ous Vice-President, succeeded to the Presidency of the Federal Tribunal. The administrative departments were assigned to the Federal Councilors on Dec. 12, as follows: President, Schenk; Deputy, Deucher; Interior, Deucher; Justice and Police, Ruchonnet; Military, Hertenstein; Finance, Hammer; Commerce and Agriculture, Droz; Posts and Railroads, Welti. Politics and Legislation. In the early part of the year the country was excited over a referendum that was set on foot by the Conservative organization of the Federal Association for the rejection of four acts of the Federal Assembly. One provided for a reorganization of the Department of Justice, one for an allowance to the minister in Washington for clerk-hire, one for the removal of cases involving the political opinions of the accused from courts presided over by partisan judges, and one for the repeal of the tax on commercial travelers. These laws were vetoed by the popular vote, by a majority of 50,000, on the 11th of May. In consequence of the criticisms on the institution of the ministry at Washington of which he was the first incumbent, and of the attacks upon his character and services, Colonel Frei, whose expenses in Washington exceeded the 50,000 francs allowed him, resigned his post. In Basel a cantonal enactment excluding members of religious orders from the occupation of teaching was approved in a popular referendum, Feb. 24, from which the Catholic authorities appealed to the Federal Council. The National Council and State Council agreed in 1884 upon the provisions of a new tariff which was under discussion for two sessions.

Religious Affairs. -Two conventions were signed in the beginning of September between the representatives of the Swiss Government and the Holy See. One re-establishes the diocese of Basel, and the other places Ticino under an Apostolic Vicariate.

Representatives of the cantonal governments of Vaud, Neufchâtel, and Bern, at a conference in Bern, decided on a common policy toward the Salvationists, which consisted in allowing and protecting private meetings, while maintaining the interdict upon public exercises. Subsequently the Bern authorities issued a decree forbidding all exercises of the Salvation Army in the canton.

The agents of the Mormons of Utah have been active in Switzerland recently. In the autumn of 1884 the inhabitants of one village went over to the new religion in a body. The missionaries, who had their headquarters at Bern, were closely watched by the police.

The Drink Question.-The drinking of brandy and absinthe has increased so fast in the past ten years, that the Federal Council decided to make a thorough investigation of the subject, with a view to remedial measures. The imports of wines increased from 202,555 quintals in 1851 to 803,969 quintals per annum during the three years ending with 1882. The im

ports of spirits, averaging 35,588 quintals in 1851-'55, are now 130,000 quintals. The domestic production of wine has greatly diminished of late years, owing to bad seasons, and the production of cider in a still higher ratio. This falling off in the native production, with the increase in price and deterioration in quality of the French wines, is assumed to be the reason of the increased consumption of spirits.

Conflict with the Canton Ticino.-A new conflict of authority arose in November between the Federal Council and the government of the Canton Ticino. The cantonal authorities ordered the municipality of Lugano to restore to the electoral register the names of certain citizens that had been removed. Upon refusal, they ordered gendarmes to take possession of the town-hall, and imposed a fine. A plot of ground belonging to Municipal Councilor Endelin was sold under an execution. The Federal Council ordered a suspension of proceedings, and threatened to send Federal troops to occupy the canton. After the arrival of a Federal commissary with soldiery, the Executive Council of Ticino directed that the sale of Councilor Endelin's property be annulled, but the disturbed owner and the purchaser, a relative of Endelin, both demanded damages.

Expulsion of Anarchists.-In the summer the Swiss Government began to reverse its policy of extending asylum to revolutionary exiles. Neve and Kaufmann, two influential anarchists, the widow of Stellmacher, and others, were arrested in Zürich for circulating pamphlets treating of the execution of Stellmachier. When tried in November, the prisoners were all acquitted. In the latter part of September the artist Gerhard was arrested, but was released again; in Zürich and in Liesthal the German anarchists Robert Pfau and Anton Büchler were condemned to three months' imprisonment, and Theodor Weiss to six months. Their offense was posting socialistic placards in the streets. The last-named, thinking to escape punishment, informed the authorities that he was a spy, employed by the Police Inspector of Berlin. The law officers ascertained it to be a fact that he was an agent provocateur who had posed as a Socialistic leader in Berlin and Elberfeld, as well as in Switzerland, and treated it as an aggravating circumstance. Indignation was expressed in the public press at the employment of German and Russian spies in Switzerland. Six anarchists condemned at Zürich for conspiracies against their respective governments were acquitted by the Supreme Court, and extradition was denied, yet three of them, an Austrian and two Germans, were expelled the country.

