veyed. In recent years Government and private expeditions have traversed various portions of the country, following usually the river valleys, and have brought back much valuable information. Among these numerous expeditions, the most interesting and instructive are: A raft journey down the Yukon by Schwatka; exploration of Kowak river by Cantwell; of Copper river by Allen; of the head waters of the Yukon and an overland journey to Copper river by Schwatka and Hayes; of Chilkat pass and the country westward by Glave; of the St. Elias region by Russell; and of Glacier Bay by Reid: The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey has made careful determinations of the localities where the eastern boundary of the Territory crosses the Yukon and Porcupine rivers, and has also undertaken accurate surveys of several of the streams of southeastern Alaska, for the purpose of locating the disputed boundary. These surveys are still in progress. In the summer of 1895 an examination of the gold and coal deposits of southern and southeastern Alaska was begun by the United States Geological Survey. Commerce. The value of the exports of Alaska from 1868 to 1889, inclusive, as shown by the eleventh census, is as follows: Furs, $48,518,929; canned salmon, $9,008,497; salted salmon, $603,548; codfish, $1,246,650; ivory, $147,047; gold and silver, $4,631,840; whale oil, $2,893,351; whalebone, $8,204,067; total, $75,213,929.

ANGLICAN CHURCHES. Statistical.The statistical returns of the Church of England recorded in the Official Yearbook give evidence of continued vigor and progress. The voluntary offerings of Churchmen-excluding those which did not come under the immediate direction or cognizance of the clergy-for 1893 amounted to £5,650,490. Of this sum, £1,182,435 were spent on church building and restoration, £36,197 on burial grounds, £176,346 on the endowment of benefices, and £87,920 on parsonage houses. In Wales the total income of the clergy arising from tithe-rent charge, glebes, pew rents, fees, Easter offerings, interest on funded property, and from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners and other sources was £186,046, while the voluntary contributions for church work amounted to £240,643. Of the total amount collected in 1894 for the Metropolitan Hospital Sunday fund (£35,802) the Church of England contributed £28,368; and of the whole sum raised by the fund during the twenty-two years 1873 to 1894 (£695,504) the contributions from the Church of England were £534,995. The confirmations in 1894, reported from 2,728 centers, numbered 214,122. For the ten years preceding-1884 to 1893 the number of confirmations was 2,127,864; and for the previous ten years-1874 to 1883-it was 1,652,052.

Statistics of the Episcopal Church in Scotland for the year ending June, 1894, show that the congregations, including missions, numbered 303, and the membership of the Church had, as against the preceding year, risen from 96,251 to 99,971. The number of communicants during the same period had increased from 37,714 to 39,664. The amount raised by congregations, including income from endowments, was £90,850, as against £93,257 for the preceding year.

Societies. The receipts of the Bishop of London's fund for 1894 were £24,708, or £1,743 less than in 1893. Grants were made during the year of £5,620 for clergy, £2,817 for lay agents, £7,476 for mission buildings, £6,788 for churches, £4,004 for vicarages and endowments, and £1,575 for schools.

The Incorporated Church Building Society, according to its report for 1894, holds 359 trust funds, amounting in all to £102,342 for the building and repair of churches. Its year's receipts were £4,481. It made during the year 89 grants of all kinds, amounting to £4,600. The report of the Clergy Orphan Corporation, presented Feb. 20, represented the year past as having been one of steady progress as to the welfare of the society and its schools. The income had been £6,700 as compared with £6,241 in 1893. The Archbishop of Canterbury, presiding at the meeting, spoke of the necessity of securing the proper education of clergymen's children.

The report of the Continental and Church Society showed a gradual improvement in funds, with a total income for the year of £45,172, and several new and important developments in various parts of the world. Three new summer chaplaincies had been added-at Splügen, Stanserhorn, and Davos; and a lady had given £750 for the initiatory expenses of new chaplaincies. Particulars were given of the Church work helped by the society among the French Canadians and the scattered Indian and white populations of the Dominion, in Australia, South Africa, Mauritius, and India. Money and clothing had been sent to relieve the distress in Newfoundland.

