Secretary of State, E. P. Roggen; Auditor of Public Accounts, H. A. Babcock; Treasurer, Charles H. Willard; Attorney-General, William Leese; Commissioner of Public Lands and Buildings, Joseph Scott; Superintendent of Public Instruction, W. W. W. Jones. The Democratic nominees for the respective offices were J. Sterling Morton, L. C. Pace, H. E. Bonesteel, Gustave Benecke, D. W. Clancy, C. S. Montgomery, Nels O. Albert, and A. M. Dean. The vote for Governor was as follows: Republican, 72,835; Democratic, 57,534; Prohibition, 3,075. For the other State officers the Republican vote was about 2,000 larger. Three Republican Congressmen were elected. For the amendment to the legislative article of the Constitution, 51,959 votes were cast, and 17,766 against it. For the amendment to the executive article, only 22,297 votes were cast, while 44,488 were cast against it. The following was the vote for Presidential Electors: Republican, 76,912; Democratic, 54,391; Prohibition, 2,899; scattering, 47. Burnham, Republican, was chosen Regent of the State University, over D. T. Scoville, Democrat. The Legislature of 1885 has 25 Republicans and 8 Democrats in the Senate, 78 Republicans and 18 Democrats in the House.

Leavitt

NERVOUS DISEASES. Miryachit.-This is the Russian name for a peculiar nervous disease, hitherto undescribed, which has been recently brought to the notice of the medical profession. The unfortunate subject is obliged to imitate any sudden sound, or movement, that may be made by a second person. However ridiculous the action may be, the patient feels irresistibly impelled to repeat it as nearly as possible. The disorder is said to be common in Siberia, where it was observed by Lieut. Buckingham, of the United States Navy, who describes it thus:

While we were walking on the bank here, we observed our messmate, the captain of the general staff [of the Russian army], approach the steward of the boat suddenly, and, without any apparent reason or remark, clap his hands before his face; instantly the steward clapped his hands in the same manner, put on an angry look, and passed on. The incident was somewhat curious, as it involved a degree of familiarity with the steward hardly to have been expected. After this we observed a number of queer performances of the steward, and finally comprehended the situation. It seemed that he was afflicted with a peculiar mental or nervous disease, which forced him to imitate everything suddenly presented to his senses. Thus, when the captain slapped the paddle-box suddenly in the presence of the steward, the latter instantly gave it a similar thump; or if any noise were made suddenly, he seemed compelled against his will to imitate it instantly, and with remarkable accuracy. To annoy him, some of the passengers imitated pigs grunting, or called out absurd names; others clapped their hands and shouted, jumped, or threw their hats on the deck suddenly, and the poor steward, suddenly startled, would echo them all precisely, and sometimes several consecutively. Frequently he would expostulate, begging people not to startle him, and again would grow furiously angry, but even in the midst of his passion he would helplessly imitate some ridiculous shout or motion directed at him by his pitiless tormentors. Frequently he shut himself up in his pantry, which was without windows, and locked the

door, but even there he could be heard answering the grunts, shouts, or pounds on the bulkhead outside. telligent in facial expression, and without the slightest He was a man of middle age, fair physique, rather inindication in appearance of his disability. As we descended the bank to go on board the steamer, some one gave a loud shout and threw his cap on the ground; looking about for the steward, for the shout was evidently made for his benefit, we saw him violently throw his cap, with a shout, into a chickencoop, into which he was about to put the result of his foraging expedition, among the houses of the stanitza. We afterward witnessed an incident that illustrated the extent of his disability. The captain of the steamer, running up to him, suddenly clapping his hands at the same time, accidentally slipped and fell hard on the deck; without having been touched by the captain, the steward instantly clapped his hands and shouted, and then, in powerless imitation, he too fell as hard and almost precisely in the same manner and position as the captain. In speaking of the steward's disorder, the captain of the general staff said it was not uncommon in Siberia; that he had seen a number of cases of it, and that it was commonest Both sexes were subject to it, but men much less than about Yakutsk, where the winter cold is extreme. women. It was known to Russians by the name of miryachit."

