with the penitent, and inflexible only with vice and inhumanity. In the war which has been recommenced in Cuba you will not find a revolution beside itself with the joy of rash heroism, but a revolution which comprehends the responsibilities incumbent upon the founders of nations.

Cowardice might seek to profit by another fear under the pretext of prudence the senseless fear which never has been justified in Cuba-the fear of the negro race. The past revolution, with its martyrs and generous though subordinate soldiers, indignant ly denies, as does the long trial of exile as well as of the respite in the island, the menace of a race war, with which our Spanish beneficiaries would like to inspire a fear of the revolution.

The war of emancipation and their common labor have obliterated the hatred which slavery might have inspired. The novelty and crudity of social relations consequent to the sudden change of a man who belonged to another into a man who belonged to himself, are overshadowed by the sincere esteem of the white Cuban for the equal soul, the desire for education, the fervor of a free man, and the amiable character of his negro compatriot.

In the Spanish inhabitants of Cuba, instead of the hateful spite of the first war, the revolution, which does not flatter or fear, expects to find such affectionate neutrality or material aid that through them the war will be shorter, its disasters less, and more easy and friendly the subsequent peace in which father and son are to live. We Cubans commenced the war; the Cubans and Spaniards together will terminate it. If they do not ill treat us we will not ill treat them. Let then respect and they will be respected. Steel will answer to steel, and friendship to friendship.

On March 31, Antonio Maceo, with Flor Crombet and 20 other officers, including Dr. Frank Agramonte and José Maceo, arrived from Costa Rica with an expedition equipped with rifles and cannon. The Spanish Government sent 5 torpedo gunboats to re-enforce the fleet of 8 cruisers that guarded the coast, but too late to intercept the principal expeditions. Gen. Lachambre's soldiers attacked Gen. Maceo's party in the village of Duaba immediately after it landed at Baracoa, but were repulsed with the loss of 10 killed and 9 wounded. They attempted to intercept the invaders again at Cuchillas and to overtake them at Manzanillo. The British schooner "Honor" that brought them was wrecked, and the crew were taken prisoners by Spanish soldiers, who killed the captain. Frank Agramonte and another American citizen were among the members of the expedition who were taken by the Spaniards. They were kept in prison, and on the urgent demand of the United States consular authorities the Government promised to give them a civil trial.

An attempt was made in Havana to liberate the prisoners in the Cabanas and Morro Castle and to blow up the powder magazine in the harbor. Wholesale arrests were made in the city. Consul-General Williams intervened in behalf of José Carballo, an American citizen, arrested as a spy.

On the arrival of re-enforcements from Spain a large force was sent against Maceo in the eastern province. He was reported to be defeated and hemmed in at Monteverde, near Guantanamo. On April 13 a part of his force sustained a defeat near Palmerito, when by surprise it was surrounded by 3,000 Spaniards, and cut its way through with heavy losses. The commander, Flor Crombet, a revolutionary hero,

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was one of the slain; but he was killed by a traitor in his own party, one Rojo, who was afterward caught and hanged by Maceo. Elsewhere the insurgents were aggressively active. Engagements occurred daily, in which the Government forces were usually worsted. bands raided small towns and held them long enough to replenish their supplies. Rabi thus occupied Victoria de Lastunas, near Puerto Principe; and Caney, near Santiago de Cuba, was captured and the armory plundered, Capt. Ramon Silvester being made prisoner. In Matanzas, Cardeñas, and other places the revolutionists resorted to explosives. The resident Spaniards, especially the workingmen, joined the insurgents openly in increasing numbers, or gave them secret aid.

A provisional government was proclaimed by Maceo, with Dr. Tomas Estrada Palma as Provisional President of the Cuban Republic, José Marti as Secretary General and Diplomatic Agent Abroad, and Gen. Maximo Gomez as Dilitary Director and Commander in Chief of the Forces.

