his primitive state. Hence, if savages of any race are induced suddenly to change their habits of life, they become more or less sterile, and their young offspring suffer in health in the same manner and from the same cause as do the elephant and hunting-leopard in India, many monkeys in America, and a host of animals of all kinds, on removal from their natural conditions." The extinction of the pure Hawaiians is apparently only a question of time, and the question what foreign occupancy shall follow the native rule is one that must possess interest for the United States, as the Hawaiian Islands are now the only remaining group in the North Pacific Ocean that is not a colonial dependence of some power in Europe or Asia. HAYTI. (For details relating to area, territorial divisions, population, etc., see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1883.) Government.-The President of the Republic is Gen. Salomon, elected for seven years, dating from 1879. The Cabinet is composed of the following-named ministers: Foreign Affairs, Finance, and Commerce, Gen. Damier; Justice and Public Worship, O. Madion; War and Navy, Michel Pierre; Interior, Ovide Camen; Public Instruction and Agriculture, F. Manigat. The United States Minister Resident and Consul-General at Port-au-Prince is the Hon. J. M. Langston, and the American Vice-ConsulGeneral is Dr. J. R. Terres. The Haytian Minister to the United States is Mr. S. Preston; and the Haytian Consul-General at New York, E. D. Bassett. The Rebellion.-On Dec. 21, 1883, President Salomon informed the foreign representatives and consuls that Jérémie had surrendered, and that one of the clauses of the capitulation was that several of the foreign diplomats or consuls should assist in the execution of the treaty of surrender. The President at the same time asked the representatives to assist him in the settlement of peace, and to accede to the fulfillment of the clauses stipulated. The foreign ministers and consuls agreed to send three men-of-war of different nationalities to Jérémie, carrying as many commissioners, one of each nationality, and appointed the United States Minister and the consuls of Spain and England as commissioners, who witnessed the entry of the Government troops into the city and forts, and next day returned to Port-auPrince. Before Jérémie surrendered, the Government troops had taken by assault the villages of Corail and Pestel. Jacmel was driven to capitulation by want of provisions. The Revolutionary Committee of the town, knowing that President Salomon had excluded its members from the amnesty accorded to the rest of the insurgents, took refuge at the foreign vice-consulates, and left to their military chief the task of stipulating the terms of their surrender. Several days afterward Gen. Prophète took Côtes-de-Fer by assault. Events of 1884.-In January it was announced that the Haytian ports of Saltrout, Anse d'Hainault, and Dame Marie, which had been temporarily opened to foreign commerce in place of Jérémie and Jacmel, would be closed again on February 15. At Miragoane the surrender occurred on January 24. The Minister of Finance, with the appointed delegation, signed bank-notes to the amount of $1,000,000, which were issued in spite of the protest of the National Bank. On February 18, in the United States District Court, in session at Philadelphia, a verdict, by agreement, for $500 was rendered in favor of the Government against Warner and Merritt, owners of the steamer Tropic. This represented a penalty for carrying as passengers insurgents taken aboard of the vessel at Inagua and landed at Miragoane, Hayti, when the certificate of the vessel forbade the carrying of passengers. It was represented that a similar action had been brought by seamen on board of the vessel, and the penalty in that case paid. The question was pending as to whether a double penalty could be exacted. On February 20 President Salomon proclaimed at Port-au-Prince full amnesty to the revolutionists of Côtes-de-Fer, excepting Gen. Cheovil Mode and other members of the Revolutionary Committee. At the foreign consulates in Jacmel 280 refugees were awaiting the President's decision to execute or pardon them. On March 1, Judge Hughes. of the United States Circuit Court, sitting at Richmond, Va., refused to confirin the sale of the arms and munitions of war seized on the schooner E. G. Irwin, intended for the Haytian insurgents. They were purchased at auction in bulk on February 28, by a New York firm. The judge considered the amount ($2,530) bid at the sale entirely inadequate to the invoiced cost of the material($7,500), and ordered a new sale. When summoned in March to deliver to the authorities the army deserters who sought refuge with them, the foreign consuls at Jacmel refused, on the ground that during a civil war there were no recognized deserters. In April the Haytian Government put into circulation the dreaded additional $1,000,000 of paper money, which had a depressing effect upon commerce. Coffee was at the time quoted at 93 to 94 cents; cocoa, 83 to 9 cents; and logwood, $6.50 to $7. The number of persons killed during the revolution was officially declared to have been 7,000. The disappearance of several persons implicated in the revolution caused considerable commotion. On June 17 a conflagration reduced to ashes nearly half of all the buildings at Jérémie, the business quarter suffering very heavily. On October 3 the Chamber of Representatives passed the indemnity bill, fixing the amount to be paid to claimants who suffered through the riots of September 22 and 23 at 1881 On the occasion of the fifth anniversary of 1883 his accession to the presidential chair, October 23, General Salomon decreed full and unreserved amnesty to all that had been condemned for political misdeeds, whether then in Hayti or exiled. A Question in Dispute.