clergy had been brought into much closer relations with the people, and he trusted that the present meeting would also be fruitful in good results. The president in his opening address spoke of the present position of the Church as compared with its past; of the growth among Protestants of the different denominations of the desire for closer unity; of the internal condition of the Church; and of the reforms that are needed, mentioning particularly the provision of retiring funds for aged or incapacitated incumbents, and greater power for the Church in making its regulations or by-laws. Concerning the subject of Church unity, the speaker said that while there was no prospect of organic union with any of the nonconformist bodies, and there did not appear to be any strong desire on their part for such a union, the relations of the Church with them had "during the past thirty years been continually becoming more friendly, and friendliness and peace are only less blessed than absolute unity. And thus, indeed, the Church has gained more friends and even adherents. There has arisen, too, of recent years a very happy perception that in some allimportant matters, as in the sacred cause of morality, we are working together with the utmost cordiality for the overcoming of sin and misery by the power of good." The first topic discussed was that of education, under the heads of "The Preservation of Religious Education in Elementary Schools"; "Federation for Schools"; the report of the archbishop's committee on the schools; a comparative view of the educational systems in their religious aspect of the United Kingdom and its colonies and protectorates; "National Education on the Continent of Europe and the Place occupied therein by Religion"; the position of national education in the religious aspect in England as compared with that in France; and the subject was continued under these and similar heads at other sessions. Concerning the relations of the Church and socialism, papers were read on the attitude of the Church toward socialism, toward trade-unionism, and toward co-operation. The discussions on foreign missions touched missions to the Jews, to the Japanese, to the Chinese. Home missions were considered with reference to "parochial missions" and "universities' and schools' missions," and an account was given under this head of the working of the Protestant Episcopal Brotherhood of St. Andrew in America as an organization for assisting the clergy and binding laymen together for the purpose of general social improvement. In the discussions concerning Holy Scripture, papers were read by Prof. A. H. Sayce, on "The Authority and Authenticity of the Old and New Testaments as affected by Recent Archæological Researches"; by Mr. Theodore G. Pinches; on "Recent Archæ ological Researches, especially in Egypt, Palestine, and Chaldea"; by Mr. F. C. Burkitt, on "The Sinai Palimpsest and the Greek Text of the Gospels"; and by Dr. Montague R. James, on the finds of Greek and Coptic monuments in the cemeteries of Egypt. The topic of "The Church's Ministry, Doctrine, and Worship, confirmed and illustrated by Recent Discovery and Research in the Catacombs and Other Sources

was discussed in papers on "The Christian

Prophets" and other special subjects. A session was given to the consideration of subjects pertaining to the finances of the Church. The duties of the Church were considered with respect to sailors and fishermen, and to soldiers. Under the general head of " Faith and Science " papers were read on "the religious problems pressing on the rising generation connected with the questions, first, of fixity of dogma, and, second, of the progress of science. The topic of "The National Church was discussed under the four heads of "its origin and growth," "its continuity, order, doctrine, and autonomy," "its continuity unbroken by the Reformation,' and what was done at the Reformation." Series of papers were read on The Welsh Dioceses and on Hindrances to Christian Unity." Other papers were on "The Lord's Day-(a) Sunday Occupation, (b) Opening of Museums," 'The Church's Care of Deaf and Dumb and Waifs and Strays," "The Utility of Cathedrals," "Church Music"; at the workingmen's meetings, on "Tithes and Endowments," "Poor Law Administration," Old Age Pensions,' and "Benefit Societies"; and at the women's meeting, on "The Influence of Modern Life on Religious Faith, Work, and Amusement."

