For Judicial Amendment...

Against..

Total...

For Financial Amendment. Against...

Total.....

16,763

95,903

3,871

36,417

William E. Smith, who is now Governor of Wisconsin, was born in Scotland in 1824. He came to this country at an early age and received a good education. He resided for a time in New York, then in Michigan, and settled at Fox Lake, in Wisconsin, in 1849. He is a merchant, was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature in 1850, and was a member of the Senate in 1858-59 and in 1864-'65. From 1866 to 1870 he was State Treasurer. In 1870 he was again elected to the Assembly; and when that body met in January, 1871, he was chosen Speaker. The Legislature is politically classified as follows:

WYOMING. During the two years intervening since the adjournment of the last Legislature, the affairs of the Territory have generally been in a prosperous condition. Business has enlarged; branches of industry have increased, and additional capital has found investment in different sections. The depression which has weighed so heavily upon the country at large has not been felt by the people. Among the interests of the Territory stockraising is one of the most prominent. The experience of each successive year has furnished additional and conclusive evidence of the adaptability of its vast plains to the raising of horses, cattle, and sheep. The following table of shipments will show the progress of the business from its beginning:

The raising of wheat upon the Laramie Plains and in the Wind River Valley has been tested

1876. 1877.

1,649

THE GIANTESS.

during the past season with satisfactory results. The development of the mining interests of the Territory has continued with steady progress. The production of coal has increased during the year.

The capture and surrender of most of the hostile Sioux, the abolition of the Indian title to the lands, and the moral effect of the unexampled pursuit and capture of Joseph and the Nez Percés, afford reasons for the belief that peace will be maintained in this region of country, and that the settlement of northern Wyo

ming, hitherto prevented by marauding Indians, will go forward, and its mineral and pastoral wealth be made available by the industry of the settler. The removal of the Indian agencies from the northern border to points near the Missouri River is now taking place, and this gives additional confidence in the prospect of peace.

The following is the financial statement for the past two years: On hand at the beginning of the term, $8,792.37; receipts, $43,698.49; total, $52,490.86; disbursements, $50,635.34; balance, $1,855.52. There are outstanding bills to the amount of about $4,800.

The total valuation of property as assessed for the year 1877 is $9,275,811. The rate of assessment for Territorial purposes is three mills on the dollar. The amount of tax levied for the year is $27,837.

There are now 67 Territorial prisoners in the United States Penitentiary at Laramie, at a cost of $1 per day per man, which is the contract price with the Government.

The Governor recommends that all convicts having more than two years to serve be sent to the House of Correction at Detroit, where

THE GIANT GEYSER.

the cost of keeping them is $1.25 per week, per prisoner.

A volume published in the latter part of the year gives many interesting details respecting the Territory. It is entitled "The Hand

YOUNG, BRIGHAM, died August 29, 1877. He was born in Whitingham, Vt., June 1, 1801. He was the son of a farmer, received but little education, and learned the trade of painter and glazier. He was a member of the Baptist Church, and is said to have preached occasionally. In 1832 he joined the Mormons

From this volume the following information is condensed:

The number of cattle and sheep owned in the Territory at the present time is: Cattle, 90,000, and cattle is to purchase in the spring two and three sheep, 67,871. The common method of handling year old Texas steers, at $12 and 816 a head delivered in Cheyenne, and to sell the same, the ensuing year, at any of the stations, at an average of $28 per head. The expense of keeping a herd of 1,000 is reckoned for the year at $1.75 per head; of a herd of 5,000, at $1.40; of 10,000, at $1; and 25,000, from 65 to 75 cents. Sleep require some attention in herding, feeding, and sheltering from storms-creating an expense per head of 27 cents per annum. With proper care, they return the owner a large annual profit on the money laid out.

Capital invested in the dairying business, with easy management, doubles itself annually. The case is cited of a dairyman who received $6,540 for the products of 50 cows in a single year. In another instance cited, a net profit of $2,600 was realized from the yield of 80 cows in a single season. This experience is said to be duplicated by hundreds of dairymen along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains.