-In 1872 an American company established itself on the little Island of Navassa, one of the territorial dependencies of Hayti, and raised the American flag. Navassa is simply a guano-island, about twentyseven miles from the mainland. This island, the Haytians claim, belongs to the republic, not only because it is a part of the same geographical system, but because it is mentioned by name as belonging to her political jurisdiction in her Constitution. At the time the island was taken possession of by this American company, there was a vigorous protest that this was done by a filibustering expedition, and the matter was made a subject of diplomatic representation on the part of Hayti in Washington. But the protests received no consider ation, and nothing has since been done about it. The American firm remains in possession, exporting the guano; claiming the right to do this under sections 5,570 to 5,578 Revised Statutes, which provide that whenever any citizen of the United States discovers a deposit of guano on any island not within the lawful jurisdiction of any other government, and not occupied by the citizens of any other government, and takes peaceable possession thereof, and occupies the same, such island may, at the discretion of the President, be considered as pertaining to the United States. The demands of the Haytian Government for redress have been renewed. The Coffee-Crop of 1884-'85.-The following was communicated from Port-au-Prince under date of Sept. 10, 1884: "The first receipts from the new coffee-crop will make their appearance in October, and their quality will be fair. There has been rainfall enough just at the time it was needed. At present low prices in Europe and the United States the 31,000 tons will not command at the shipping ports over $6 the 100 pounds. We shall not have more than from $4,000,000 to $5,000,000 worth of goods to export, and our imports will also have to be limited to that much. Business generally has meanwhile been almost at a stand-still for two months past, because of a dispute that arose between the treasury and the bank about the paper money that was put into circulation. American Trade with Hayti.-The following tables show the imports and exports in the American trade: YEAR 18S0. 1882. 1888.. 1584...... Total imports. 22,659,265 $2,926,544 $4,889,186 31,908,074 8,352,971 4,717,269 22,527,950 2,106,874 8,537.937 17,944,600 1,894,915 2,971,515 16,285,183 1,292,491 2,839,178 EXPORTS. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Barrels. Dollars. Dollars. American Manufactures.-In his report to the Department of State, Consul-General Langston writes as follows: The imports from the United States have consisted for the most part of provisions, such as pork, beef, hams, flour, sugar, rice, codfish, herrings, mackerel, butter, lard, cheese, canned meats and fruits, and soap, drugs and medicines, paints, hardware, agricultural implements, hoes, shovels, spades, axes, furniture and lumber, shoes, and carriages. For many years past, too, denims have been imported and used in Hayti. In fact, they have constituted for some time the chief article of that special manufacture held in greatest demand in this country, and it is now conceded that they do, and will continue to hereafter, hold the mastery in the Haytian market. They will also prove, as many of the most intelligent merchants of the country predict, the forerunners of the early and general introduction of American cotton goods, not only into Hayti, but into the West India Islands. And this result will be produced upon the real merit of the goods referred to, in spite of efforts made by competing manufacturers in other countries, even chants, and special endeavor is made to accommodate where more convenient terms of credit are given merwhat are falsely supposed to be the circumstances of the Haytian customer, with a cheap, inferior article. American denims, as compared with all others, are at a premium in the markets of this country. Imitated false trade-marks do not deceive in this matter either, for the texture and quality of the goods constitute a guarantee appreciated by the buyer. It is not strange, therefore, that the Haytian mountaineer, in describing him, calls it "the cloth in which the Haytian is not his desire for such article, with other words failing cheated." HENDRICKS, THOMAS ANDREWS, Vice-President of the United States, born near Zanesville, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1819. On the maternal side he is of Scotch descent. His mother, Jane Thomson, was a granddaughter of John Thomson, who emigrated from Scotland to Pennsylvania before the Revolution, and, by his representations of the advantages of the country, induced a large following of Scotchmen, by whom Cumberland County was chiefly settled. Thomas's grandfather was one of the pioneer settlers of Westmoreland County, Pa., and held various township and county offices, In 1851, and again in 1853, he was a member of Congress from the Fifth District of Indiana. At the close of his second term he intended to return to his law practice, but President Pierce appointed him Commissioner of the General Land-Office, and he served in that