citizens of Massachusetts, regardless of their politics or party associations, to join in sustaining the nominations of this Convention, in whose integrity, virtue, and capacity they have the fullest confidence.

The Republican Convention took place, at Worcester, on the 19th of September. Governor Rice and the entire board of State-officers were renominated as follows: Governor, Alex. H. Rice, of Boston; Secretary of State, Henry B. Pierce, of Abington; Auditor, Julius L. Clark, of Newton; Treasurer, Charles Endicott, of Canton; Attorney-General, Charles R. Train, of Boston. The platform adopted was as follows, by a nearly unanimous vote:

Resolved, That we reaffirm first of all our unwavering allegiance to the fundamental truths and principles which have inspired the triumphs of the Republican party. We accept the responsibility of national administration, again committed to Republican hands, as a trust to be exercised for the welfare of all the people, without distinction of race, color, locality, or creed. The armed struggle for the Union and equal rights is at an end. The grand results attained are accepted facts in the national history. Watchfully guarding and firmly maintaining all that has been achieved, we do not propose to abandon the helm or drift with the tide, but to address ourselves with vigor and courage to pending issues, and to insist upon their settlement in the interest of good government, national progress, and enduring union. Resolved, That we congratulate the country upon

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the rightful accession of a Republican President whose conspicuous integrity, honesty of purpose, wisdom, moderation, and firmness deserve and command the confidence of the people for the assurance of a firm, economical, and beneficent administration of public affairs, and thus afford the opportunity and encourage the prospect of a speedy restoration of confidence and the revival of business activity.

Resolved, That we hail with unspeakable pleasure every sign and promise of the final and permanent pacification of the Southern section of the country under local self-government, based upon the full recognition of the equal rights of all by all; and we cordially approve the spirit and measure of the Administration as wisely adjusted to hasten this result, as dictated by a just sense of constitutional right and duty, as tending to promote a spirit of peace and conciliation between citizens of all sections, and as already largely justified by the bettered feeling and condition of the country.

Resolved, That the faith of the nation is solemnly

pledged to the early resumption of specie payments. Public honor and private interest alike demand the fulfillment of this pledge. already taken and rejoice at the progress already We approve the steps made. We insist upon the adoption of all measures necessary to insure resumption on a day not later than that now fixed by law, and that it is the duty of the Government to maintain its coin and currency at all times at par with the gold standard of the commercial world.

Resolved, That the work of reforming and improving the civil service, which the Republican party has undertaken and to which it alone stands fully committed, ought to be persistently and resolutely carried forward. We fully indorse the utterances of the Cincinnati platform and of the letter of acceptance of President Hayes on this subject: That nomination to office ought to be made upon the sole responsibility of the Executive Department, without the dictation or control of members of Congress; that honesty, capacity, and fidelity constitute the

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only claim and qualification for office; that partisan service should not be expected or desired from public officers, who should give their whole service to the Government and the people; and that tenure of office should depend upon untarnished personal character and the satisfactory performance of official duties, and not upon political changes; and we cordially sustain and approve the policy and action of the President in conducting his administration in fulfillment of his distinct pledge, upon these principles, recognizing that the work or correcting the abuses that have crept into the civil service is only begun, and that much remains to be accomplished in Massachusetts as well as elsewhere in order to show convincingly that the principle of civil service reform is accepted as an enduring principle and not a temporary method of administration. We call upon all departments of the Government to give the President their cordial and effective support in making the reform thorough, radical, and complete. Resolved, That the order recently promulgated by the President for the purpose of restraining executive officers of the Government from exercising an undue and improper influence upon the action of the people in the election of candidates for office, and in the management of political affairs, is in accordance with the principles and practice established by the founders of the Government. We heartily indorse the order as the first and a most important step toward a practical reform of the civil service, and we assure the President of our cordial support in its enforcement.

Resolved, That the Congress of the United States has already passed a reasonable limit in grants of land and money in aid of private enterprises, that the nation demands that no more grants shall be made either from the public domain or the public Treasury as subsidies to private corporations, and that appropriations for Government works shall hereafter be limited by the strict rule of necessity.