The area of fertile land in Wyoming, having natural facilities for copious irrigation, and abundant material for fencing and building in convenient proximity, aggregates 20,000 square miles, or nearly 13,000,000 acres. It is adapted to the growth of the cereals and the crops and fruits of the temperate zone. The market within the Territory for products of the soil is shown in the statement that potatoes command an average of two cents per pound through the entire year; turnips, one to three cents; onions, three to six cents; cabbage, three to seven cents, and other garden-produce in proportion. Small fruits everywhere command prices that insure a competence to the producer.

at Kirtland, Ohio, and was soon ordained an elder, and began to preach. His talent and shrewdness speedily made him prominent, and in 1835 he was ordained one of the twelve apostles, and sent out with the other apostles to preach the new doctrines. His field of labor was the Eastern States, and he was sig

nally successful in making converts. After the death of Joseph Smith, in June, 1844, Young was one of four aspirants to the presidency, and was unanimously chosen to that office by the apostles. The choice met the general approval of the sect, and soon afterward his principal rival, Sidney Rigdon, being contumacious, was excommunicated. After the charter of Nauvoo had been revoked by the Legislature of Illinois, and the city bombarded, Young set out with his followers in 1846, and, after a weary march across the Plains, reached Great Salt Lake Valley, which, he persuaded them, was the promised land. Here he founded Salt Lake City in July, 1847, and became the absolute ruler of the colony. Extensive tracts of land were brought under cultivation, an "immigration fund" was established, and large numbers of converts were brought by a well-organized system from Europe, chiefly from the working classes of Great Britain, and especially from Wales. A considerable number came also from Sweden and Norway, and a smaller number from Germany, Switzerland, and France. In March, 1849, a convention was held at Salt Lake City, and a State organized under the name of Deseret, a word understood by the Mormons to signify "the land of the honey-bee." A legislature was elected, and a constitution framed and sent to Washington; but Congress refused to recognize the new State, and in September organized the country occupied by the Mormons into the Territory of Utah, of which Brigham Young was appointed Governor by President Fillmore. In the following year the Federal judges were forced by threats of violence from Young to quit Utah, and the laws of the United States were openly defied and subverted. This led to the removal of Young, and the appointment of Colonel Steptoe of the United States Army as Governor. Colonel Steptoe arrived in Utah in August, 1854, with a battalion of soldiers; but such was the state of affairs in the Territory that he did not deem it prudent to assume the office of Governor, and, after wintering in Salt Lake City, he formally resigned his post, and removed with his troops to California. Most of the civil officers who were commissioned about the same time with Colonel Steptoe arrived in Utah a few months after he had departed. They were harassed and terrified like their predecessors. In February, 1856, a mob of arined Mormons, instigated by sermons from the heads of the Church, broke into the courtroom of the United States District Judge, and, at the point of the bowie-knife, compelled Judge Drummond to adjourn his court sine die. Soon afterward all the United States officers, with the exception of the Indian agent, were forced to flee from the Territory. These and similar outrages at length determined President Buchanan to supersede Brigham Young in the office of Governor, and to send to Utah a military force to protect the Federal

officers, and to compel obedience to the laws. In 1857 the office of Governor of Utah was conferred upon Alfred Cumming, a superintendent of Indian affairs on the Upper Missouri, and that of Chief Justice on Judge Eckels, of Indiana; and a force of 2,500 men, under experienced officers, was sent to protect them in the discharge of their duties. The Mormons were greatly excited at the approach of these troops. Young, in his capacity of Governor, issued a proclamation denouncing the army as a mob, and forbidding it to enter the Territory, and calling the people of Utah to arms to repel its advance. The army reached Utah in September, and on October 5th and 6th a party of mounted Mormons destroyed several of the supply trains, and a few days later cut off 800 oxen from the rear of the army and drove them to Salt Lake City. The army, of which Colonel A. S. Johnston had by this time assumed the command, was overtaken by the snows of winter before it could reach Salt Lake Valley, and about the middle of November went into winter quarters on Black's Fork, near Fort Bridger. On November 27th, Governor Cumming issued a proclamation declaring the Territory to be in a state of rebellion. In the spring of 1858, by the intervention of Mr. Thomas L. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who had gone to Utah by way of California, bearing letters from President Buchanan, a good understanding was brought about between Governor Cumming and the Mormon leaders; and toward the end of May two commissioners arrived at the camp with a proclamation from the President offering pardon to all Mormons who would submit themselves to Federal authority. This offer was accepted by the heads of the Church. On August 29, 1852, Brigham Young proclaimed the "celestial law of marriage," sanctioning polygamy, which he declared had been revealed to Joseph Smith in July, 1848. Smith's widow and her four sons at once denounced this as a forgery, and headed a schism. Though the Mormon apostles had repeatedly replied to the imputation of such doctrine or practice with the most emphatic and explicit denials, the personal power of Brigham Young was such that he had little difficulty in establishing polygamy as an institution of the Church. Young took to himself a large number of wives, most of whom resided in a building known as the "Lion House," so called from a huge lion carved in stone which stands upon the portico. In 1874, his fifteenth wife, Ann Eliza, left him, and petitioned the United States Court for a divorce. The petition was denied on the ground that the marriage was polygamous, and therefore null. In 1871 Brigham Young was indicted for polygamy, but no conviction was reached. In addition to his office of President of the Church, Young was Grand Archer of the Order of Danites, a secret organization within the Church, which was one of the chief sources of his absolute

power; and by organizing and directing the trade and industry of the community for his own advantage, he accumulated immense wealth.