Marshal Martinez Campos, who succeeded Calleja as Captain General and commander of the forces, arrived with re-enforcements on April 16 at Guantanamo. On the day following he issued a proclamation pledging himself to carry out all the promised reforms, if supported by the nonSeparatist elements. The constitutional parties were the Conservatives and Reformists, composed mainly of Spaniards, and the Autonomists. The leaders of these parties declared in favor of the Government, and as the Autonomists included some of the most prominent supporters of the late revolution, the official attitude of, the party was a damper to the revolution. Many respectable citizens belonging to this party now, however, seeing that Campos promised no further reforms than those voted by the Cortes, began to give moral support and material aid to the rebellion, and some of the younger ones armed themselves and went to join the insurgents in the field, or left Havana and the other ports on steamers for the United States or the West India Islands, intending to aid in the fitting out of expeditions, which the Spanish naval force could not stop from landing on the coast. Capt.-Gen. Campos offered pardon to all insurgents who would lay down their arms, except leaders. He appointed Gen. Garrich governor of the province of Santiago, with Gen. Salcedo as commander of the First Division, having_its headquarters at Santiago de Cuba, and Gen. Lachambre commander of the Second Division at Bayamo.

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The Spanish Cortes authorized the Government to raise 600,000,000 pesetas for the suppression of the rebellion, and decided to increase the force of regular troops in Cuba, of which there were now 22,000, to 40,000, and to get 40,000 more ready to sail in August for an aggressive campaign after the rainy season was over. raw recruits that came from Spain, mostly boys of eighteen and nineteen, were almost worthless when pitted against the toughened negro guerrillas, who slept on the ground without sickening and subsisted when necessary on the wild fruits of the country. The Spanish commissary arrangements were so defective that the troops could not be moved in any numbers. The con

voys were attacked constantly, and the provisions destined for the outposts were seized by the insurgents, who even raided the cattle pens in Santiago and drove off the cattle. The starved and ragged Spanish soldiers could not fight men who fired from behind trees, and made off whenever they were pursued. They were only good to garrison fortified posts, and there they perished in great numbers from the malarial fever, and had the prospect before them of the yellow fever. Gen. Campos organized some bands of Government guerrillas to fight the insurgents in their own way. After a while he decided to call into the service the young Spaniards settled in Cuba, who were better acclimated than the raw troops from the south of Spain. These emigrants are released from the obligation to serve in the regular army on the condition of their joining the volunteers or home guards in Cuba, in which many of them held commissions. When they were ordered out to serve in the ranks they were inclined to mutiny. He decided later to send for Lolo Benitez, a guerrilla chieftain of the former revolution, who had been condemned for his cruelties to life imprisonment and was a convict in Ceuta, Africa. This man was pardoned and commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the Spanish army, on condition that he would fight his countrymen with their own tactics, of which he was a master. The Spanish officers in Cuba protested when they learned that this bandit was to be sent into the field at the head of convicts released from Cuban jails.

Maximo Gomez and José Marti, starting from Cape Haytien, landed on the coast southwest of Cape Maysi on April 13 with 80 companions, most of them veterans of the former war. They succeeded in joining Perico Perez, whose band of 1,000 cavalry defeated Col. Bosch on April 16 and again on April 18 at Sabana de Jaibo, where Gomez directed the charge. This force united with Maceo, who assumed command of the operations in the east. With his blacks and mulattoes, inured to exposure and privation, he extended his operations until the whole province obeyed him except the Spanish fortified posts. The planters and traders were forced to contribute under the penalty of having their property destroyed. For provisions and store goods the insurgents usually paid, but horses they took wherever they found them, without giving compensation, and beef cattle too, but they were ordered not to kill cows. Juan Castillo was court-martialed and shot by order of Masso for outrages on citizens. Masso held the Bayamo district, west of Santiago, from the middle of March.

The black miners of Juragua went out under the lead of Floriano Gascon, and on April 21 his band, numbering 500 men, surprised 60 soldiers, commanded by Lieut. Benjamin Gallego, who had been left in the village of Ramon de las Jaguas to guard the mines. Major Tejerizo, whose departure had given the opportunity for the attack, hurried back with his 260 men on hearing the fusillade. Supposing the fort to be still held by Spaniards, he approached near enough to receive two volleys, from which he was disabled and Capt. Miranda killed. The insurgents instantly fell upon the demoralized

Spaniards with their machetes and put them to rout. They also attacked in a narrow defile a relief column of 150 cavalry and 400 infantry that came up from Songo. In these engage ments over 100 Spaniards were killed. Gascon's band, armed only with machetes originally, were now provided with 150 rifles and 15,000 rounds of ammunition. Lieut. Gallego was afterward tried by court-martial and shot for surrendering his command without fighting, as was also another officer of the same name who was convicted of cowardice. Capt. Malla, captured while escorting provisions near Bayamo, was placed under arrest when he returned on parole, but the feeling that had been aroused against such severe penalties kept the authorities from executing any more officers. Gascon and his band joined Maceo, who, with the negroes led by Quintin Bandera and the hardy mountaineers of Perico Perez, had now over 2,500 men at Jarajueca. Gen. Salcedo_made extraordinary efforts to catch Maceo. He sent out four columns for the purpose of surrounding him, but he passed through the cordon and retreated safely into the mountains. A still more energetic effort was made to head off Gomez and Marti, but with the aid of their friends they found little difficulty in eluding the guards that occupied all the roads.