The main issue in the canvass was the approval of the national Administration and the Southern and civil service policies of the President. The election occurred on the 6th of November, and resulted in the choice of the Republican candidates. The total vote for Governor was 184,454, of which Rice received 91,255; Gaston, 73,185; Pitman, 16,354; Phillips, 3,552; and all others, 108. The vote for Treasurer was: 87,532 for Endicott, 83,456 for Skillings, 1,689 for Whitney, 858 for John C. MacCready, of Cambridge, 345 for Lum, and 260 for all others. The amendment of the Constitution making the officers and instructors in Harvard College eligible to seats in the Legislature was ratified by a vote of 23,839 to 6,505. The Legislature of 1878 consists of 35 Republicans and 5 Democrats in the Senate, and 171 Republicans and 69 Democrats in the House; the Republican majority being 30 in the Senate, 102 in the House, and 132 on a joint ballot.

The town of Marblehead was visited by a disastrous conflagration, on the 25th of June, which destroyed 30 shoe-factories and 42 dwellings. The total value of property destroyed was about $500,000; insurance, $200,000.

MCCLELLAN, GEORGE B. The canvass made by General McClellan, in 1877, for the Governorship of New Jersey, and his election to that office, brought him again prominently before the public. (For the particulars of his

nomination and election see NEW JERSEY.) The
career of General McClellan has been a remark-
able one.
He was born in Philadelphia, De-
cember 3, 1826. He studied at the University
of Pennsylvania, and in 1842 entered the Mili-
ated second in his class in 1846, and was as-
tary Academy at West Point where he gradu-
signed to duty as brevet second-lieutenant in
the corps of engineers. He served with dis-
tinction during the Mexican War, and was suc-
cessively brevetted as first-lieutenant and cap-
tain. In 1851-52 he was assistant engineer

in the construction of Fort Delaware: in 1852
'53 chief engineer in the Department of Texas,
having in charge the surveys of the coasts of
that State; in 1853-'54 engineer for the ex-
ploration and survey of the western division of
the proposed Pacific Railroad; and in 1854-
'55 he was on special service in collecting rail-
road statistics for the War Department. In
1855-'56, having been made captain of artil-
lery, he was a member of the Military Com-
mission to visit the seat of war in the Crimea.
He resigned his commission June 16, 1857, to
take the post of chief engineer of the Illinois
Central Railroad, of which he was chosen vice-
president in 1858. In 1860 be became presi-
dent of the St. Louis & Cincinnati Railroad.

At the opening of the Civil War he was commissioned as Major-General of Ohio Volunteers, and was placed in command of the Department of the Ohio, comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and the western parts of Pennsylvania and Virginia. He was made majorgeneral in the regular army May 14, 1861, and commanded in several engagements in Western Virginia, which resulted in clearing that region of the Confederate forces, for which he received, on July 15th, the thanks of Congress. On July 22d, the day after the Federal defeat at Bull Run, he was summoned to Washington and was placed in command of the division of the Potomac, and shortly after of the Army of the Potomac. On the retirement of General Scott, November 1st, he was appointed General-in-chief of the Armies of the United States. He took the field in March, 1862, and having in the mean time been relieved of the command of all the forces except the Army of the Potomac, he set out for the peninsula of Virginia, and laid siege to Yorktown, which was abandoned by the Confederates as soon as his batteries were ready to open fire. The retreating Confederates, under General J. E. Johnston, made a stand at Williamsburg (May 5th), long enough to enable their trains to get off, and fell back toward Richmond; McClellan, moving slowly, reached the Chickahominy about May 20th, and opened the campaign against Richmond, which was brought to a virtual close by the battle of Malvern Hill (July 1st), after which he fell back to Harrison's Landing, where he intrenched himself. General Halleck, having in the mean time been made General-in-chief, ordered McClellan, August 24th, to return with his whole army to Fortress Monroe and York

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