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The late Dr. George M. Beard described similar phenomena witnessed by himself among the "Jumpers" or "Jumping Frenchmen" of Maine and northern New Hampshire. He ascertained that whatever order was given them was at once obeyed. Thus, one of the jumpers who was sitting in a chair with a knife in his hand was told to throw it, and he threw it quickly, so that it stuck in a beam opposite; at the same time he repeated the order to throw it, with a cry of alarm like that of hysteria or epilepsy. He also threw away his pipe, which he was filling with tobacco, when he was slapped upon the shoulder. Two jumpers standing near each other were told to strike, and they struck each other very forcibly. One jumper, when standing by a window, was suddenly commanded by a person on the other side of the window to jump, and he jumped up half a foot from the floor, repeating the order. When the commands are uttered in a quick, loud voice, the jumper repeats the order. When told to strike he strikes, when told to throw he throws whatever he may happen to have in his hand. Dr. Beard tried this power of repetition with the first part of the first line of Virgil's "Eneid" and the first part of the first line of Homer's "Iliad," and out-of-the-way words of the English language with which the jumper could not be familiar, and he repeated or echoed the sound of the word as it came to him in a quick, sharp voice; at the same time he jumped, or struck, or threw, or raised his shoulders, or made some other violent muscular motion.

Dr. William A. Hammond, commenting on these cases, says:

There is another analogous condition known by the Germans as Schlaftrunkenheit, and to English and American neurologists as somnolentia, or sleep-drunkenness. In this state an individual, on being suddenly awakened, commits some incongruous act of violence, ofttimes a murder. Sometimes this appears to be excited by a dream, but in others no such cause could be discovered. Thus, a sentry fell asleep during his

watch, and, being suddenly aroused by the officer in command, attacked the latter with his sword, and would have killed him but for the interposition of the by-standers. The result of the medical examination was that the act was involuntary, being the result of a violent confusion of mind consequent upon the sudden awaking from a profound sleep. Other cases are cited by Wharton and Stillé in their work on medical jurisprudence, by Hoffbauer, and by myself in "Sleep and its Derangements."

The following cases among others have occurred in my own experience: A gentleman was roused one night by his wife, who heard the street-door bell ring. He got up, and, without paying attention to what she said, dragged the sheets off of the bed, tore them hurriedly into strips, and proceeded to tie the pieces together. She finally succeeded in bringing him to himself, when he said he had thought the house was on fire, and he was providing means for their escape. He did not recollect having had any dream of the kind, but was under the impression that the idea had occurred to him at the instant of awaking. A few years ago I had a gentleman under my charge who would attempt to execute any order given him while ho was asleep by a person whispering into his ear. Thus, if told in this way to shout, he shouted as loud as he could; if ordered to get up, he at once jumped from the bed; if directed to repeat certain words, he said them, and so on. I am not able to give any certain explanation of the phenomena of "miryachit" or of the "jumpers," or of certain of those cases of sleepdrunkenness which seem to be of like character. But they all appear to be due to the fact that a motor impulse is excited by perceptions without the necessary concurrence of the volition of the individual to cause the discharge. They are, therefore, analogous to reflex actions, and especially to certain epileptic paroxysms due to reflex irritations. It would seem as though the nerve-cells were very much in the condition of a package of dynamite or nitroglycerin, in which a very slight impression is sufficient to effect a discharge of nerve-force.

NETHERLANDS, THE, a constitutional monarchy in western Europe. The Constitution, proclaimed Nov. 3, 1848, vests the legislative authority in the States-General, composed of two chambers. The upper consists of 39 members, chosen by the provincial councils from among the highest class of tax-payers; the lower, consisting of 86 members, is elected by citizens paying from twenty to sixty guilders of direct taxes.