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ARCHEOLOGY. American. Identity of the Mound Builders.-The twelfth "Annual Report of the United States Bureau of Ethnology contains a summary of the results of ten years' explorations of the mounds, carried on by the bureau under the immediate direction of Dr. Cyrus Thomas. During this time more than 2,000 mounds were explored between the Ohio valley and the Rocky mountains, and from the Dakotas to Florida. Particular attention was paid to the mode of construction and methods of burial in the conical tumuli. Many ancient graves and cemeteries and several caches and cave deposits were explored. As a rule, each mound was measured before it was excavated, and figured if it presented any peculiarity of shape. The character and thickness of the strata and the exact position of the skeletons and relics found were noted. About 40,000 objects were collected and catalogued, and were deposited in the National Museum. They include articles of pottery, an unusual number of polished and pecked celts, pipes, textile fabrics and matting, and bone implements used in weaving. The general conclusions are reached by Dr. Thomas that the links directly connecting the Indians and mound builders are so numerous and well established that archæologists are justified in accepting the theory that they are one and the same people. The evidence obtained appears to be sufficient to justify the conclusion that particular works and the works of certain localities are attributable to particular tribes known to history, thereby enabling the archeologist to determine in some cases, to a limited extent, the lines of migration: as in the case of works in Tennessee, western North Carolina, the Kanawha valley, and Ohio, attributed to the Cherokees; the boxshaped stone graves and the mounds and other works directly connected with them in the region south of the Ohio and near Cincinnati, attributed to the Shawnees; stone graves in the valley of the Delaware and others in Ohio of

which the Delawares were the probable constructors; and works of the Chickasaws in Mississippi, the Uchees in the Flint River region, southern Georgia, and the Muskokee tribes in the Gulf States. The testimony of these mounds is regarded as decidedly against the theory that the mound builders were Mayas or Mexicans, who were driven out of the regions by the pressure of Indian hordes, and also against Morgan's theory, that they were related to the Pueblo tribes of New Mexico. It also is interpreted as giving a decided negative to the suggestion that the builders of the Ohio works were pushed south into the Gulf States, and incorporated into the Muskokee group. While most of the ancient monuments belong to prehistoric times, and some possibly to a remote past, yet the evidence of contact with European civilization is found in so many of them and is such that we are forced to believe that a number of them were built after the discovery of the continent by Europeans. A number of interesting conclusions are also drawn respecting the tribal and territorial divisions, and the burial customs, with religious ceremonies, of the mound builders. Among these conclusions is one that in some of the southern districts, where the river bottoms are much depressed, it was the custom to erect dwellings on low mounds apparently constructed for this purpose, and when deaths occurred to bury the remains in the floor of those dwellings, burn the houses, and heap mounds over them before they were entirely consumed or while the embers were yet smoldering. The houses in those districts appear to have been constructed of upright posts set in the ground, lathed with cane or twigs, and plastered with clay, having the roofs thatched precisely as described by the early French explorers. No evidences of human sacrifice "in the true sense were discovered. The statements of the navigators and explorers as to the habits, social condition, and art of the Indians when first visited by Europeans are largely confirmed by the discoveries. The works in Arkansas, Georgia, and other Southern States confirm, even to details, the statements of the chroniclers of De Soto's expedition, and of the early French explorers in the valley of the Mississippi.

some oblong. They were found partly within and partly without a series of rectangular inclosures or buildings. Twelve of these buildings were uncovered, all of the same type, and 21 hearths, 12 circular and 9 oblong. It is believed that these buildings and their adjuncts were devoted to the dyeing industry, and this conjecture is made probable by the large number of wells discovered, one of which was of peculiar and unusual construction. The circular furnaces are supposed to have been used for dyeing, while others, with a straight flue, may have been intended for drying. Rooms are traceable which, it is presumed, were intended for the storage of goods and materials, and open spaces with no remains of flues which may have been used for bleaching grounds. It is thought that these furnaces belong to the later period of the city, and the traces of successive occupation lead to the conjecture that the richer inhabitants left the district in which this industry was carried on and migrated eastward. The theory is strengthened by the discovery in situ of a number of querns for hand grinding the madder roots used for dyeing purposes. In the season of 1895, a hitherto unexplored insula, midway between the basilica and the west gate, was examined, and proved to be occupied by the foundations of two very large houses, the most interesting features of which were the elaborate mosaic pavements of the rooms.