The Central Church Committee has been organized, with the archbishops as joint presidents, with the object" of knitting together the great organization which has been established to consolidate the force of Church defenders and to further the cause of Church defense." The work of the committee is done wholly on Church lines. They have aimed at organizing the Church, the diocese, the rural deanery, and the parish. The Diocesan Committee has been asked to superintend the conduct of operations within the diocese. To the ruri-diaconal committees has been intrusted the duty of seeing that each parish forms its committee and keeps it in active work; and each parish has been asked to organize its own band of workers, who will see that to each adult is brought home the facts upon which the Church bases its claims for support. There are now committees in every diocese and in nearly every rural deanery, and 3,000 parishes are associated with the movement.

The general work of the Church Association was represented in the report presented at the annual meeting, April 29, as having been exceptionally successful. Eleven vans had visited during the year 2,882 villages, 15 counties had colporteurs, the sale of publications had increased, and the income had exceeded that of any former year. A resolution was adopted condemning the Church Patronage bills before Parliament as a menace alike to the rights of property, to the independence of the clergy, and to the best interests of the Church of England."

The annual meeting of the National Protestant Church Union was held in London, May 21, Viscount Middleton presiding. The chairman

referred in his opening address to the steps the union had taken to bring the ritualistic manuals of devotion and service books under the notice of the authorities, and said that while they rejoiced to know that their memorial had been discussed at the meeting of bishops, they regretted that no practical answer had been returned to them. A resolution was adopted declaring that "this meeting, while fully realizing the imperative duty of promoting spiritual unity among Christian people, of whatever Church or denomination, upon the basis of Holy Scripture, is nevertheless profoundly convinced that any corporate union with the Church of Rome, so long as she retains her distinctive doctrines and advances her present claims, is visionary and impossible, and this meeting further desires to express its respectful thanks to the Archbishop of Canterbury for his recent clear and explicit statement upon the subject made to the Council of the National Protestant Church Union through their representatives." In another resolution the meeting expressed the opinion "that the time has come when the Council of the National Protestant Church Union should consider in what mode English Churchmen can best publicly assert their firm determination not to submit to the practical introduction into the Established Church of the doctrines and practices of the first Prayer Book of Edward VI, which have been deliberately rejected by lawful authority, and how also they can best resist the attempts which are now being made to promote reunion with the Church of Rome."

The annual meeting of the Society for the Liberation of Religion from the Control and Patronage of the State was held in London, May 2, and the triennial conference of the society was opened May 1. The report of the committee dwelt on the advance of Welsh disestablishment since 1892; commended the Welsh Disestablishment bill, then before Parliament, as a whole, while criticising some of its details. Referring to the position of the Scottish disestablishment question, the committee advised their Scottish friends to adopt means to quicken the action of the Government, and to counteract the strenuous efforts that would be made to defeat disestablishment candidates at the next election. Other measures in the direction of "piecemeal disestablishment were touched upon, the educational work of the society was referred to, and the supporters of the society were urged to seize the present golden opportunity for new efforts to instruct the public mind and to appeal to the public conscience. The report maintained that there was profound dissatisfaction within the Established Church at the growth of sacerdotalism within its pale, as well as at the impossibility of obtaining from Parliament reforms required to secure the liberty which is the truth and life to a progressive church. The receipts of the society had been £5,659, and the expenditure £5,348. There was urgent need of increased resources to enable the society to take advantage of the present opportunity of influencing the public mind. Resolutions were passed appealing to English nonconformists to be true to their principles with the question of Welsh disestablishment; expressing the opinion that the Scottish Disestablishment bill should be introduced and pushed forward at

the earliest practicable period; urging determined resistance to all attempts to sectarianize board schools; and calling upon the advocates of religious equality to take steps for such educational work in the constituencies in view of the next general election as would secure the return of a House of Commons pledged to promote the policy of disestablishment.