The Government.-The reigning King is William III, born Feb. 19, 1817, who succeeded his father, William II, March 17, 1849. The ministry is composed of the following members: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. P. J. A. M. van der Does de Willebois; Minister of the Interior, Dr. J. Heemskerk Az; Minister of Justice, Dr. Baron M. W. du Tour van Bellinchave; Minister of Finance, W. J. L. Grobbee; Minister of the Colonies, J. P. Sprenger van Eick; Minister of the Waterstaat, Commerce, and Industry, J. G. van den Bergh; Minister of War, Major-General A. W. P. Weitzel; Minister of Marine, W. F. van Erp Taalman Kip. Area and Population. The area of the Netherlands is 12,648 square miles, or 32,999 square kilometres. The population in 1883 was 4,225,065, of which number 2,090,850 were males and 2,134,215 females. The number of marriages in 1883 was 29,815, of births 151,779, of deaths 99,333, excess of births 52,416. As

returned in the census of 1879, the population was divided into 2,469,814 Protestants, 1,439,137 Catholics, 81,693 Israelites, and 22,049 of other beliefs. The principal cities are Amsterdam, with 361,326 inhabitants; Rotterdam, with 166,002; and the Hague, with 131,417 on the 31st of December, 1883.

Commerce. The total value of the special imports in 1882 was 937,680,000 guilders, as compared with 865,568,000 guilders in 1880; of the exports, 712,344,000, as compared with 647,975,000 guilders. Including the commerce with the Dutch colonies the imports amounted to 992,108,000, and the exports to 752,061,000 guilders. Of the imports, 290,712,000 guilders came from the German Zollverein, 276,065,000 from Great Britain, 123,682,000 from Belgium, 76,493,000 from Russia, 42,784,000 from the United States, and 53,103,000 from Java. Of the exports, 336,255,000 guilders went to the Zollverein, 155,683,000 to Great Britain, 112,884,000 to Belgium, 38,319,000 to the United States, and 39,457,000 to Java. The imports of articles of consumption in 1879 amounted to 292,900,000 guilders, exports 233,800,000; imports of raw materials 252,100,000, exports 141,600,000 guilders; imports of manufactured products 109,500,000, exports 80,400,000 guilders; imports of miscellaneous articles 161,300,000, exports 122,800,000 guilders; imports of precious metals 30,900,000, exports 3,100,000 guilders.

Navigation. The total sailing tonnage with cargoes entered in 1883 at Dutch ports was 2,246,927 cubic metres, of which 797,600 were under the Dutch flag; in ballast 35,838 cubic metres, under the Dutch flag 19,202. The steam tonnage entered with cargoes was 8,750,949 cubic metres, of which 2,417,435 carried the Dutch flag; in ballast 153,303, of which 25,622 cubic metres were under the Dutch flag. The merchant navy on the 1st of January, 1888, counted 701 sailing-vessels, weighing 587,473 cubic metres, and 96 steamers, weighing 288,008.

Rallroads, Posts, and Telegraphs.-The mileage of railroads open to traffic Jan. 1, 1883, was 2,001 kilometres, of which 1,052 belonged to the state.

The number of private letters forwarded in 1883 was 47,162,360 domestic, 14,232,332 international letters, and 20,235,882 post-cards, total 81,630,574; the total number of journals, 45,773,598. The receipts of the administration in 1883 were 4,924,382 guilders, expenditures 3,572,869 guilders.

The length of the state telegraph lines on Jan. 1, 1884, was 4,255 kilometres, the length of wires 15,714 kilometres; the number of dispatches in 1883 was 2,072,630 for the interior, and 1,274,463 foreign; the receipts 1,065,479 guilders, expenditures 1,546,397 ordinary, and 87,845 extraordinary.

