From November 1st the rations had been reduced to four and a third ounces meat and blubber, six and a half ounces bread and dog-biscuit, one and two fifths canned vegetables and rice, three fourths butter and lard, nine tenths soups and beef-extract, one ounce cloud-berries, pickles, raisins, and milk. On this basis it was calculated that the supplies would last till March 1st, with ten days' reserve for crossing to Littleton Island, but the gales that prevailed all winter prevented the sound from closing. Efforts were made to keep up cheerfulness by reading over and over again their scanty literature, including scraps of newspaper found in a box of lemons left by Garlington, and by lectures and anecdotes. A show of celebrating birthdays and holidays was also kept up, but nothing could relieve the utter dreariness and apparent hopelessness of the situation. Sergeant Cross died Jan. 18th, of scurvy, it was said. On the 1st of February, Rice and the Esquimau made an attempt to reach Littleton Island, but were compelled to return after six days' absence, having found the water open. The minimum temperature was 50° below zero in January. The supplies were eked out by a few Arctic foxes, dovekies, and ptarmigan shot near the camp. Long, with the Esquimaux, set out March 13th for Alexandria Harbor to look for game, but returned empty-handed in three or four days. Long, on this trip, discovered, from the western side of Mount Carri, three capes in Hazen Sound beyond the farthest reported by Nares. Early in April the food began to consist largely of salt shrimps or sea-flies, of which it took 1,300 to fill a gallon-measure, which contained little nutriment, lichens, sea-weed, saxifrage, and boiled seal-skin, though a trifling amount was still given ont from the carefully husbanded supplies. In April a small seal and a bear were shot. On the 4th of April the Esquimau Frederick succumbed, being the first to die of starvation. On the 17th of that month the other Esquimau was drowned, depriving the party of the use of the kyak in recovering game shot in the water. There being no hope of reaching Littleton Island, Rice and Fredericks volunteered to go to Baird Inlet to obtain the English meat supposed to be cachéd at a place named Bad Creek, fifteen miles from the camp. They started April 6th, but encountered terrific gales, and on the fourth day Rice died on the ice, of exposure and exhaustion. Fredericks returned to the camp, and went back next day and buried Rice on the ice-floe. From this time the men fell off rapidly from starvation. For several weeks before the rescue no regular rations were served out, and the surviving men spent most of the time in a halflethargic state in their sleeping-bags. On the 4th of May, the winter hut, which was only six feet above high water, had been abandoned, and the survivers moved up the hill and lived under a tent.

Long and Brainerd were the strongest of the party, and were the first to hear the signal of

the steam-launch from the rescuing vessels. All had been without food for twenty-four hours, and all but these two were on the very verge of starvation. They helped each other to crawl out of the tent, and managed to clamber up a little height, but, seeing nothing, Brainerd turned hopelessly back. Long continued to watch until he descried the boat, and then succeeded in raising the signal at the old camp. With tottering steps and glaring eyes he met Capt. Ash as he landed, and, in a few minutes, relief entered the tent of the almost dying party. Connell was recovered with difficulty, and Ellison died after the rescue.

The bodies of the dead, which had been buried near the camp, were exhumed, identified, wrapped up, and packed in ice, until tanks of alcohol could be prepared for their transportation. These were ready in three days, and the bodies were placed in them, wrapped in strips of cotton cloth. On the 23d of June, Lieut. Emory returned from Payer Harbor to the Cape Sabine camp, and made a careful examination of the neighborhood, and, on his return, the ships crossed to Littleton Island. The vessels were subsequently brought together at Disco, and set out thence for St. John's, as already related. With the exception of the collier, Loch Garry, the vessels were detained at St. John's until iron caskets could be provided for the dead, and memorial services were held in the churches of that city on Sunday, July 20th. Sick-leave was granted to the men of the Greely party, who were all progressing favorably, and the vessels were directed to rendezvous at Portsmouth. They left St. John's July 26th, and arrived at Portsmouth Aug. 1st. They were met there by Secretary Chandler, and Gen. Hazen and other visitors, and a touching scene occurred when Lieut. Greely's mother and wife were brought on board the Thetis. The party were transferred to comfortable quarters in the city of Portsmouth, and on the 4th of August a public demonstration of welcome took place. Those in whose honor it was chiefly given were unable to join in the procession, but were present at the reviewing stand at the Rockingham House. Their weakness would not permit of their presence at a public meeting, which was held at the Music Hall, where an address of welcome was delivered by the mayor of the city. Secretary Chandler gave the audience an account of the services of Greely and his men, and of the efforts for their relief and rescue, and complimentary addresses were made by Gov. Hale, of New Hampshire; the Hon. S. J. Randall, of Pennsylvania; Gen. Hazen, and others. The vessels of the Relief Expedition left Portsmouth for New York, Aug. 5th, and arrived there with the remains of the dead on the evening of the 7th. The bodies were landed on the 8th at Governor's Island, with appropriate ceremonies, there to be delivered into the charge of sorrowing friends and relatives. Eleven iron caskets were placed side by side in the