capacity for four years, administering the affairs of the office with great ability. In 1860 he was nominated as Democratic candidate for the governorship of Indiana, but was defeated by the Republican candidate, Henry S. Lane, who became Governor by 9,757 majority. In the same year Mr. Hendricks removed from Shelbyville to Indianapolis, where, in 1862, he formed a law partnership with Oscar B. Hord, extended in 1866 to Mr. Hendricks's cousin, Col. A. W. Hendricks, under the firm title of Hendricks, Hord, & Hendricks. From 1863 to March, 1869, Mr. Hendricks was a member of the United States Senate from Indiana, and was regarded as a Democratic leader in that body. He served efficiently on the Committees on Claims, the Judiciary, Public Lands, and Naval Affairs. He strongly opposed the Republican plan of reconstruction, and opposed the amendments to the Constitution as being hasty. He did not wish to hinder the progress of rational settlements of great difficulties, but wanted to make haste slowly. In 1864 he advocated and voted for large appropriations to bring the war to a close, and spoke eloquently in favor of an amendment to increase the pay of the soldiers 50 per cent., because of the depreciation of the currency. In the Democratic National Convention of 1868, in New York, on the twenty-first ballot, he received 132 votes as candidate for the presidency, standing next to Gen. Hancock, who received 1351; but on the final ballot Horatio Seymour was nominated. In the autumn of that year he was again a candidate for the governorship of Indiana, but was defeated by 911 majority by the Republican candidate, Conrad Baker, who afterward became a law partner of Mr. Hendricks. At the close of his senatorial term he returned to Indianapolis, and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1872 he was elected Governor of Indiana, defeating the Republican candidate, Thomas M. Brown, by a majority of 1,148. In July, 1874, he was permanent chairman of the State Democratic Convention, at Indianapolis. In the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis in June, 1876, he received 133 votes for the presidential nomination, and, when Samuel J. Tilden was nominated, he received 730 out of 738 votes as candidate for the vicepresidency. In 1877, and again in 1883, accompanied by Mrs. Hendricks, he made a brief tour in Europe as a relaxation from his arduous professional pursuits. He was a member of the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in July, 1884, and in behalf of the Indiana dele gation nominated Joseph E. McDonald, of that State, for the presidency. After the nomination of Grover Cleveland, William A. Wallace, of Pennsylvania, nominated Thomas A. Hendricks for the vice-presidency, and the entire 816 votes cast for him made him the unanimous nominee of the convention. He was at Saratoga when he was officially notified of his nomination, and subsequently made formal acceptance in a brief letter. (For the result of the election, see CLEVELAND, GROVER, and UNITED STATES.) Mr. Hendricks is five feet nine inches tall, weighing one hundred and eighty-five pounds, and, from his irreproachable habits through life, is still strong and vigorous. He is a consistent member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and his private life is without a stain. HONDURAS, a republic of Central America. Area, 39,600 square miles; population, 400,000, of whom fewer than 10,000 are pure whites, the remainder being mestizos and Indians. It has a coast-line of 60 miles on the Pacific and 400 on the Atlantic. The Cordilleras mountains traverse the republic 60 miles from the Pacific, in a northwest and southeast direction, and contain many rich veins of silver, gold, and other minerals. The climate, twenty miles from the coast and in the mining districts, is exceptionally healthful, the temperature seldom falling below 60° or exceeding 85°. Government. The presidential term is four years. The legislative department consists of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies composed of members elected from the thirteen departments into which the republic is divided. The President, Gen. Luis Bogran, was elected on Nov. 27, 1883. The Cabinet was composed as follows: Minister of War, Education, and Justice, Dr. Rafael Alvarado; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Señor Jeronimo Zelaya; Minister of the Interior, Señor Cresencio Gomez; Minister of Finance, Señor Abelardo Zelaya; and Minister of Public Works, Señor Francisco Planas. The United States Consul at Ruatan and Trujillo is Mr. W. C. Burchard. The Consul-General of Honduras at New York is Mr. J. Baiz; at San Francisco, Mr. W. V. Wells; the Consul at New York. Mr. E. G. Marsh, and at New Orleans, Mr. L. M. de Avendaño. Finance. The budget estimate for 1884 placed the income at $1,100,000, and the outlay at $1,004,567. The home indebtedness consists of $700,000 bonds, while the floating debt amounts to $50,000. Rallroads, etc.