Finance. The budget for 1884 makes the total expenditures 143,580,725 guilders, of which 32,358,566 are on account of the public debt;

24,771,942 for the department of finance, including the estimated loss of 5,000,000 guilders in the redemption of silver coins called in under the act of April 27, 1884; 20,432,000 for the Ministry of War; 13,932,204 for the Ministry of the Interior; 31,819,023 for the Ministry of Commerce and Canals; and 11,662,915 for the Ministry of Marine. The total receipts are taken as 114,166,025 guilders, of which 39,550,000 proceed from the excise taxes on spirits and other articles; 25,928,125 from the land and personal taxes and patent dues; 24,450,000 from stamps, registration, and succession duties; 4,812,000 from customs and navigation dues; and the remainder from domains, posts, telegraphs, coast pilotage, railroads, etc. If the receipts fall below the expenses, the Government is empowered to issue treasury bills to the amount of 28,300,000 guilders to cover the deficit provisionally.

The total amount of the public debt in 1884 was 1,004,252,250 guilders, including 10,000,000 guilders of paper money; 611,809,200 guilders bear interest at 23 per cent., 90,312,050 at 3 per cent., 9,684,000 at 3 per cent., and the rest at 4 per cent.

The Army and Navy.-The standing army in 1883 numbered on the lists 2,325 officers and 62,689 men. The active schutteryen, or militia, numbered 37,198 men; the sedentary, 77,103. The navy in 1884 consisted of 23 ironclads, comprising 6 turret-ships with rams, 2 monitor rams of the first and 5 of the second class, 5 monitors of the second class, and 5 vessels for river-defense; 93 steamers, of which 28 were screw-corvettes, 12 paddle-steamers, 31 gunboats, and 22 torpedo-boats; and 14 schoolships and 10 other vessels. The navy was manned with 6,821 men, not including 2,361 marines and 1,119 sailors in the East Indies.

The Colonies. The colonial possessions of the Netherlands have an area of 659,126 square miles, and a population of about 29,000,000.

Java and Madura, with an area of 131,733 square kilometres, contained in 1882 20,268,480 inhabitants, of which number 20,232,915 were natives. The native population of Sumatra, Riouw, Banca, Billiton, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, Papua, Timor, Bali, and the other Netherlandish possessions in the South Seas, is estimated at about 8,400,000, their total area at 1,728,000 square kilometres. The number of Europeans in the Dutch East Indies in 1881 was 41,706, of Chinese 345,372, of Arabs 16,775, of Hindoos, etc., 9,514. Batavia, the capital, contained 92,497 inhabitants, Samarang 60,582, Soerabaya 119,592.

The colony of Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, has an extent of 119,321 square kilometres, and contained in 1882 a settled population of 53,853 souls. Curaçao, or the Dutch Antilles, with an area of 1,130 square kilometres, had in the settlements 44,066 inhabitants.

The total receipts of the treasury in the East India colonies are put down in the budget of 1884 as 142,886,197 guilders, the expenses as

146,935,361 guilders, leaving a deficit of 3,899,164 guilders. This is a more favorable showing than has been made for a long time, the cost of the colonies to the mother-country usually amounting to 12,000,000 or 14,000,000 guilders a year. The increase in the income was due to an advance in the price of coffee, due to reports of a deficient crop in Brazil. The proceeds from the sale of coffee are estimated at 42,671,656 guilders, from the opiumtax 21,207,200 guilders, from the land-tax 19,267,000 guilders, from customs 10,243,000 guilders, from railroads 5,316,000 guilders, from sales of tin 4,348,490 guilders, from the salt duty 7,081,000 guilders. The budget for 1885 estimates the expenditure at 143,000,000 guilders, producing a deficit of 1,250,000 guilders, without reckoning the cost of new naval ships. An increase in the tariff and various economies were proposed, also certain taxes to provide 5,750,000 guilders for construction of railways.

The receipts of the colony of Surinam are estimated at 1,226,898 and the expenditures at 1,455,827 guilders. The receipts and disbursements in Curaçao balance at 686,496 guilders.