military hospital, each bearing the name of the occupant. The bodies of Privates Henry and Snider were unclaimed, and were sent to Cypress Hills Cemetery for burial. That of Lieut. Lockwood was sent to friends at Annapolis; that of Lieut. Kislingbury to Rochester, N. Y.; Sergt. Israel's to Kalamazoo, Mich.; Sergt. Ralston's to Howard, Ohio; Sergt. Linn's to Philadelphia; Sergt. Cross's to Washington; Private Whistler's to Delphi, Ind.; Corp. Ellison's to Pottsville, Pa.; and Private Ellis's to Clyde, N. Y. Lieut. Greely employed his sickleave in visiting friends and relatives at Newburyport, Mass., where a public reception was given him, Aug. 14th, and the other survivors were left at liberty until two of them were reported to have made a contract for public exhibitions at museums, when they were peremptorily ordered to report for duty.

Almost immediately after the bodies of the dead had been disposed of, the fact became public that, when found, the fleshy portions of several of them had been cut away, and it was inferred that they had been used for food by the desperate survivors. This was neither admitted nor denied at the time by any of the officers of the expedition, though Lieut. Greely declared that, if anything of the kind occurred, it did not come to his knowledge. There was also a report of dissensions among the men at Cape Sabine, and a division into two factions, but this was denied and could not be verified. The statement in regard to the treatment of the bodies of the dead was proved in the case of Lieut. Kislingbury by the exhumation and examination of the remains, at Rochester, under the direction of medical experts; and in his official report Commander Schley said:

In preparing the bodies of the dead for transportation in alcohol to St. John's it was found that six of them, Lieut. Kislingbury, Sergts. Jewell and Ralston, Privates Whistler, Henry, and Ellis, had been cut, and the fleshy parts removed to a greater or less extent. All other bodies were found intact.

for such impartial inquiry and authoritative judgment as a tribunal broad enough to embrace the whole question shall institute and pronounce, and the Congress of the United States is manifestly such a tribunal. . . . I therefore trust that this whole matter of the Lady Franklin Bay expedition and the expeditions organized for its relief will be deemed worthy of a thorough investigation by Congress. Gen. Hazen insisted that both Lieut. Greely in the Arctic, and the Signal Bureau in Washington, carried out their part of the prearranged plans of rescue literally and successfully in every particular. He referred to the failure of Lieut. Garlington to replace the spoiled provisions at Cape Sabine, and quoted from a letter by Lieut. Greely to him April 30th, supposing himself at the point of death, as follows: "Had Lieut. Garlington carried out your orders and replaced the 240 rations of rum and 120 alcohol in English cache here, and the 210 pounds moldy English bread, spoiled English chocolate and potatoes, melted sugar, and the 210 pounds of rotten dog-biscuit, we would without doubt be saved."

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, an independent republic of South America: area, 1,168,682 square miles; population (as officially estimated in September, 1882), 2,942,000*; and that of the capital, Buenos Ayres, 295,000.

Immigration. The following table exhibits the nationality and number of the immigrants landed at Buenos Ayres in the years 1880, 1881, 1882, and 1883:

NATIONALITIES.

Italians..
Spaniards
French

English

Swiss
Germans
Austrians

Portuguese
Belgians..
Danes...
Dutch.
Russians
Greeks and Turks
Americans

Total.....

........

26,648 81,468 41,041 52,472

Government, Public Offices, etc.-By the terms of the Constitution, bearing date of May 15, 1853, with modifications in 1860, the executive power is vested in a President, elected for six years by representatives of the fourteen provinces, equal to double the number of senators and deputies combined. The President is commander-in-chief of the army, appoints all civil, military, and judicial office-holders, and has the right of presentation to bishoprics. He is solely responsible for the acts of the executive. The legislative power resides in a National Congress consisting of a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The senators, twenty-eight in number, elected by the provincial Legisla

For details of area, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopedia" for 1853.