Lake Villages. It appears from the third report of the committee of the British Association on the lake village of Glastonbury that during the year 15 more dwelling mounds and 500 feet of palisading had been disclosed, and nearly two thirds of the border had now been traced. Many valuable relics had been obtained, among which were a flint saw, a complete ladder 7 feet long, a small door of solid oak, and an oval bronze mirror, a feature of late Celtic art. The pottery was abundant and ornamented in late Celtic style, uninfluenced by Roman art. Hence the discovery of this lake village could not fail to shed light upon one of the obscurest periods of British art.

A station has been discovered in Bosnia, at Butmir, in what was probably in former times partly a lake basin. The more or less stratified beds of clay, charcoal, ashes, and mold disclosed on section, contained fragments of pottery, flint implements, stone axes, and other remains of a primitive people. A number of irregularly shaped hollows occurred on this clay, which Mr. Radinski, who explored the station, thinks may have been the foundations of the huts of the first inhabitants, or diggings for making implements and for use in house construction. Some burned-clay coatings of the timbers of which the houses were constructed were found in several places. The remains were so abundant as to suggest that the people may have carried on special industries for their manufacture. Stone implements in the form of knives, arrow heads, scrapers, axes, and tools were in all stages of manufacture. The material

found, among them a head of terra cotta, which disclosed art of a superior kind. Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie characterizes the specimens of black pottery found here as identical with pieces which he had found during the year in Egypt, and at other times at Hissarlik and in Spain.

Grecian. Work of the American School.The work described in the thirteenth "Annual Report of the American Classical School" at. Athens includes the discovery near the theater of a platform about 75 feet by 40 feet, composed of 3 layers of stone about 4 feet thick, near which were found traces of fire, handfuls of charcoal, and bits of melted iron, and diverging from which were the remains of conduits, with remains of columns of what was probably an altar, some of which bore inscriptions indicating memorials of victory in theatrical contests. The platform seemed to be the stereobate of a temple. The excavations at Argos promise to be of great importance, and the structures uncovered have readily assumed larger proportions. Articles of art and handicraft have been found 15 feet below the previous year's level. Near a new-found Cyclopean wall were dug up large masses of pottery, iron, and bronze, a marble head of the Roman period, and an interesting specimen of Greek sculpture, the head of an Ephebus from the metopes of the second temple, bearing the characteristics of the Polycletan art. Many objects in iron were disclosed, as well as bronze and even stone implements. A strange object was a large mass of iron about 5 feet long and a foot in diameter, which proved to be a mass of iron spears bound together with bands of iron at both ends. The west building, partly excavated in the previous year, was entirely uncovered, and showed a structure with 3 chambers, colonnade, and central court. Annexed to it was another long building at which were found the face of a colossal female head, objects in gold and silver, and a silver ring studded with gold and inscribed. The discoveries made at the east end of the west building are described as being very rich in number and variety, comprising every material-objects in gold, lead, iron, bone, ivory, and clay-and touching upon every field-epigraphy, art, mythology. and antiquities. At another part of the building some early graves of the Mycenaan period were found, one of them well preserved.. Great interest was attached to the discovery of 2 beehive tombs, one of which had been the repository for at least 3 corpses, and contained 48 vases. nearly all in perfect preservation, 3 terra-cotta figurines of the earliest type, a chain with interesting Mycenæan ornaments, 4 steatite whorls, an ivory needle, and a number of heads; while the other contained a large number of beads and whorls, but only 1 complete vase, and a number of fragments.

The work of the school was continued in 1895 in the second temple of Here at Argos, which is regarded as second in artistic importance only to the Parthenon.