Missionary Societies.-The income from all sources for 1894 of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was £122,327, being £9,248 more than the gross total for 1893. In the home work of the society, the standing committee had reorganized its subcommittee on home organization, which was now a large body in which every diocese was represented; and its duty would be to deal with the society's home work throughout the country, to select organizing secretaries, to hold conferences with those officers from time to time in the progress of their work, to consider all matters relating to deputations, to confer with the committees in the several dioceses as to organization, to take measures for encouraging devotional gatherings for missionary intercession, united efforts in the various rural deaneries with a view to the lessening of deputation expenses, and the development of clerical and other missionary associations. The London Missionary Clergy Association, in connection with the society, had given an impetus to the society's work in the London districts, and had led to the multiplication of similar associations throughout the country in great centers of population. The Board of Examiners had during the year considered the applications of 11 clergymen and 29 laymen for work abroad, and had recommended 9 clergymen and 23 laymen to the society. Twelve of these were for Africa, 11 for America and the West Indies, 5 for Asia, and 4 for Australia. The number of ordained missionaries on the society's lists, including 9 bishops, was 719, of whom 233 were in Asia, 173 in Africa, 18 in Australia and the Pacific, 209 in North America, 38 in the West Indies, and 39 chaplains in Europe. Of these, 125 were natives working in Asia and 45 in Africa. There were also in the various missions about 2,900 lay teachers, 3,200 students in the society's colleges, and 38,000 children in the mission schools in Asia and Africa. The spiritual side of the society's work presented details of difficulties and progress, of fears and hopes. It had been many years since wars had filled so large a space in the story of missions as in the past year. In China, Japan, Korea, Madagascar, and at Lebonbo, in East Africa, there had been all the anxieties connected with wars and rumors of wars, but no word of quail from any of the missionaries. There were also brighter scenes in the society's mission field. Mashonaland and Matabeleland were in the enjoyment of a peacefulness such as they had probably never known under their old condition. In Basutoland, Kaffraria, and Zululand, the Church had taken root, and there were signs of growth. In Natal there was the happy drawing together of brethren long parted. Progress was recorded in other states of India. Of the 18 native clergy in the diocese of Lahore, 8 were converts from Mohammedanism.

The report of the Melanesian mission showed

that of the £6,000 annually expended, about £1,200 came from the endowment fund, largely bequeathed by Bishop Patteson. The bishop's stipend was £500, and the maximum income of the clergy was £200. The farms in connection with the training school on Norfolk island furnished a considerable proportion of the provisions required, but not all. The mission now included 10 white and 8 native clergy, 200 teachers, and 3,000 pupils at 105 stations and schools. Bishop Wilson, who succeeded Bishop Selwyn, had been heartily welcomed by black and white alike. On his first voyage he had confirmed 500 persons, who had been mainly taught and kept together during the interregnum by native agency. The Australasian churches are furnishing a large proportion of the men and means for this mission. They had established new centers for English-speaking churches, and had spread Christianity among the Chinese immigrants and the aborigines. The mission in New Guinea had been fixed in a part of the territory where it would not interfere with the work of any other Christian body.

The financial report of the South American Missionary Society, presented at the annual meeting, April 25, showed a balance in the treasury of £174, besides £1,264 set aside for the Araucanian Mission fund. A legacy of £2,000 to the society was announced, and a gift of £50 for the work in Araucania. This claims to be the only large society working in the vast regions of South America.

The annual meeting of the Church Missionary Society was held in London, April 30, Sir John Kennaway presiding. The total ordinary receipts for the year had been £272,000, which was £20,000 in excess of the receipts of any previous year, while the expenditures had exceeded those of 1893 by only £960, a result mainly due to the continued fall in the price of silver. Adding special funds not available for ordinary purposes which had accrued, the society had received £279,084. Great satisfaction was expressed at the increasing number of missionaries, it having just doubled in the seven years from October, 1887, to October, 1894. It now included 349 ordained, 92 lay, and 193 woman missionaries, besides whom were 263 missionaries' wives, bringing the European total up to 897. The number of native and Eurasian clergy was 332; of native lay teachers, 4,529; of native Christian adherents, 204,107; of schools, 1,983, with 83,312 native pupils. The average of converts in the foreign field had been greatly exceeded, the total reported for the year being 4,200. These included 1,500 in India, 1,400 in Africa, and 650

in China,

The following memorandum on the episcopal authorization of laymen in the foreign mission field has been unanimously adopted by the committee of the Church Missionary Society:

(a) While it is desirable that all departments of the society's work should be carried on with the full sympathy and approbation of the chief pastor of the Church in each diocese, there is no sufficient reason for obtaining episcopal authorization of a general character for laymen to engage in spiritual work.

