crabs, which point to Dionysus (Hercules, primitive sun-god), after whom the ancient architects were named Dionysian. Perhaps Pontius, who moved the obelisks about that time, read the new book, chose the crabs as supports of the monoliths, and erected them while Cancer was in the ascendant. This is the Greek inscription, found on the outer side of the crab's claw: "L. H. KAISAPOS BAPBAPOS ANETHHKE APXITEKTONOYNTOS PONTIOY." This, translated into English, is: "In the year eight of Cæsar, Barbarus dedicated, Pontius being the architect." This Latin inscription is on the inner side of the claw: "ANNO VIII AVGVSTI CAESARIS BARBARVS PRAEF AEGYPTI POSVIT ARCHITEOTANTE PONTIO."

Lately the idea has been advanced that the Egyptians had some process by which they could mold and petrify the huge blocks in their pyramids, like bricks, tiles, or pottery. But this assertion vanishes when travelers tell us that the quarries whence those monoliths were taken are usually near the ruins; and the obelisk in the granite quarry at Assouan (Syene), adhering on one of its sides to the rock, while. the three other sides are worked, dispels such an idea, and shows that the Pharaohs had those large masses not only quarried, but worked on the spot, in order to avoid transporting any surplus of stone.

OBITUARIES, AMERICAN. Abbot, Ezra, an American biblical scholar, born in Jackson, Me., April 28, 1819; died in Cambridge, Mass., March 21, 1884. He was prepared for college at Phillips Exeter Academy and was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1840. Soon after, he went to Cambridge, and in 1856 he became assistant librarian at Harvard College, and was placed in charge of the cataloguing department. In 1872 Dr. Abbot was appointed Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation in the Divinity School at Cambridge, which chair he held during his life. He received the degree of LL. D. from Yale College in 1869, and that of D. D. (though he was a layman) from Harvard College in 1872. He was distinguished for extensive scholarship in his special line of study, and was appointed a member of the American company of revisers in connection with the Westminster revision of the New Testament. His latest publication (1880) was a valuable treatise on the external evidences of the authorship of St. John's gospel. Dr. Abbot was a Unitarian, and contributed freely to the chief periodicals of that denomination. He also furnished papers for the "North American Review," and the "Journal of the American Oriental Society."

Anthony, Henry Bowen, a United States Senator, born in Coventry, R. I., April 1, 1815; died in Providence, R. I., Sept. 2, 1884. He was of Quaker ancestry. He was educated at Brown University, graduating in 1833, and five years later assumed editorial charge of the "Providence Journal," and subsequently became

one of its proprietors. He was elected Governor of Rhode Island in 1849, re-elected in 1850 and then declined being a candidate for a third term. On leaving the Governor's chair, he again devoted himself to editorial work. In 1859 he was elected United States Senator, succeeding Philip Allen, a Democrat, and this office he held thenceforward to the time of his death. He was elected President pro tempore of the Senate in March, 1863, and again in March, 1871, serving four years in that capacity. He was also elected to that post in January, 1884, but declined serving, on the ground of infirm health. During Mr. Anthony's long senatorship, he was twice chairman of the Committee on Printing, and introduced numerous reforms in the management of the Government printing-office. He was a member of several important committees-on Claims, on Naval Affairs, on Mines and Mining, and on Post-Offices and Post-Roads. He was a member of the national committee appointed to accompany the body of President Lincoln to Illinois. Though not a brilliant man, and not often heard in debate, Senator Anthony was looked upon as possessing strong common sense and sterling integrity. His course in the Senate was such as to win for him friends on both sides of that body, and as 'father," or oldest member, of the Senate, he was welcomed everywhere, and was personally very popular in Washington.

Appleton, Thomas Gold, an American scholar, born in Boston, Mass., March 31, 1812; died in New York, April 17, 1884. His early training was at the Boston Latin School, where he was prepared for college. He entered Harvard, where he had among his classmates J. L. Motley, Wendell Phillips, and other distinguished men, and was graduated in 1831. Mr. Appleton spent much of his time abroad. He was a liberal patron of the fine arts, and gave efficient aid to various institutions, including the Public Library, the Institute of Technology, and the museums at Boston and Cambridge. He was an amateur painter of superior merit, and his water-color sketches of scenes on the river Nile are quite famous. Mr. Appleton was author of several books in prose and verse. In poetry his "Faded Leaves "have been much praised. In prose he published his "Nile Journal," "Syrian Sunshine," "Windfalls," and other works. He was founder of the Boston Literary Club, was highly esteemed for his genial temper and courteous manners, and was looked upon by those who knew him as unrivaled for wit and humor. A volume of his "Life and Letters," prepared by Susan Hale, was published in New York in 1885.