Withdrawal from the Latin Union.-Switzerland has suffered monetary inconvenience from a dearth of small coins, and accordingly requested France and the other members of the monetary league to sanction an increase of her token currency. The treaty allows six francs

per head of the population, about half the proportion coined in Germany. The 18,000,000 francs sanctioned by the treaty have all been issued, and another million was considered desirable, since Italy refused to revoke the convention prohibiting the circulation of Italian silver coins pending the resumption of specie payments. France was also requested to redeem her light gold pieces. Both demands were negatived by the French Government, upon which the Swiss Government in June, 1884, gave notice of the termination of the treaty. The treaty was concluded Dec. 23,

TANNO-CANNABINE. See DRUGS, NEW. TASMANIA. See page 60. TENNESSEE. State Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, William B. Bate, Democrat; Secretary of State, D. A. Nunn; Treasurer and Insurance Commissioner, Atha Thomas; Comptroller, P. P. Pickard; Attorney-General, B. J. Lea; Superintendent of Public Instruction, T. H. Paine; Commissioner of Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines, A. J. McWhirter; Register of Lands, W. S. Winbourn; Railroad Commissioners, John H. Savage, G. W. Gordon, and J. A. Turley. Judiciary, Supreme Court: ChiefJustice, James W. Deaderick; Associate Justices, William F. Cooper, Thomas J. Freeman, Peter Turney, and Robert McFarland.

Finances. The receipts, from all sources, for two years ending Dec. 19, 1884, inclusive, were $2,346,353.94, which includes a balance of $246,790.76 turned over by the M. T. Polk investigating committee. This total also includes the net amount of revenue paid into the treasury by the State's attorneys on back-tax collections, $157,401.64. The disbursements for the two years ending Dec. 19, 1884, amount to $1,701,139.11, leaving a balance in the treasury at that date of $645,214.83. This balance ($645,214.83) includes $139,473.80 of new issue of Bank of Tennessee certificates, and old issue Bank of Tennessee money, which leaves $505,741.83 in actual available funds in the treasury, less $21,141.41 in controversy in the Mechanics' Bank of Knoxville.

The appropriations (for two years) drawn up to Dec. 19, 1884, amount to $1,766,207.15.

The obligations of the State provided for under the terms of the law relative to the settlement of the State debt (act of 1883), at the time the work of funding began in July, 1883, amounted to $28,786,066.39, including principal and interest. Of this amount the "State debt proper "bonds amount to $2,135,150; educational, charitable, and other bonds, that along with "State debt proper" bonds are, by the act of 1883, 6 per cent. bearing bonds, amount to $648,000, making $2,783,150 on which the State will have to pay 6 per cent. interest. Deducting this latter amount ($2,783,

1865, and runs till the close of 1885, after which it is renewed from year to year, any of the contracting states having the right to withdraw on a year's notice.

International Conferences.-A conference for the protection of literary and artistic property was held at Bern in September. A draft of a treaty based on the proposals of the Swiss Federal Council was approved by the delegates.

The International Peace and Arbitration Association met at Bern in August and discussed arbitration, the neutralization of interoceanic canals, the Congo Association, etc.

150) from the total bonded indebtedness ($28,786,066.39), leaves $26,002,916.39, and taking 50 per cent. thereof (principal and interest), there will remain $13,001,458.19, upon which the State will have to pay 3 per cent. interest. This makes the total bonded indebtedness of the State under the operation of the act of 1883, about $15,784,608.19.

The Funding Board.-The Funding Board began its operations in July, 1883. Since that time, the bonds funded amount to $8,090,215.39, leaving Jan. 1, 1885, $20,695,851.

For the amount funded there were issued: 6 per cent. bonds, $582,100; 5 per cent. bonds, $317,100; 3 per cent. bonds, $3,445,300.