(6) There are, however, certain functions, ordinarily performed by clergymen, but in the mission field often necessarily performed by laymen, which may in some cases render desirable a special arrangement

VOL. XXXV.-2 A

with the bishop of the diocese. These functions do not include evangelistic work among the heathen, the like, nor school work, nor medical work, nor nor the instruction of Christians in Bible classes and literary work, nor other work of various kinds, such as is generally recognized as within the province of laymen. But they are: (1) The habitual conduct of public worship in settled congregations where there is no resident ordained pastor, and preaching to such congregation; and (2) the ministering from time to time by Europeans or others in congregations having ordained ministers in charge at the invitation of such ministers. A reasonable view of a bishop's responsibilities for the oversight of the flock committed to his charge justifies an arrangement by which his authorization should, if he desires it, be given to laymen for the performance of such functions as these. (c) In accordance with the above principles, and upon the understanding that the conditions following are accepted, the committee will be prepared, in dioceses where it is the wish of the bishops to give such authorization to lay agents of the society, to enter into an agreement with such bishops defining the class of congregations to which these arrangements shall apply, and as to limitations of time, place, or qualification which may be deemed on either side to be of importance. The conditions referred to are the following: (1) That the authorization shall cover only the particular functions above described; (2) that they shall be given on the recommendation of the society's representatives in the mission field appointed for that purpose by the committee; (3) that official communications from the bishop to laymen thus authorized shall be made through the same representatives of the society.

(d) The committee must be distinctly understood as in no sense surrendering the inherent right and duty of Christian men to use all and every means of winning souls to Christ. The committee conceive that in the mission field no legal disqualification exists to prevent laymen performing even the official functions above referred to without episcopal authorization. Nothing, therefore, in this memorandum is to be interpreted as infringing upon the reasonable liberty of the society's lay missionaries to do so, either earlier stages of missionary work. in cases of emergency, or even in ordinary cases in the

The annual meeting of the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society was held in London, Aug. 3. The year's income had been £40,698, increasing the credit balance from £846 to £3,088. The society had 53 stations in India, 8 in China, and 1 in Ceylon; 175 missionaries in European connection and 78 in local connection, besides 640 native Bible women, teachers, and other workers.

The forty-third annual meeting of the Zenana Bible and Medical Mission was held April 18. The home income had been £18,247, and 45,857 rupees (£2,549) had been received in India from Government grants, fees, and subscriptions. The society employed 117 European missionaries and Eurasian assistants, 178 Christian teachers, nurses, etc., and 78 Bible women; and returned 70 schools with 2,896 pupils. It had access to 12,728 zenanas and private houses and 2,674 pupils under Christian instruction. The Bible women periodically visited 1,133 villages. At the society's hospitals and dispensaries in Lucknow, Benares, and Patna 19,152 patients had 52,008 applicants. This society is supported by been treated, and the dispensaries had supplied

members of various churches.

The Convocations of Canterbury__and York.-The Houses of Convocation met Feb. 6 for the dispatch of business. A petition was

jurisdiction except over his own folk; and it was only on receiving an answer in the affirmative that he determined to proceed. The Church of England had been fostering the Spanish and Portuguese missions for many years. A Presbyterian agency had also been at work." If the request for an episcopate had been delayed till after the next Lambeth Conference," the memorialists said, "the organization of the Reformed Church in Spain might have taken a nonepiscopalian form, which would have increased the number of these nonepiscopalian churches, the obstacles to full communion with which are now universally lamented." That there should be no bishops where "the unscriptural bishops of the Roman tyranny bear full sway appeared to the memorialists a monstrous proposition." We would further point out that what has been done for the Spanish reformers by the Irish bishops was done for the members of the Reformed Church in the United States by the bishops of Scotland, for the Reformed Christians in Mexico and Hayti by the bishops of the United States, and for the Old Catholic Bishops Reinkens and Herzog by the Archbishop of Utrecht. Bishop Cabrera occupies in Spain a position corresponding to that of the Anglican and other bishops in Jerusalem; of the Bishop of Gibraltar in the Roman Catholic dioceses of southern Europe; and of Bishop Wilkinson in the Roman Catholic dioceses of the north. We do not refuse the Roman Catholic bishops in England themselves a corresponding position, which, according to the principles of religious liberty and the unhappy divisions of Christendom, appears necessitated by the presence of 2,000,000 of that communion in this country. We do not think it necessary to defend to your Grace the principle that the Spanish Reformed Church should form its own liturgy, a principle common to Christendom since its earliest days, recommended by Gregory VII when sending Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons, and fully maintained by our own Church. We deplore the action of certain members of our own Church, who, without waiting for the guidance of our spiritual rulers, apologized to the Romish Archbishop of Toledo for the deliberate action of the free and independent Church of Ireland, whose presence in Ireland is in itself a witness against the inveterate errors of Rome. Their action only drew from the Romish bishops a declaration of the impossibility that exists against the recognition of ourselves or of any other Reformed Church whatever; and in that declaration is added a yet further justification to the action of the Irish bishops. We have laid these reasons before your Grace because we are aware that petitions are being circulated in various dioceses with the object of securing a censure of the Irish bishops and the confirmation of the usurpations of Rome in Spain and in other countries, as well as a virtual perpetuation of those unlawful terms of communion which the Lambeth Conference of 1888 unanimously condemned."