The imports of merchandise on the account of the state in 1881 were in value 8,261,000 guilders, of specie 250,000, total 8,511,000 guilders; on account of private individuals 139,805,000 guilders of merchandise, and 10,345,000 guilders specie, total 150,150,000 guilders; total imports of merchandise 148,066,000 guilders, of specie 10,595,000. The exports of merchandise on state account were of the value of 32,181,000 guilders; the exports of merchandise on private account 143,606,000 guilders, of specie 1,339,000 guilders, total 144,945,000 guilders; total exports of merchandise 175,787,000 guilders, of specie 1,339,000 guilders. The sales of coffee on Government account in 1881 were 28,247,000 guilders in value, of tin 3,932,000 guilders; the sales of coffee on private account 18,849,000, guilders, of tin 3,969,000 guilders, of sugar 53,345,000 guilders, of indigo 3,415,000 guilders. Other exports were skins of the value of 1,712,000 guilders, cloves and nutmegs 2,562,000 guilders, rice 1,110,000 guilders, tobacco 20,120,000 guilders, tea 1,542,000 guilders, gambier 7,326,721 guilders, gutta-percha 6,101,398 guilders, gums 5,419,423 guilders, pepper 3,925,707 guilders, and ratany 3,762,647 guilders.

The tonnage entered at the East Indian ports in 1881 was 1,950,547, cleared 1,833,153. The total tonnage of the colonial merchant-fleet was 138,266.

The length of railroad lines in operation at the beginning of 1884 was 707 kilometres. The receipts in 1882 of the lines of the East Indian Railroad Company were 3,912,496 guilders, expenses 1,378,291 guilders; the receipts of the state lines 1,378,291 guilders, expenses 1,080,615 guilders. The number of private internal letters carried in the mails in 1882 was 2,902,126, the number of foreign letters 851,499. The length of telegraph lines belonging to the state in 1882 was 5,879 kilometres,

the length of wires 7,539 kilometres, the num ber of paid messages 369,165.

The natives in the coffee districts of Java are obliged to plant a certain number of coffeeplants and to sell the produce to the Government at the price of fourteen guilders per pecul of 133 pounds. The quantity delivered to the Government under this arrangement is from 800,000 to 1,000,000 peculs a year. Sumatra produces from 100,000, to 150,000 peculs of coffee, inferior in quality to the Java growths, which finds its principal market in the United States. Macassar exports about 120,000 peculs a year of excellent coffee from the Celebes and the eastern islands of the archipelago. The Government crop from Java is sold at auction in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, except 100,000 peculs which are sold in four lots in Java. The private cultivators sell their crop in Samarang and Soerabaya. The tobacco-culture is carried on chiefly in Java and Sumatra. In 1880 6,395,000 kilogrammes were exported, in 1881 13,538,000, in 1882 16,633,000, and in 1883 over 17,000,000. The Sumatra tobacco, used for cigar-wrappers, brings four times the price of the Java product. Cocoanut-oil has been exported of late in large quantities. The tin on the Island of Banca is shipped on Government account to Holland; that of Billiton is exploited by a mining company and sold at auction in Batavia. The center of the pepper-trade is Padang in Sumatra. The tea culture is in private hands; notwithstanding the pressure of taxation, Java tea is cheaper than the Chinese product. The cultivation of cinchonabark has extended since it passed from Government control into the hands of individuals. Several companies have laid out large plantations. Sugar was exported in 1882 to the amount of over 4,000,000 peculs, chiefly to London. The principal imports are cotton cloths, petroleum, beer, wine, liquors, butter, flour, iron in various forms, glass and crockery, paper, etc. The imports of cotton fabrics in 1882 were in value 28,208,000 guilders, coming mainly from Holland and England. Petroleum is brought from the United States in sailingvessels, which take as return-freight sugar to England through the Suez Canal. The chests in which petroleum is brought are filled with cocoanut-oil for export. The import trade is in the hands of a few large Dutch houses which sell to the numerous Chinese traders on the islands. In consequence of a petition to the Government in 1881 of the merchants of Batavia, who complained of fraudulent bankruptcies, the Chinese dealers have begun to keep their books in the Malayan instead of in the Chinese language.