A cause of financial embarrassment to the State has grown out of the "Torbett Issue," or notes of the old State Bank, issued principally during the war, which the State is constrained under a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States to receive for taxes; under the direction of the last Legislature the sum of $200,000 annually is taken up in taxes.

Resources. The Comptroller's report shows that the total value of taxable property in the State in 1883, not including railroad property, amounted to $222,637,873-a total net increase for the year of $708,060. For 1884 the total value of taxable property in the State, not including railroad property, amounted to $226,844,184-a total net increase over the previous year of $4,206,311. This is largely attributable not only to the increased value of property, but also to superior vigilance in assessing.

Railroads. On Sept. 19, 1883, the total mileage of railroad in the State was 2,032, of an aggregate assessed value of $31,547,299.23. Their average value per mile was $15,521.42; increase of mileage over last report, nine and a fraction miles; increase of value over last report, $4,531,199.11. On July 17, 1884, the assessors returned the total number of miles of railroad in the State at 2,094, of an aggregate assessed value of $34,350,170.84. Their average value per mile for this year was $16,400.17; increase of mileage over assessment of 1883, sixty-two miles; increase of value over assessment of 1883, $2,802,871.61. The Legislature, on March 29, 1883, passed a bill pro

viding for the regulation of railroads, which received the approval of the Executive, and three commissioners were appointed. The authorities of certain railroads, conceiving that their rights and interests were invaded, caused legal proceedings to be instituted in the Federal court, to restrain the commissioners from further alleged interference with them. The Hon. John Baxter, in the decision rendered in these cases, found the commission bill defective. Having been appealed, the matter must await final action by the Federal Supreme Court. Penitentiary. According to the provisions of the act of the General Assembly, passed March 28, 1883, the penitentiary property and labor were leased for six years, from Jan. 1, 1884, to the Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company as lessees, for $101,000 per annum, payable quarterly. There were 1,324 on the prisonrolls Dec. 1, 1884. From 1872 to 1884 the total amount received by the State was $591,617.02. The buildings and machinery that were destroyed by fire in 1882, not being insured, cost, with other repairs for that year, $78,874.49.

Judiciary. On this subject the Governor says:

In my first message to the Forty-third General Assembly, I called their attention to the overcrowded condition of the Supreme Court docket. The act approved March 30, 1888, authorized the appointment, in each grand division of the State, of three persons, who should compose a commission of referees, to whom the Supreme Court might, by rule made in vacation or term time, refer such civil causes (except revenue causes) as were then pending in said court at any time prior to Jan. 1, 1885, at Jackson, Knoxville, and Nashville for investigation. Referees were accordingly appointed, on or about May 15, 1883, at once entered upon their duties, and have been active, vigilant, and faithful. At Knoxville and Jackson, the referees have so nearly finished the business referred to them, that they can complete it by the expiration of the two years from the date of their appointment, but at Nashville, owing to greater amount of business, the referees have not been able to finish it. Up to Dec. 1, 1884, the referees at Nashville tried and reported on 915 causes, bringing the docket down to Jan. 1, 1882. To 486 of these causes so reported on, no exceptions were filed, and the reports were confirmed by the Supreme Court from the bench without argument.

Elections.-The Governor recommends a registry law, and laws effecting greater uniformity and promptness in making the returns of the results of elections.

the year ending June 30, 1884, was-white, 420,997; colored, 150,832; total, 571,829. This is exclusive of three counties in which the scholastic population for the year preceding was white, 12,630, and colored, 932. The entire school population at that time was, therefore, 585,391; an increase over the previous year of 23,895.

Deaf and Dumb.-The number of pupils admitted to the white department of the institution during two years is 151; average attendance, 100; admitted to the colored department in two years, 25; average attendance, 17.

Blind Asylum.-This institution has sixty-one white and eight colored inmates. Besides literary education, many are securing industrial educations. The ordinary expenses for the last two years have averaged $12,656.15, and the sum of $7,515.08 has been expended for extraordinary improvements. Of the 2,026 blind in the State, there are about 212 persons within the limits of the age of admission, of whom only 69 are in the asylum.