tures, must have completed thirty years of age, have been citizens for at least six years, and have an income of not less than $500 per annum. One third of the Senate is renewed every three years. The deputies, eighty-six in number, elected for four years, must be at least twentyfive years of age, and have been citizens for not less than four years. Both senators and deputies are paid a yearly salary of $3,500 each. Both houses assemble annually from May 1st to September 30th. A Vice-President, elected in the same manner and at the same time as the President, fills the office of chairman of the Senate, but has otherwise no political power. The President of the Republic is Lieut.-Gen. Don Julio A. Roca (inaugurated Oct. 12, 1880), and the Vice-President, Don Francisco Madero. The Cabinet was composed of the following ministers: Interior, Don Bernardo de Irigoyar; Foreign Affairs, Don Francisco Ortiz; Finance, Don Victorino de la Plaza; Justice, Public Worship, and Public Instruction, Don Eduardo Wilde; War and the Navy, Gen. Benjamin Victorica.

The Governors of the several provinces, etc.,

........

Dr. D. Rocha.
Don J. Acuña.
Don G. Gavier.
Don A. Soto.
Col. J. Antelo.
Don E. Tello.
Don B. Jaramillo.
Don J. E. Segura.
Don M. S. Ortiz.
Don A. Gil.
Don Z. Concha.
Don M. Zavalla.
Don L. G. Pinto.
Don B. Paz..
Col. F. Bosch.
Col. L. Winter.
Col. R. Roça.

The Argentine Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States is Dr. Don Luis L. Dominguez (accredited in 1882); and the Argentine Consul-General at New York is Don Carlos Carranza.

The United States Minister Resident in the Argentine Republic is Gen. Thomas O. Osborn; and the United States Consul at Buenos Ayres is E. L. Baker.

Army. The Argentine army in May, 1884, exclusive of the National Guard, was 6,579 strong, comprising 8,209 foot, 2,320 horse, and 1,050 artillery. If to this be added the Indian and recruit pickets, and the students at the military schools, aggregating 3,008, the total strength will stand at 9,587. In June, 1883, there were 4 lieutenant-generals, 14 generals of divisions, 50 colonels, 127 lieutenantcolonels, 142 majors, and 742 officers of other grades. At that time the National Guard was 315,850 strong. In 1882 the military academy had 14 instructors and 143 students; and the military school (for non-commissioned officers) 6 instructors and 68 students.

Navy. The navy, in June, 1888, was composed of 39 vessels, namely: 3 steam-ironclads, 6 gunboats, 7 torpedoes, 2 steam-transports, 8

cruisers, 6 other steam-vessels, and 12 sail-ofthe-line, with an aggregate tonnage of 12,630, and an armament of 55 guns, and manned with 320 officers, 1,505 seamen, 1,737 marines (including officers), and a torpedo division 187 strong. In the foregoing enumeration is not included the flotilla of the Rio Negro, comprising 3 steamers and 3 steam-launches.

In 1882 the naval school consisted of 17 instructors and 69 students; another school (for seamen) had 9 instructors and 43 students.

The navy, like the army, is recruited by voluntary enlistment for a stated period.

Education. According to the school census of 1883-'84, there were within the republic 2,023 primary schools, national, provincial, municipal, and private, with 3,761 teachers and assistants, and 146,325 pupils, including both sexes, the total number of children between the ages of five and fourteen years being 503,591. These figures show a considerable improvement as compared with those for 1881, in which year the aggregate attendance was but 136,928, while the number of children fit to attend school was estimated at 500,000. The annual expenditure by the Federal Government for those schools, as given in the census, was $2,444,187.84. Higher branches of instruction were pursued in the two Universities of Buenos Ayres and Córdoba, special schools of law, medicine, theology, and military and naval schools, fourteen national colleges (with their nine annexes), and eighteen normal schools.

Finance. In the budget for 1884 the national revenue and expenditure were estimated at $33,770,333 and $34,053,484 respectively, with a resulting deficit of $283,151. "At the end of the present year (1883), the 6 per cent. consolidated debt, with a small portion at 8 and 9 per cent., will have been reduced to $75,418,201.31."*

Commerce. The imports for the year 1882 were of the value of $76,328,283 (including the trade in transitu, amounting to $17,057,917), fully one third having been for British, and but one twelfth for American products.

The value of the exports for the same year was $75,498,822 (including $17,057,917 in transitu), of which about $16,000,000 was to France, $14,000,000 to Belgium, $7,400,000 to Great Britain, and but $2,861,209 to the United States.

The sources, destinations, and values of the imports and exports through Buenos Ayres for the nine months, January to September, 1884, were as follow:

1,187,297

1,699,018 227,802 $37,541,974

The distribution of this trade by flags was: Argentine, 54 per cent.; French, 29; British, 7; Uruguayan, 3; Italian, 2; others, 5.