Roman. The American School.-A congress of philologists and archæologists which met in Philadelphia in the winter of 1894-95 recommended the organization of an American school of classical studies at Rome, on a plan similar to that of the school at Athens. A managing

committee was organized, generous subscriptions were received, and arrangements were made for opening the school, under Prof. William G. Hale as director and Prof. A. L. Frothingham, Jr., as associate director, for the academic year 1895-'96. The objects of the school will be to promote the study of such subjects as Latin literature as bear on customs and institutions; inscriptions in Latin and in the Italic dialects; Latin palæography; the topography and antiquities of Rome; the archeology of ancient Italy (Italic, Etruscan, Roman), and of the early Christian, mediæval, and Renaissance periods. It will furnish regular instruction and guidance in several or all of these fields, will encourage original research or exploration, and will co-operate with the Archæological Institute of America, with which it is affiliated.

Egyptian. Relics of a Hitherto Unknown Race. The work of Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie during the season of 1895 and that of the Egyptian research account under the immediate direction of Mr. Quibell were carried on in the same district and were much interwoven with each other, so that it is not always easy to distinguish in the important discoveries that were made to which party the chief credit should be given. On the top of a plateau, according to Mr. Petrie's account, between Ballas and Negadeh, about 30 miles north of Thebes, 1,400 feet above the Nile, the home of palæolithic man was found. Large massive flints, beautifully worked and unworn, were discovered of the same forms as those found in the river gravels of France and England. Their antiquity is shown by their dark staining, while other flints five thousand years old by the side of them show hardly a tinge of weathering. Besides these other flints of a later palæolithic type were found imbedded in the ancient gravels of the former high Nile. A town of historical times, Nubt, found on the edge of the desert adjoining a small temple, proved to be a center of the worship of the proscribed god Set. This town is referred to in Juvenal in a passage which was hitherto obscure, but is now explained by the discovery; and besides its classical interest it preserves the remains of many successive ages, furnishing, in different layers, potteries of the fourth, twelfth, eighteenth, and nineteenth dynasties. Less than a quarter of a mile from this place lay another site of a town presenting special features that marked it as not Egyptian, but as having been the home of another race or people, whose presence in Egypt had not been known before, or even suspected. In the monuments and tombs of this people of a hitherto unknown race, nothing was found that was common to the Egyptians or was like anything Egyptian; and the region in which they were found extends over more than 100 miles of country, from Abydos to Gbelen. At the spot where the principal researches were carried on between Ballas and Negadeh, near the middle of the district, these remains occurred in the immediate vicinity of Egyptian towns and tombs with pottery, beads, and scarabs of the fourth, twelfth, eighteenth, and nineteenth dynasties, exactly like those found similarly dated in northern Egypt, yet wholly distinct from them. The men of this race, Mr. Petrie says, were 66 very

tall and powerful, with strong features; a hooked nose, long-pointed beard, and brown, wavy hair are shown by their carvings and bodily remains. There was no trace of the negro type apparent, and in general they seem closely allied races of the Libyans and Amorites. Their burials are always with the body contracted, and not mummified, lying with head to south and face to west, just the reverse of the contracted bodies at Medum. Although most of the graves have been disturbed, yet sufficient examples remain untouched among the 2,000 graves opened by us to show that the bodies were generally mutilated before burial. One large and important tomb showed four skulls placed between stone vases on the floor, a separate heap of loose bones of several bodies together, and around the sides human bones broken open at the ends and scooped out. Such treatment certainly points to ceremonial anthropophagy. Other graves are found with the bones separated and sorted in classes. The type of the graves is like that of those of the circle at Mycena-open square pits, roofed over with beams of wood. They are always, by preference, in shoals of water courses, showing that the race came from a rocky country, where excavation could not be made except in alluvium. The great development of the legs points to their having come from hills, and not from a coast or valley. The frequency of forked hunting lances shows their habit of chasing the gazelle. Metal and flint were both in use by these people. Copper adzes show that wood was wrought, and finely carved bulls' legs to a couch illustrate the work. Copper harpoons were imitated from the form in bone. Copper needles indicate the use of sewed garments, and the multitude of spindle wheels in the town proves how common weaving must have been. Flint was magnificently worked far more elaborately than by the Egyptians of any age; the splendid examples in the Ashmolean and Pitt Rivers Museums at Oxford are now seen to belong to this people. Both knives and forked lances are found. Stone vases of all material, from alabaster to granite, were favorite possessions; they are beautifully wrought, but entirely made by hand, without any turning or lathe work. A very puzzling class of objects long known in Egypt are the slate figures of birds and animals, rhombs, squares, etc. These now prove to be the palettes for grinding malachite, probably for painting the eyes, as among Egyptians of the fourth dynasty. Beads were favorite ornaments, and were made of carnelian, lazuli, transparent serpentine, and glazed stone. Pottery was the favorite art of these new people; the variety, the fineness, and the quantity of it are surprising. Few graves are without ten or a dozen vases, sometimes even as many as eighty. Most of these are of the coarser kinds, merely used for containing the ashes of the great funereal fire, for though the bodies were never burned, a great burning was made at each funeral, the ashes of which were carefully gathered and preserved, sometimes as many as 20 or 30 large jars full. . . The varieties of pottery are the polished red hæmatite facing, the red with black tops (due to deoxidation in the ashes), and the light brown with wavy handles, like the Amorite pottery. A later stage of pottery was