An address was presented to the Archbishop of Dublin by nonconformist ministers, expressing lively interest in the reform movement in Spain, and admiration of his efforts, and comparing the situation in Spain to that in England in the time of Henry VIII, and in Italy now, where there were vast masses of people nominally connected with the Roman Catholic Church, but virtually outside its pale, from want of belief in its title and from disapproval of its influence. The signers of the address were impressed with the spontaneity of the Spanish movement, which, they said, was not the fruit of any foreign propaganda, but the logical outcome of men seeing for themselves. A meeting held in London, March 30, over which S. T. Fowell Buxton presided, and to which the Bishops of Worcester and Sodor and Man sent letters, while other dis

The

tinguished Churchmen were present, expressed thanks to God for the success vouchsafed to the reformers in Spain and Portugal in carrying on their work, approval of the consecration of the bishop, and sympathy with the Irish prelates who had participated in the act. Another meeting, held April 4, at which Col. Saadys, M. P., presided, and the Bishop of Liverpool, in addition to the others, sent a letter, adopted a resolution of like tenor, with a declaration "that the position of Bishop Cabrera as head of the Reformed Spanish Church (due to his election by the people and clergy as far back as 1880, and to his subsequent ministry among them for the furtherance of the Gospel) entitles him to the prayers and support of English Protestants who, like himself, are under the ban of Rome, and desire to see a saving knowledge of Jesus Christ brought within the reach of every Spaniard." The Archbishop of Dublin presided May 10 at the annual meeting of the Spanish and Portuguese Church Aid Society. The report referred at length to the consecration of Señor Cabrera as the first bishop of the Reformed Spanish Church, and the criticisms provoked by that step. The society's income had been £5,933, of which £4,637 had been spent and £1,128 placed in reserve. One half of the £3,000 required to complete the bishopric endowment had been raised. archbishop defended his consecration of Bishop Cabrera, saying that it was not against canon law, which only necessitated the permission of his own Church and the invitation of the people to whom he went. Nor was it forbidden by the Lambeth Conference, which had declined to take the responsibility of passing on such matters. He had received from many bishops opinions in harmony with his own. The Archbishop of Dublin also presided at the annual meeting (May 22) of the Italian Church Reform Associa tion. The annual report stated that the work started fourteen years ago, and had to be reorganized five years later, after much persecution. It was a work to which English Churchmen, Scotch Presbyterians, the Waldenses, the Old Catholics, and other reformed churches had all held out the right hand of fellowship. From all parts of Italy came requests for an increased pastorate and for the education of the converts' children in the principles of the reformed faith. The accounts showed an expenditure of £956 in Italy and £220 in England. Count Campello, the bishop-elect, had added to the list of his clergy the Rev. Bruno Bruni, who, with the bulk of the Methodist Episcopal congregation in Dovadola, had petitioned for reception. No attempt was made to withdraw reformers who were now in connection with nonepiscopal bodies. The Bishop of Salisbury expressed his continued sympathy with the work of his old friend Count Campello. All he had seen of the count confirmed his belief in his high character and his fitness for the leadership of such a movement.

The Church Congress.-The Church Congress met at Norwich, Oct. 10. The Bishop of Norwich, as bishop of the diocese, presided. At the reception given by the mayor of the city previous to the opening of the meeting the Archbishop of York said that during the thirty-six years the congress had been in operation the