Railways. At the end of 1883 there were 2,950 kilometres of railway in operation, and 2,567 in process of building.* "The locomotivewhistle was heard for the first time in the province of Santiago del Estero on Oct. 12, 1884." The horse-car lines of the capital, at the end of 1882, covered an aggregate of 95 miles, and, with 1,001 employés, carried an average of 51,740 passengers daily. There were also lines in some of the smaller towns of the province of Buenos Ayres, and the city of Córdoba had two lines, and Rosario one.

Telegraphs. In January, 1883, the telegraph lines of the republic were of the total length of 13,543 kilometres, of which 10,772 were Government property; the number of offices was 202; and that of the dispatches transmitted during the year immediately previous, 438,090, of which 71,838 were official.

The total number of dispatches for 1883 was 496,726, of which 71,460 were official. At the end of 1882 there were in Buenos Ayres two telephone companies, with 1,500 subscribers. Post-Office.-In 1882 there were transmitted through this department 17,500,000 letters, postal-cards, and packages of printed matter. The exchange of correspondence, etc., with foreign countries in 1883 was as follows: Letters, 2,207,000; printed matter, 1,400,000. The number of registered packages was 93,313. The yield of the Post-Office Department in 1883 was $538,514.83.

Improvements. Chief among these, besides the already well-advanced work at canalization of the Riachuelo of Buenos Ayres to fit it for craft of all sizes, may be mentioned the extension of pipes for the supply of potable water in that city.

A list of the several lines was given in the volume for 1888.

Political.-A Republican Territorial Convention was held in Phenix on the 15th of April to select delegates to the National Convention. Another convention of the same party was held in Tombstone on the 15th of September, which nominated C. C. Bean for delegate to Congress, and R. L. Long for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Among the resolutions adopted were the following:

That we with pleasure confirm the action of the National Republican Convention in recommending that all Federal appointments to the offices of the Territories of the United States be made within the Territories themselves, recognizing the fact that citizens of the Territory are best qualified to discharge the responsible duties appertaining to such positions.

That we recognize the depressing influence of the many old fraudulent claims to large grants of land within our Territory; and we demand from our delegate in Congress that he use his best efforts in securing united action with the Representatives of all States and Territories interested in obtaining from Congress such action as shall speedily settle and quiet all such claims.

This convention favors any and all measures that will tend to bring labor and capital, organized and unorganized, into the Territory of Arizona. Equality before the law is the fundamental principle of the Republican party of the nation, and we pledge the Republican party to such a course of legislation as will extend to corporations and corporate capital in Arizona the same protection and the same laws accorded to individuals to perform their just share of the labor and to pay their just share of the taxation we pay to carry on the Government, making the same rules apply to corporations as to individuals.

propriated for the support of hostile Indians to permit That in our opinion there is too much money apof a speedy and just settlement of this vexed question. We believe that a tribe of hostile savages should not be kept in our midst, fed and supported out of the public treasury; we therefore recommend that the safety and protection of the frontier settlers be made the first object in all Territorial and Federal legislation affecting the Indians. We are in favor of the disarmament of all Indians in this Territory as indispensable to the safety of our people.

That we are in favor of reducing the size of the White Mountain and San Carlos Indian Reservations, and especially are we in favor of segregating the coalfields therefrom, and throwing open all reservations for the prospecting of minerals and for the locating and working of mineral claims.

That we condemn the practice of polygamy and bigamy as a crime, and favor the passage and enforcement of such laws as will prevent the continuance of such practice within this Territory.

That we demand the passage of such quarantine and other laws by the coming Legislature as shall enable the officers of the law and owners of live-stock

to protect this great industry from the ravages of contagious diseases.

school age is 9,376, as follows: School Population.-The number of children of

Pima County Yavapai County Maricopa County Apache County Cochise County

2,817 Yuma County 1,852 Graham County.

649

635

1,817 Pimal County..

684

1,126 Gila County

179

General Condition.-The year has been a prosperous one for Arizona. Says the Governor, in his report of Oct. 25, 1884:

Our population has been steadily increasing; the development of our material wealth embraced in mining, grazing, and agriculture has shown marked advancement; our border relations have been harmonious; the annoyances of government have been lessened; there has been absolute freedom from the depredations of hostile savages, which in previous years have been such a menace to the progress of our civilization; and although the lawless elements of society peculiar to advanced frontiers have in several instances during the year committed deeds of exceptional atrocity within the boundaries of Arizona, the outlaws have in most cases expiated their crimes by the severest penalties known to the law, and the civil officers of the Territory are to be congratulated upon the general success that has attended their efforts in maintaining order and improved social condi

Mining. The Governor says:

The product of our mines has been considerably less for the past year than for the preceding twelve months. Several large bullion-producing properties have been lying idie a considerable portion of the year, owing, it is stated, to the heavy expense of operating, high transportation rates, and a depreciation in the grade of the ore being treated. While the ores of Arizona are undoubtedly of a higher average than those of Colorado or other localities with which comparisons can be made, the expense of mining, and especially of transportation, is much greater. These obstacles, however, are being steadily reduced, and all things being equal, her marvelous mineral deposits will soon enable Arizona to rank first among the bullion-producing States and Territories of the Union. Grazing.