-The line between Puerto Cortez and San Pedro, 60 miles, is in operation. There were, in 1883, 63 telegraph-offices, with 230 operators. Length of lines, 1,360 miles; number of messages, 107,730. Receipts, $12,620; expenses, $11,784. In 1883 there were 28 post-offices, forward ing 162,894 letters, 2,290 postal-cards, and 134,430 newspapers and samples: together, 299,614 items of mail-matter. The receipts amounted to $4,090, and the expenses to $22,913. Ports. On the Atlantic there are Trujillo, Puerto Cortez, Omoa, Yriona, and Ruatan; on the Pacific there is Amapala. The port of Puerto Cortez affords an excellent harborage for vessels of all draughts, and perfect protection from "northers." On the north side of the harbor are the wharf and depot of the Interoceanic Railroad, this being the Atlantic terminus of the partially completed railway that is to cross the Republic of Honduras to the Gulf of Fonseca on the Pacific, 220 miles. Prior to the building of this section of the road Puerto Cortez was known as Point and Bay of Caballos, and of no importance; at present it is the business center for all the shipping interests of the interior and surrounding country, which formerly, and for nearly 300 years, were assembled at Oinoa, ten miles westward. In order to afford the New York market a steady supply of cabinet-woods and bananas from this part of Honduras, the United States Mail Steamship Company now runs fast steamers direct between Puerto Cortez and New York, with an average cargo of 3,000 bunches of bananas. Ruatan Island, with its neighbors, forming the group known as the Bay Islands, although comparatively unknown, is one of the most fertile. It formerly belonged to British Honduras, but for the past twenty years has been under the Republic of Honduras, and yields a fair amount of revenue. Ruatan is thirty-seven miles in length, and from three to four miles wide, and has an undulating surface, the hills rising from 200 to 600 feet. The land yields cocoanuts, bananas, plantains, and pineapples. The annual value of cocoanuts is about $500,000, and of pineapples $1,000,000. The bulk of imports is from the United States via New Orleans by steamers every seven days, sailing under the Honduras flag, and carrying the mails. Some of the so-called "cocoanut walks," or plantations, consist of 8,000 to 10,000 trees, each bearing 100 to 200 nuts, which are sold at $15 to $30 a thousand. Mines. The causes that led to the long abandonment of the Honduras mines, and have prevented their reopening by the natives, are common to all the Spanish-American mining districts, and are the same that caused the old "Frias" mine in Tolima, Colombia, and the "El Callao" of Guayana, Venezuela, to remain unworked for over fifty years. The separation from Spain revolutionized the labor conditions of these countries. The liberated slaves either refused to work, or were impressed into the military service of the rival revolutionary factions. In the mean time the mines filled up with water or caved in, and were abandoned. In the Spanish-American method of mining, machinery was unknown, and all work, of whatever magnitude, was done with men, or left undone. The mines below water-level, or those above, to which, owing to their situation, it was impossible to drive adits for drainage, were kept free of water by gangs of men who carried it out in hide-buckets on their backs. Another cause of the abandonment of many mines was deficient ventilation. Natural ventilation was the only system known, and, when two openings with considerable difference of level could not be obtained, the extent of the work was limited. The mining-tools were the bar and the horn spoon. In hard rock a short drill and powder were used. The mines were opened sometimes with drifts or adits, but most frequently on the crop. An opening was, for example, made twelve feet in depth, and a notched log set up the side for a ladder. A platform or shelf was left, and a second hole sunk and another log set up; this process was continued until the water or lack of ventilation compelled a halt. At convenient distances levels were driven in the vein and the richest chimneys of ore worked out. The roof was kept up with natural pillars or with wood, which is abundant. All the water and material were carried up these ladders on the backs of men, and this is still the case in the mines worked under native auspices. The methods of reduction were as crude as the system of mining was primitive. The ore was prepared for the "arrastra," in which it was pulverized, by being broken into small pieces with hand-hammers. The best pieces were selected for treatment, and, after being ground in the "arrastra," were amalgamated by the barrel or "patio" process. Good authorities estimate that not more than 60 per cent. of the assay value of the ore is saved by this treatment, while the expense, owing to the time consumed, labor expended, and loss of mercury, is very great. The lowest cost at present of mining and working the ores, by the native methods, at Tuscaran, is $25 a ton. In order to encourage the development of mines, the mining laws have during late years been modified so as to place foreigners on an equality with natives in taking up new or reopening abandoned mines. Mining machinery and supplies are admitted duty free, and there are no export duties on the products of mines. Meanwhile the Government of Honduras, with the view of informing the American people as to the resources of Honduras, caused samples of ores and minerals to be made and shipped to San Francisco, where a collection of them was placed on exhibition. Similar steps to advance the material interests of the country were supplemented by the grant, under authority of the legislature, of valuable abandoned mines and reduction rights to American capitalists, and are now bearing fruit in the rapid development of the country. The mineral or mining district of Tuscaran is in one of the most healthful and delightful departments of the republic. It is 3,000 feet above the level of the sea, and the climate varies during |