of coarser brown, and of much altered forms, copying somewhat from Egyptian temples of the old kingdom. The wavy-handled jugs went through a series of changes, forming a continuous scale by which their relative ages can be seen. Animal-shaped vases and many curious sports are found in the red-faced pottery. Besides these forms, three kinds of pottery seem to have been imported: buff vases imitating stone, with red spirals and figures of animals and men; red polished vases with figures of animals and patterns in white; and black bowls with incised patterns, most like the earliest Italic pottery. Besides these designs, a great variety of marks are scratched on the local pottery; but not a single hieroglyphic or sign derived from Egyptian writing has been found. Another fact showing the isolation of these people from the Egyptians is that all of this fine pottery is hand made; the wheel was unknown. While the source of this new race can not yet be determined, some of the objects point strongly to an Amorite connection, and others indicate a western source; but the Amorites were, as Mr. Petrie suggests, probably a branch of the fair Libyan race. The geographical position is all in favor of the race having come into Egypt through the western and great oases, for the seventh and eighth Egyptian dynasties were still living at Memphis, showing that no people had thrust themselves up the Nile valley. The age of the new race is fixed by the juxtaposition of their burials with those of the fourth and the twelfth dynasties, and of their towns with burials of the twelfth and thirteenth dynasties; and the known history further limits the date to between the seventh and ninth dynasties, or about 3000 B. C. The account of the discovery given by Mr. Quibell is parallel with Dr. Petrie's, and in harmony with it; and these two authors agree in the supposition that the people of the new race were Libyans who invaded Egypt at or after the close of the sixth dynasty-perhaps, Mr. Quibell suggests, they were the foreigners who subverted the old empire.

Antiquities from Deir-el-Bahari.-An exhibition of articles from the temple at Deir-elBahari given in London in July included many objects of novel interest and value dating from about 1400 B. C. Among them were a series of tools, models, and vases which had been marked with the name of Queen Hatshepsu, or Hatasu, and deposited below the foundations of the temple. The metal blades of the tools are of bronze, and the handles and wooden objects of sycamore. There were besides these jars of unglazed red ware, pots of alabaster with original covers, wooden models, probably of thrashing sledges, wooden hoes, the leathers of which were found in bundles close by; adzes, adze handles, stands of basket work for jars, a sacrificial knife and axe, and blue scarabei of the queen. A number of large painted coffins contained complete all the accessories of burial-the bead nets with genii in blue beadwork on the breasts of the dead; the wooden hawks and jackals, symbols of Horus and Anubis, on guard over the coffins: and the wooden boxes filled with blue ushabti figurines at the feet. The mummies in them are those of a priest of Khonsu, his mother, and her sister; and all were found together in a pit