The grazing interests of the Territory have largely increased during the year; extensive importations of improved breeds of cattle and horses have been made into Arizona. There has been an entire absence of epidemic diseases among cattle and horses in the Territory, and the loss per year is only about three per cent. Much of the 60,000 square miles of grazing-land in Arizona, though bountifully covered with rich grasses, can not be utilized at present for grazing purposes on account of the absence of water. It is believed, however, that this drawback can be largely, if not almost completely, remedied by the introduction of artesian water. Where the experiment has been tried, in Sulphur Spring Valley, Cochise County, the result is most satisfactory, "sufficient water having been obtained in this way to water at least 30,000 cattle, besides affording sufficient irrigation to maintain the gardens that a population attending to this stock would require, and perhaps tree-plantations for the relief of stock from sun and wind." There are now in the Territory about 300,000 head of stock, with probably good pasturage, under present conditions, for 1,000,000 more.

Agriculture. The Governor says:

The yield per acre of wheat and barley is from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels, and, after this is harvested, corn can be planted on the same ground and a fine crop raised the same season. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, figs, quinces, apricots, and nearly every other variety of fruit, yield largely. Lemons, oranges, and olives can be raised with profit, and finer grapes can not be produced anywhere. Sugar-cane and cotton have also been grown successfulfy. There are numerous fertile valleys throughout the Territory in every direction where considerable farming is done. Irrigation is necessary to insure good crops in nearly every locality, although in a few of the northern valleys the sub-irrigation is sufficient from the rainfall during the wet season. In the Salt

River Valley an immense canal is being constructed which will convey water enough, it is claimed, to reclaim at least 100,000 acres, besides furnishing motive power for an immense amount of machinery. This canal is expected to be ready for use early in the spring of 1885. In connection with agricultural pursuits hog-fattening and pork-packing bids fair to become ere long an exceedingly profitable business. But little work is required in fattening; the hogs run on the alfalfa-fields and keep in good order until the grain is harvested, and they are then turned upon the grain stubble-fields.

Land Grants.-Uncertainty regarding the final disposition of lands granted to the Atlantic and Pacific and Texas Pacific Railroads by Congress is preventing the settlement of Arizona to a great extent. The Governor urges a determination by Congress of the question whether the railroads or the Government own the lands

referred to.

There are numerous alleged Mexican grants in the Territory, the title to which, in many cases, is believed to be fraudulent, either as to the grant itself or the proposed boundaries. The Governor asks that immediate action be had to determine these titles, so that the lands may be properly improved, and add to the taxable value of the property of the Territory.

Timber. The immense timber region of northeastern Arizona is commanding recognition. Lumber is being manufactured and shipped into southern California in successful competition with the timber districts and mills of the North Pacific coast; it is also finding a profitable market in various portions of the middle Southwest and South into the Republic of Mexico.

Railroads. Two railroads have been projected from north to south in the Territory, the Arizona Mineral Belt and the Central Arizona Railroad. The former has been surveyed from Winslow and Flagstaff, on the Atlantic and Pacific road, to Globe, in Gila county, connecting at Globe with a road from Tucson, a distance of 220 miles, through an extensive timber, mineral, agricultural, and grazing region. The Central Arizona has been surveyed from Chino Station, also on the Atlantic and Pacific, 154 miles west of Winslow, to Prescott, the capital; from here it is proposed to continue it south to the rich valleys of the Salt river and Gila.

Mormonism.-There has been extensive immigration to the Territory during the past few years of Mormons who, it is alleged, are practicing polygamous marriage. A strong opposition is developing among the citizens against this class of Mormon immigration, and in some localities, notably Apache county, citizens are arrayed against each other upon this subject-Mormons and Gentiles-which, unless the legal remedy is applied and polygamous relations prohibited, may result in such a conflict as will cause the loss of life and destruction of property. A number of Mormons are under indictment.

Other Matters.-The Governor asks Congress for assistance in improving the school system, the taxation for which is burdensome upon the