The army of the Netherlandish East Indies is recruited by voluntary enlistment of Europeans and natives. The effective strength on Jan. 1, 1883, was 1,352 officers and 29,030 soldiers. Of the rank and file 13,578 were Europeans, 111 Africans, and 15,341 natives. The civic guards and other named bodies outside of

the regular army counted 3,870 Europeans and 5,431 natives.

The appointment in January, 1884, of Otto Van Rees as Governor-General of the East Indies, signified the adoption by the Heemskerk ministry of the colonial policy advocated by the Liberals. The policy to be followed was defined by the Minister of the Interior in the general discussion of the budget of 1884 as the maintenance of the system of coffee cultivation on Government account, and the accordance to the natives of the option to have their lands now possessed in common converted into individual property or retained under the tribal tenure.

The War in Acheen.-When Gen. Van Swieten captured the seat of the Sultan of Acheen, Jan. 24, 1874, it was believed that the enemy was subjected, and that Acheen, like the rest of Sumatra, would soon be transformed into a Netherlandish possession. After the expenditure of hundreds of millions and the loss of thousands of lives in the intermittent war, the remainder of the Acheenese are as far from submitting as ever, and seem to prefer annihilation to the loss of independence. The Dutch Government entered into the war as a precautionary measure to prevent the intervention of any foreign power in the Malaysian Archipelago. The Acheenese had treated with indignity the flags of other nations as well as that of Holland. England, by the agreement of Nov. 2, 1871, withdrew the guarantee of independence to the Prince of Acheen which she required Holland to agree to in 1824. Negotiations were opened to induce the Sultan to acknowledge the sovereignty of Holland. Evading these, he applied for assistance to Italy and the United States. Fearing American intervention, the Dutch threatened war if he longer refused their terms, and sent the unfortunate expedition of 1873, followed in November of the same year by the second expedition under Gen. Van Swieten. The Dutch commander, after the capture of Kraton, the residence of the sultans, and the death of the young ruler of Acheen, proclaimed the annexation of the country, whereas the original demand was only for the suzerainty. He expected, by remaining in Kraton, to establish gradually a trade with the natives and win their friendship, and hence did not push his military advantage, from which course he was deterred, moreover, by the ravages of the cholera in his army. Leaving a detachment of 3,000, who were ordered to remain on the defensive, he withdrew the rest of the troops from Acheen. Gen. Pel, the commandant, was soon compelled by the enemy to extend his lines and undertake punitive expeditions against offending chiefs. He increased his force gradually to 8,000 men and gained important successes, when he died in 1876 and was succeeded by Gen. Wiggers. The Dutch and the Acheenese both ceased active operations for a time, but in 1878 the enemy, under