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The Twenty-second Annual International Convention of the Young Men's Christian Associations of the United States and the British Provinces met at Louisville, Ky., June 6th. Mr. J. T. Farwell, of Chicago, Ill., was chosen president. The report of the Executive Committee reviewed the growth of the associations from 1865, when they numbered only 65 isolated bodies, to the present number of more than 1,000 organizations, bound together under International, State, and Provincial Commissions, with more than 150,000 members. In 1865, there was not an association building; now there were 48 such buildings, valued at $2,000,000, and other property owned by the associations, raising the aggregate value to $3,000,000. The expenditure of the committee during the year had been $16,000; adding to this the expenses of the State organizations and associations, the whole amount of expenditure had been almost $500,000. Eight thousand three hundred men had been provided with employment. The average weekly attendance on the Associational Bible Classes was 8,123. Special attention was given to the consideration of the work of the associations in the South, where efforts in organization had been prosecuted for several years past. When these efforts were begun, there were but two associations in the South; now there were 150 associations, with strong State organizations and many active working members. Attention was especially directed to the work in behalf of the colored people. Report was made from Canada that the number of associations in Ontario and Quebec had increased from 44 in 1876 to 59.

Mr. Anthony Comstock, secretary of the Society for the Suppression of Vice, at a special meeting held to hear him, made a report of the

ZIMMERMANN, APALLON ERNESTOVITCH, a Russian general, was born in Livonia, in 1825. He commenced his military career in 1843 as a lieutenant in the Fourteenth Hussars of Mitau. After having passed through the Academy of the General Staff, he was attached in 1848 to the general staff, and in the same year conducted several works in the departments Archangel and Olonetz. In the following year he was attached to the General Count Berg, whom he accompanied in his expedition to Hungary. From 1851 to 1854 he was in the Caucasus and took part in the expeditions against the rebellious tribes of that region. Upon the breaking out of the Crimean War he was on

ZIMMERMANN, APALLON E. 773

success of his efforts for the suppression of obscene literature. He had seized and destroyed the plates for 163 out of 173 books published in the United States since 1878, and 24 tons of literature, and 1,200,000 pictures, photographic plates, cards, etc. Only four acquittals had been had in cases of 200 prosecutions which had been instituted by him.

The Thirty-second Anniversary Meeting of the Young Men's Christian Association of London was held April 19th. Mr. J. G. Shepherd presided. The report of the secretary embraced the review of the history of the institution for more than 30 years, showing that the number of societies had now increased to 2,043, extending all over the world, and distributed as follows: in London, 28; in the English towns and rural districts, 289; in Scotland, 63; in Ireland, 11; in the British colonies and possessions, 13; in France, 43; in Belgium, 18; in Germany, 243; in Holland, 294; in Spain, 4; in Italy, 6; in Switzerland, 140; in Sweden, 3; in the United States and North America, 982; in China, 2; in Syria, 3; in Japan, 1. The formation of societies in some of the business houses of London was mentioned. The financial statement showed that the receipts of the association for the year had been £3,123, and that a deficiency existed of £575. The number of new members received during the year was 360, and the total number of members was 5,440.

The Young Men's Christian Association of Scotland held their Annual Meeting at Edinburgh in July. The Executive Committee reported that returns had been received from 67 associations, four more than had reported in the previous year. The total number of members in the reporting associations was 12,143. Fiftyeight associations had classes for biblical study. Prayer-meetings were now held in 45 of them, and 26 associations were carrying on evangelistic work. The total number of associations was 95.

the Armenian frontier as chief of staff of the Akalzik division; but in 1854 he was ordered to the Crimea, where he served in Sebastopol until the surrender of that fortress. In 1860 he was sent on an expedition against Khokan, in which he was successful, gaining for himself the rank of major-general. In 1862 he became chief of staff of the military district of Vilna, and as such took part in the suppression of the Polish insurrection. He was created lieutenant-general in 1868, and on February 19, 1877, was appointed to the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps, with which on June 21, at Braila, he was the first to cross the Danube.