Armstrong, Col. Henry B., an American soldier, born in New York city, May 9, 1792; died in Red Hook, Dutchess county, N. Y., Nov. 10, 1884. He was a son of Gen. John Armstrong, Secretary of War under Madison. His early years were spent in France, where his father was American minister to the court of the first

Napoleon, and his education was received at a French military school, where he went bareheaded for years, hats of all kinds being considered effeminate. Before leaving France, in 1810, young Armstrong frequently saw Napoleon and many of his marshals. On the breaking out of the second war with Great Britain, 1812, he entered the army as captain in the Thirteenth Regiment United States Infantry, and served throughout the war with great gallantry and distinction. He was severely wounded at the assault upon Queenstown Heights, and shared in the capture of Fort George, the battle of Stony Creek, and the sortie from Fort Erie. At the return of peace in 1815, he retired from the army as lieutenant-colonel of the First Regiment of Rifles. For nearly seventy years Col. Armstrong lived the life of a country gentleman on his estate on the banks of the Hudson in Dutchess county.

Arnold, Isaac Newton, an American author, born in Hartwick, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1815; died in Chicago, April 24, 1884. His parents were natives of Rhode Island, whence they removed to western New York in 1800. After attending the district and select schools, he was thrown on his own resources at the age of fifteen. For several years he taught school a part of each year, earning enough to study law, and at the age of twenty was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago, where he soon established a reputation as an able lawyer. He represented the Second Illinois District in Congress in 1861-'65, and was for many years previously an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln's. Mr. Arnold wrote a history of Mr. Lincoln's career and the overthrow of slavery. This was followed by a "Life of Benedict Arnold" and a memoir of President Lincoln, published since the author's death, which was in part caused by his assiduous and persistent labor in completing his last literary work. Mr. Arnold was an admirable public speaker, and delivered addresses before various literary societies both in this country and in England.

Beach, William A., an American lawyer, born in Saratoga, N. Y., in 1805; died in Tarrytown, N. Y., June 28, 1884. He began the practice of law in his native town, and continued work there till he was fifty years old. He was elected District Attorney of Saratoga county in 1840. In 1855 he removed to Troy, where he was actively occupied in professional work until 1870, when he removed to New York city and established the law firm of Beach & Brown. He, was engaged in various notable cases, as that of Stokes for the murder of Fisk, the impeachment of Judge Barnard, the trial of Henry Ward Beecher, and the Vanderbilt suit.

Benham, Henry W., an American soldier, born in Connecticut in 1817; died in New York, June 1, 1884. He entered the Military Academy at West Point in July, 1833, and was graduated in July, 1837. He was at once placed in the Corps of Engineers, and entered

upon duty in the work of improving Savannah river. In July, 1838, he was promoted to the grade of first lieutenant in the Engineer Corps, and from 1839 till 1844 was superintending engineer of the repairs of Fort Marion and of the sea-wall at St. Augustine, Florida. During the following three years he was engaged upon Government works in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and elsewhere. He was with the army in Mexico in 1847 and 1848, and was brevetted captain for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Buena Vista, Feb. 23, 1847. After the Mexican War, he was engaged for a time in works of engineering in New York harbor, and was promoted to the rank of captain in the Engineer Corps in May, 1848. He was also in charge of several other works of importance at Boston, Washington, and Buffalo, from 1848 to 1853. In the latter year he was assistant in charge of the United States Coast Survey office at Washington, and was sent to Europe on duty connected therewith. During the following seven years he was fully occupied in professional work for the Government at Boston, Newport, and Sandy Hook, and on the Potomac Aqueduct. At the outbreak of the civil war, in 1861, Capt. Benham entered upon active service; was on Gen. Morris's staff as engineer of the Department of the Ohio; was brevetted colonel for gallantry at the battle of Carrick's Ford, Va., July 13, 1861; in August was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and was present at several engagements during the latter part of the year. In 1862 he superintended fortifications in Boston harbor, and the construction of the fortifications of Portsmouth harbor, and also was in command of the northern district of the Department of the South. He proved himself to be very efficient in throwing ponton-bridges across the Rappahannock, the Potomac, and the James rivers, and was in command of the ponton department at Washington in 1864. In March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general for gallant services in the campaign that terminated with the surrender of Lee's army. He was also promoted to the rank of majorgeneral in the United States Army. During 1867 Gen. Benham was engaged in Government works on the coast of New England, and from October, 1869, to July, 1877, was similarly occupied in the works on Long Island Head. Subsequent to this he was in charge of the defenses of New York harbor. He was placed on the retired list, June 30, 1882.

Benjamin, Judah P., an American lawyer, born in St. Croix, West Indies, in 1811; died in Paris, France, in May, 1884. He was of English parentage and of the Jewish faith, and was brought by his father to Wilmington, N. C., in 1816. He entered Yale College in 1825, where he re mained three years, and, without graduation, went to New Orleans in 1828, where he was admitted to the bar in 1832. He took an active part in politics, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1852, and re-elected in 1858.