their accomplished Hindoo leader, Habib Abdoe'r Rahman, attacked the chain of posts and menaced Kraton. Gen. Van der Heyden pursued and destroyed this force and purchased the submission of the leader, who had guided the diplomatic and strategic affairs of the Acheenese from the beginning, with an annual pension of 30,000 guilders. In the spring of 1879 the Dutch commander resumed the campaign. Instead of inclosing a district by a chain of outposts, he determined to occupy the important strategic points, and guard only his lines of communication. The men that had garrisoned the line of posts were set free to form flying columns to patrol the country, and prevent hostile outbreaks. In 1879 he had a force of 10,400 men. In 1880, believing his purpose accomplished, he reduced it to 6,600 men. The Governor-General was not satisfied with the pacification of the country secured by the military occupation, but wished to affirm the existence of a state of peace, and thus diminish the complaints in Holland at the cost of the occupation. He resolved to replace the military with a civil administration. As Gen. Van der Heyden refused to countenance the change, pressure was brought upon him that caused him to resign the command. Civil officials were installed and, in order to reduce military expenses, the flying columns were withdrawn, and the small posts along the routes of communication called in. The Acheenese, who had armed themselves with Beaumont rifles, renewed their attacks and depredations, while the military, restricted in their powers by the official proclamation of a state of peace, were restrained from quelling the hostile outbreak. The situation soon became so unbearable that the civil governor was superseded by one who had been trained to military life. A more energetic course of action was taken, and during the year 1884 sanguinary conflicts with the Acheenese guerrillas frequently took place. The official hand-book of Netherlandish India for 1883 gives the extent of the district of Acheen and its dependencies as 3,712 square miles and the population as 474,300 natives, 3,310 Chinese, 479 Arabs, 1,129 of other Oriental races, and 928 Europeans. Great Acheen, the ancient seat of the sultans, which is the proper object of the conflict, has an area of only 100 square miles. Before the war it possessed a population of from 300,000 to 400,000, but in 1880 the number was already reduced to about 50,000 souls. The territory occupied by the Dutch had a length between the farthest outposts from north to south of twenty-three miles and an extreme breadth of sixteen miles. The unsatisfactory results of the efforts of the Dutch to subjugate the country are explained by the frequent changes of commanders and systems, which allowed none of the systems to be fairly tested, and by the action against the vassal states before Acheen itself was reduced to order. The losses in the field were very small, but the effects of the

unhealthful climate necessitated the constant withdrawal of troops to fill the hospitals and be replaced by fresh forces. Although recruiting was extended on account of the war, there were times when almost the whole fighting force of the East Indian army was in Acheen. The cost of the war has exceeded 300,000,000 guilders.

The Nisero Affair. The English merchant-ship Nisero, bound with a cargo of sugar from Soerabaya to England, was stranded on the coast of Acheen, Nov. 16, 1883. The crew, twenty-five in number, succeeded in reaching land in safety. They were plundered by the Malays of the coast, and then delivered by the Chief of Pangah, in whose territory they found themselves, to his sovereign, the Rajah of Tenom, who is himself a vassal of the Sultan of Acheen. A Netherlands ship of war appeared upon the scene, and its captain paid 80,000 guilders to the Rajah, who thereupon released the captain, Wodehouse, with the Chinese cook, who speaks Malay, on parole, to explain his terms. The British ship of war Pegasus was sent from Singapore with Consul Kennedy, and further offers of money were made through trusty agents. There were formal complaints to the Netherlands Government, which had already offered a large sum for the release of the captives. A Dutch naval force blockaded the ports of Tenom, and an infantry force of 1,200 men destroyed the Rajah's capital and a number of villages, January 7. At their approach the Rajah escaped with his captives two days' journey up the country. An English officer had an interview with the Rajah's adviser, February 24. It was made apparent that the Rajah's object was to embroil England and Holland in order to secure better political conditions for himself. His ports of Tenom and Bûbûn were formerly the centers of a flourishing trade, and the Rajah enjoyed a lucrative monopoly of the pepper and betel-nut trade. His territories were included in the part of Acheen that was annexed to the Netherlands. The Rajah made submission voluntarily to the Dutch authorities. Soon after, he was accused of conniving in an attack on a Dutch garrison. As a punishment Bûbûn was sacked and the ports of Tenom closed to trade. In May, 1883, a final blow was struck at the trade of Tenom, by a decree that confined general trade to seven ports in Acheen-two only on the west coast-and limited the coast-trade to vessels of fifty-six tons. fessed friendship for England, and expressed a desire to embrace a British protectorate. The conditions on which he offered to release the crew of the Nisero were the restoration of the freedom of trade, an indemnity of $400,000 for the destruction of Bubun and Tenom, the banishment of certain Malay enemies of the Rajah, and a quantity of arms and goods. The English negotiators were favorably impressed with the terms of the Rajah, which would open the pepper ports to English trade.