have furnished the largest number of colonists for America begin to feel their interests affected by emigration, and consequently the necessity of retarding its progress, as well as the urgency of measures to prevent abuses on the part of emigrant-agents. "The Imperial Government, while it respects the solicitude manifested by the countries referred to, considers itself, nevertheless, in duty bound to see that the Brazilian interests be not prejudiced thereby, either in a moral point of view, or in relation to its physical character, which latter is so imperfectly understood in Europe." These remarks, from the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs, were elicited by a circular issued in August, 1875, by the French Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, prohibiting emigration to Brazil. The subject was taken up by the Brazilian legation in Paris, and discussed both in conference and by correspondence, but the desired result-the revocation of the circular-was not obtained. The French Government, however, declared that the measure was not tantamount to a prohibition, but merely intended to put an end to abuses committed by emigrant-agents, and expressed itself generally in terms which "could not fail to be duly appreciated." Very few French emigrate to Brazil, and in this respect the question is one of minor interest relatively.

A circular of like tenor was issued in September of the same year by the Italian Government, and provoked a similar discussion, leading, at the time, to similar results as in France; but, on a change of ministry shortly afterward, the new Minister of Foreign Affairs issued a second circular annulling the first, and containing a series of measures restrictive of the abuses practised by emigrant-agents.

Among other inducements and privileges offered to immigrants, as has been previously stated, are the following:

The payment by the Government of the difference in the amount of passage-money from the port of departure to the United States and that to Brazil; the advancement of the full passage-money to families intending to settle in the government colonies; exemption from import duty on all effects the property of and brought into the country by the inmigrants; a hunting-gun given to each adult; etc.,

etc.

There were in 1875 fifteen colonies immediately dependent upon the central Government, with a population of 23,018, against 16,412 in 1873; about a dozen others founded under the auspices of provincial governments, and a number belonging to private companies, some of whom, however, receive subsidies from the national Government. Many of the colonies are in a prosperous condition.

The following remarks on the subject of immigration are extracted from a speech delivered in the Chamber of Deputies by Señor Costa Pereira, in 1877:

I said, Señor President, that it has been repeatedly asserted, both from the tribune and through the press,

that we have expended fabulous sums on immigration and colonization, and such, too, is the general opinthe Chamber the result of my researches, namely, ion throughout the country. I shall now lay before that the total expenditure for these purposes during the 30 fiscal years from 1846-'47 to 1875-76 did not exceed $11,825,621.24, including the outlay for the regular service of the public lands.

I commence with the year 1846-'47, for the reason that, prior to that period, little may be said to have been done, save the works involved by the establishing the colonies of S. Leopoldo, Tres Forquilhas, and Torres, in the earlier days of the independence.

The subjoined table will show the expenditure in each of the years referred to, including that made out of the appropriation of $3,000,000 voted on October 4, 1856:

It is generally supposed that the appropriation of 1856 was all exhausted; but this is an error. Not more than $603,644.46 was expended out of it from 1857 to 1863, and even in this latter sum is included cão Central de Colonisação. a loan which was afterward refunded by the Associa

The law of September 28, 1871, for the progressive abolition of slavery, has hitherto been observed and fulfilled in a manner highly honorable to the national character.

The number of manumitted slaves up to December 31, 1875, was 21,704, as officially reported by the Minister of Public Works, etc., in 1876.

The Emperor, Dom Pedro II. de Alcántara, John Charles Leopold Salvador Bibiano Francis Xavier de Paule Leocadio Michael Gabriel Raphael Gonzague, born December 2, 1825, son of Dom Pedro I. de Alcántara (King of Portugal and Emperor of Brazil), is the sovereign now reigning.*

The Cabinet, formed June 25, 1875, was composed as follows: Minister of the Interior, Councilor A. C. Pinto e Silva, Deputy; Justice, Councilor F. J. da Gama Cerqueira, Deputy; Foreign Affairs, Baron D. Valho, Senator; War, Duke de Caxias, Senator, and President of the Council of State; Navy, Councilor L. A. Pereira Franco; Finance, Baron de Cotegipe (ad interim); and Public Works, Commerce, and Agriculture, T. J. Coelho de Almeida, Deputy.