When the civil war broke out, he abandoned his place in the Senate, and avowed his adhesion to the State of Louisiana. He went to New Orleans in 1861, and was invited by Jefferson Davis to the post of Attorney-General in his Cabinet, and afterward was successively Secretary of War and Secretary of State, until the overthrow of the Confederacy; after which he escaped, by way of Nassau, New Providence, to England, arriving there in September, 1865. The next year he was admitted to the bar. He soon acquired a successful practice, and received a silk gown in June, 1872. In 1868 he published a Treatise on the Law of Sale of Personal Property," which was received with much favor, and reached a second edition in 1873. He met with a serious fall from a tramway-car several years ago, and his health failed him almost entirely. He rejoined his wife in Paris, after many years of separation, and, having acquired a handsome competency, he built a house there, where he spent the remainder of his days.

Betts, William, an American lawyer, born in Bechsgrove, St. Croix, West Indies, Jan. 28, 1802; died in Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y., July 5, 1884. His early education was obtained in Jamaica; thence he went to Union College, where he stayed a year, and, entering Columnbia College, was graduated in 1820. He studied law with David B. Ogden, and subsequently entered the office of his father-in-law, Beverley Robinson. Mr. Betts was counsel to several old and large corporations in New York, was a trustee of Columbia College and of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and from 1848 to 1854 was Professor of Law in Columbia College. He received the degree of LL. D. in 1850. Failure of sight compelled Dr. Betts to give up active service in his profession subsequent to 1876, but he retained vigor of mind and body to the last year of his life.

Bishop, Anna, a singer, born in London, England, in 1814; died in New York, March 18, 1884. Her maiden name was Anna Rivière, and she married Sir Henry Rowley Bishop, a well-known composer and musician. She appeared on the concert stage in 1837, and some years later came to the United States. In 1850 she gave a series of concerts in New York which were very popular and successful. It is said that Madame Bishop had sung in nearly every country in the world, and in the languages of all civilized peoples. Her last tour around the world was begun in 1875, after which she lived in the city of New York with her second husband, Mr. Schultz, to whom she was married in 1858. She appeared in public for the last time in 1883.

Bowman, Francis Caswell, an American lawyer and author, born in 1834; died in New York, Oct. 29, 1884. He was graduated at Brown University, and studied law in New York. On the outbreak of the civil war, he joined the Seventh Regiment, and engaged in the organization and service of the United

States Sanitary Commission at Washington. Mr. Bowman was a frequent contributor to journals and magazines, and for seventeen years was musical editor of the New York "Sun." He also wrote many articles for the "American Cyclopædia," on musical topics. He was an accomplished musician, and founded the Mendelssohn Glee Club, and was its president for five years.

Brignoli, Pasquale, an Italian singer, born in Italy about 1823; died in New York, Oct. 29, 1884. Signor Brignoli came to the United States in 1855. He had previously sung with marked success in the principal opera-houses of Europe, but in America he achieved his highest reputation and spent the largest portion of his life. His first engagement in New York was in the opera company of Max Maretzek. His reputation as a tenor singer was universal, and his popularity was unbounded. He supported Madame Patti on her first appearance in the United States, about twenty years ago, and performed similar service for nearly every great singer that has visited this country.

Brown, John, an American clergyman, born in New York city, May 19, 1791; died in Newburg, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1884. He entered Columbia College and was graduated in 1811; studied for the ministry of the Episcopal Church under Bishop Hobart, and took orders in 1812. His earliest services were at Fishkill. In 1815 he accepted a call to the rectorship of St. George's Church, Newburg, and in this field of labor he spent over sixty years in active duty, during which he not only built up his own congregation into a strong parish, but also largely aided feebler churches in Orange and neighboring counties. Dr. Brown was understood to be the oldest Episcopal clergyman in the United States. He was also regarded as the oldest member of the Masonic order in America, having been initiated, June 16, 1817, in Hiram Lodge, Newburg. When General Lafayette visited the United States, in 1824, Dr. Brown, at a reception held at Washington's headquarters, delivered the address of welcome. In subsequent years he held office in the Masonic order, and at the time of his death was Chaplain of Hudson River Lodge, No. 607, in Newburg.

Burnett, Ward Benjamin, an American soldier, born in Pennslyvania in 1811; died in Washington, D. C., June 24, 1884. He was graduated at West Point in 1832. He served in the Black Hawk expedition, in garrison at Fort Jackson, La., as an instructor at West Point, and in ordnance duty in Florida. He resigned in 1836, and became a civil engineer. At the opening of the Mexican war he was made colonel of the Second New York Engineers, and was sent to join the army under Gen. Scott. He was engaged with his regiment in the siege of Vera Cruz, and in the battles of Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco, in the last of which he was badly wounded. In 1848 he returned