The Insane.-The Tennessee Hospital for the Insane had 412 patients on Dec. 19, 1884, four more than at the same date two years ago, with an average attendance of 400. The number of State charity patients, as fixed by the laws of admission, is in excess, chiefly due to the mandatory commitment of insane persons under criminal indictment. The hospital receipts amounted to $147,932.55, and disbursements for ordinary support of patients were $138,945.69, leaving a balance on hand, Dec. 19, 1884, of $8,986.86. The cost per patient per annum was $173.68.

The State has purchased the site known as Lyon's View, near Knoxville, for an East Tennessee Insane Asylum. At its last session, the Legislature appropriated $80,000 in aid of the erection of such an institution at that point, of which $69,000 have been expended. The asylum, when completed, will accommodate from 250 to 300 patients.

Political. The Republican candidate for Governor was Frank T. Reid, an ex-Confederate soldier. For Railroad Commissioners, the Republicans nominated A. M. Hughes, Jr., W. W. Murray, and M. J. Condon. The Democrats renominated Gov. Bate and the Board of Railroad Commissioners. On November 4, the Republican vote for Presidential Electors was 124,078; Democratic, 188,258; others, 2,082. By geographical divisions the vote was as follows:

DIVISIONS.

Middle Tennessee. West Tennessee

For Governor, the vote was: Democratic, 132,201; Republican, 125,276; Democratic majority, 6,925. The Republican candidates for Railroad Commissioners were elected, they receiving 121,787 votes, while the Democratic candidates received but 113,185; Republican majority, 8,602. Three Republican (First, Second,

and Tenth Districts) and seven Democratic Congressmen were elected, but the Democratic majority in the Third District was only 68. The Legislature of 1885 consists of 19 Democrats and 14 Republicans in the Senate, and 63 Democrats and 36 Republicans in the House.

Minerals.-Coal covers 5,100 square miles, all of which has at least one coal-bearing seam, a large proportion more than two, and a considerable area five or more. There are twentythree coal-mines in operation. Complete returns for 1884 are wanting. In 1882 fifteen mines reported an output of 850,000 tons. Copper is mined at Ducktown, Polk county.

In iron-ores Tennessee is greatly favored, and often coal, iron-ore, and limestone are found in close proximity. The black magnetic, hematite, and limonite appear at intervals throughout East Tennessee. West of Nashville, in the counties of Stewart, Montgomery, Houston, Dickson, Humphreys, Perry, Hickman, Lewis, Wayne, and Lawrence, limonite, a hydrate ore with yellow powder, extends over an area forty miles. wide, from Kentucky to Alabama. This was the most extensive field for the making of charcoal-iron before the war. As many as eleven furnaces in those days were in full blast in the single county of Montgomery, but to-day only three are running.

Zinc is being mined in the counties of Jefferson, Union, Knox, and Claiborne. A very rich deposit of zinc-ore has been recently discovered near Union Depot, Sullivan county.

The white and variegated marbles of Hawkins, Knox, Blount, and Bradley counties, East Tennessee, have become quite celebrated. Discoveries of variegated, gray, and brown marbles have recently been made in Franklin, Lincoln, Lawrence, and Maury counties, Middle Tennessee; and also in Decatur and Henry counties, West Tennessee.

A very rich deposit of ochre has been discovered near Ripley, Lauderdale county.

Timber.-No State in the Union possesses a larger area of forests of hard-wood, in proportion to its aggregate area, than Tennessee. Nashville has the credit of exporting more hard-wood than any city in the Union. The cottonwood, found in great abundance in the bottom-lands of West Tennessee, offers an inviting field to paper-pulp manufacturers.