The Council of State is made up of the following members in ordinary: Princess Imperial, Donna Isabel; Prince Gaston d'Orléans, Count d'Eu; Senators-Viscount de Abaeté; Marquis de São Vicente; Viscount do Rio Branco; J. T. Nabuco de Araujo; Viscounts

1875, for the Constitution and Government of Brazil (page 86), *Reference may be made to the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for and for a biographical sketch of the Emperor (page 615).

de Muritiba, de Bom Retiro (Senator), de Jaguary (Senator), de Caravellas, and de Nictheroy; and of the six members extraordinary: Senators Viscount de Araxá, Duke de Caxias (President), J. P. Dias de Carvacho, J. J. Teixeira, Vice-Admiral J. R. de Lamare, and Dr. P. J. Soares de Souza.

BRAZIL NUT, SHOWING FRUIT CUT OPEN, DISCLOSING THE ARRANGEMENT OF NUTS.

The President of the Senate, which is composed of 58 life-members, is Viscount de Jaguary.

The President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 122 members elected for four years, is Councilor of State P. J. Soares de Souza; and the Vice-Presidents, J. P. M. Portella, Baron da Villa da Barra, and Baron de Aquiraz.

The Archbishop of Bahia, J. G. de Azevedo (1875), is Primate of all Brazil; and there are 11 bishops: those of Pará, São Luiz, Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diamantina, Goyaz, and Cuyabá.

In pursuance of the law of February 27, 1875, military service is obligatory for all citizens, the law admitting, however, of numerous exceptions, and granting the right of substitution. The period of service is six years in the regular Army, and three in the reserve corps. strength of the Army in time of peace is fixed at 15,000. In 1877 the Imperial Army comprised 1,574 officers and 16,177 men (exclusive of some 1,500 hands employed in the arsenal). The established war-strength is 32,000.

The

The regular Army consists of 5 regiments, 2 detachments, 1 squadron, and 4 garrison companies of cavalry; 21 battalions, 8 garrison companies, and 1 depot drill-company of infantry; 3 regiments of horse and 4 battalions of foot artillery; and 1 battalion of sappers and miners. The police force consists of 7,306 men, of whom 1,066 are in Rio de Janeiro.

The reorganization of the National Guard, disbanded awaiting the new census returns, has not yet taken place.

The Navy consisted, in 1877, of 11 iron-clad steamers, 1 frigate, 6 steam corvettes, 20 steam gunboats, 15 steam transports, and 3

sail-of-the-line; with a total armament of 197 guns, and an aggregate of 7,192 horse-power. There were besides 9 vessels for port service, 1 school-ship, and 1 brig for midshipmen, both without armament; and, in process of construction, 1 iron-clad, 1 corvette, and 4 gunboats.

There were in the naval service 14 general staff officers, 349 first-class and 159 secondclass and supernumerary officers, a sanitary corps 75 strong, 20 almoners, 99 accountants, 62 guardians, 40 engineers, 2,993 imperial marines, a naval battalion of 842 men, and 1,528 apprentices-total, 6,181.

The National Treasury, under the immediate supervision of the Minister of Finance, is the administrative financial centre of the Empire. Besides this central department, there is in each province a treasury subordinate to the former, and various bureaux, for the collection of taxes, in the capital and the provinces, and special agents in each municipality.

The Minister of Finance is required to lay before the Chamber of Deputies, at the opening of each session, a budget of the expenditure for the year following, and of all sources of public revenue, as also the final balancesheet of the revenue and expenditure for the last year but one preceding, and the estimated balance for the year immediately preceding.

Although the fiscal year commences on July 1, and ends on June 30, taxes for that year are collected, and payments effected up till December 31.

The payment of the capital and interest of the home debt, consolidated by law, and represented by revenue bonds, is effected by a department independent of the National Treas