TEXAS. State Government. The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, John Ireland, Democrat; LieutenantGovernor, Marion Martin; Secretary of State, J. W. Baines; Treasurer, Frank R. Lubbock; Comptroller, W. J. Swain; Attorney-General, John D. Templeton; Superintendent of Public Instruction, B. M. Baker; Commissioner of Lands, W. C. Walsh; Commissioner of Insurance, Statistics, and History, H. P. Brewster; State Engineer, James H. Britton. Judiciary, Supreme Court: Chief - Justice, Asa H. Willie; Associates, J. W. Stayton, C. S. West. Financial. The close of the fiscal year end

ing Aug. 31, 1884, gives the results of two years' operation of the State government with the rate of taxation at 30 cents on $100, of which 223 cents was for general purposes, and 7 cents was for public free schools. In 1882 the rate of taxation was reduced from 40 cents on $100, and a revenue poll-tax of $1, to 30 cents and a poll-tax of 50 cents. At the beginning of the first year under the reduced rate there was in the treasury a revenue surplus of $526,545.26; at the close of the year the surplus was reduced to $345,154.23; and at the close of the second year, Aug. 31, 1884, the surplus was further reduced to $145,298.26, showing that the expenditures during the two years ending Aug. 31, 1884, exceeded the receipts during the same time $381,247.

The transactions in the general revenue account for the year were as follow: Balance, Sept. 1, 1888...... Net revenue receipts..

$345,154 28

1,538,913 28

The Comptroller thinks that the issue of revenue deficiency bonds will be necessary. He recommends that the appropriation year, which now ends on February 28, be made to coincide with the fiscal year, which ends on August 31. The special warrants (other than on the general revenue account) drawn by the Comptroller on the Treasurer, for the year ending Aug. 31, 1884, amounted to $3,831,516.63. Of these there were, on account of the available school fund, $1,484,490.54; available university fund, $123.171.88; permanent university fund, $207,929.80; permanent school fund, $1,744,869.43; the balance, on account of other special funds. The bonded debt of the State Aug. 31, 1884, amounted to $4,119,898.82, of which the special funds of the State hold nearly two thirds and individuals about one third. The cash balances in the treasury to the credit of the various funds, Jan. 1, 1885, amounted to $552,142.73 (general revenue account, $106,364.31). The balances in bonds aggregated $6,309,939.25, of which the permanent school fund held $5,409,084.75; permanent university fund, $513,761.63; Agricultural and Mechanical College fund, $209,000. The assessed value of property in 1880 was $311,470,736; in 1881, $357,000,000; in 1882, $419,925,476; in 1883, $527,537,390; in 1884, $603,060,917.

Education. While the usual increase in the number of children of scholastic age has been largely augmented by the Legislature at its extra session adding two years to the scholastic age, the fund at the disposition of the Board of Education has grown in greater proportion. There has been the most marked improvement in the character, attainments, and efficiency of our public-school teachers. The Sam Houston Normal Institute (at Huntsville) began its sixth session on Sept. 15, 1884, and will close it on June 10, 1885. At this time it has 165 students.

The State students number five from each senatorial district, and four at large.

The Prairie View Normal School is in excellent condition, and is doing a good work for the colored people. During the summer of 1883 a summer normal institute was maintained in each senatorial district for white, and one in each congressional district, except the eleventh, for colored teachers. The saine number were maintained during the summer of 1884.

Of fifty-one cities and towns having control of the public schools within their limits, only seventeen made reports to the Educational Department for the year ending Aug. 31, 1883, and of fifty-one, only thirty-four made reports for the year ending Aug. 31, 1884. The public schools in the cities and towns have been eminently successful. Seventeen cities and towns have assumed control of their schools since the apportionment for the year 1883-'84.

The following are statistics for the year ending Aug. 31, 1884:

COUNTIES.

Counties reporting.

1,547

99

Total.

6,407

White scholastic population reported

by communities

Colored scholastic population reported

by communities

Total.

White children enrolled in school, and

receiving tuition free of charge... Colored children enrolled in school,

and receiving tuition free of charge.

50,098

93

Total..

180,825

80

85

28

17

17

Children not of scholastic age enrolled

in school

Average school term

Children of scholastic age who have

not attended school

White children of scholastic age unable to read at end of term Colored children of scholastic age unable to read at end of term

Paid teachers from city funds..
Paid teachers from private funds

The University of Texas has 13 (2 in law department) instructors, and in 1888-'84 had 219 students (169 academic and 50 law). It is endowed by the State. The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, near Bryan, Brazos county, has 9 instructors and 136 students. Penitentiaries. The State has two penitentiaries, one at Huntsville and the other at Rusk,