On April 29 a detachment of 700 Spaniards was decoyed into attacking José Maceo at Arroyo Hondo, near Guantanamo. He had so disposed his force as to surround and fall upon the Spaniards with three men to their one. They fought courageously and finally cut their way through and retreated, having lost 150 killed and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy. Col. Capello, the Spanish commander who was thus entrapped, was relieved of the command at Guantanamo, being succeeded by Brig.-Gen. Bazan.

On May 6 Maceo's men raided Cristo, burning the bridges of the railroads running to Songo and San Luis and tearing up the tracks. A train bringing troops was derailed, and the troops after they left the train were fired upon from an ambush. The same band of insurgents raided Caney also, and burned buildings.

On May 14 at Jobito, near Guantanamo, 400 soldiers were surrounded by 1,200 insurgents led by the two Maceos. Lieut.-Col. Bosch was killed in the first onslaught, but Major Roblos held the position, repelling successive attacks, until re-enforcements came, when the Spaniards advanced and defeated the rebels, who lost 43 killed and wounded, while on the Spanish side 100 were killed and 80 wounded.

A guard of 600 soldiers, while escorting provisions from Santiago to Bayamo, attacked by 800 rebels, fled in confusion, leaving behind the stores and 70 dead and wounded.

A convention was held on May 18 at which delegates representing each 100 revolutionists in the field elected Bartolome Masso President of the Cuban Republic, Maximo Gomez General in Chief, and Antonio Maceo Commander in Chief of the Oriental Division.

Marti intended to embark for Jamaica, while Gomez was about to proceed in the direction of Camaguey, escorted by the forces of Masso. On May 19, while Masso with the bulk of his troops

had gone to intercept a convoy, and Marti had just parted from Gomez, who had 700 cavalry, a treacherous guide directed Col. Sandoval and 800 men to a narrow ravine, where Marti and his staff would be entrapped. The entire party of 50 was annihilated, Marti leading them in a desperate charge, before Gomez arrived. His force was surrounded, and with difficulty fought its way through the Spanish lines. Gomez himself, in an attempt to rescue Marti's body, was wounded, and was helped off the field by Col. Borrero. The Cubans then retreated in disorder, having lost about 50 killed and 100 wounded, while the Spanish loss was 5 killed and 6 wounded. When the revolutionary party, after long doubting, was convinced that Marti was indeed dead it chose Dr. Tomas Estrada Palma to succeed him as the delegate of the Cuban republic to the United States and other foreign countries, and also as president of the party. Manuel Sanguilly was associated with him later as representative of the Cuban cause in the United States.

The insurgents destroyed the village of Palestina by fire on May 12, and burned buildings in Palenque, and on May 14 they fired the property of Spaniards in Dos Caminos. Besides the 3,000 men that Maceo had concentrated in the vicinity of Jarajueca, there were 2,000 under arms in other parts of Santiago. José Maceo had 700 men near Guantanamo, and Masso 500 in the Manzanillo district. The whole eastern country was at the mercy of the predatory bands, which prowled even into the outskirts of the town of Santiago. The troops were afraid of them. Yellow fever broke out among the soldiers sooner than was expected. The numbers of the insurgents were constantly augmented by the accession of respectable whites, who had hitherto held aloof, and of laborers leaving the plantations after the sugar-grinding was done. The total force of the insurgents swelled to 10,000 men, of whom 7,000 were armed with good rifles. Gen. Salcedo, after his unsuccessful campaign against Maceo, in which the unacclimated Spaniards proved themselves unable to fight the natives in the mountains and jungles, decided to pursue defensive tactics till the rainy season was over. As a strategic measure, which would also serve as the means of placating the Cuban people, one of whose complaints was that of all their revenue not more than $250,000 was actually expended on public works, to deter them from joining the rebellion from patriotic motives, and the laborers, by giving them employment, from going into it for spoils and food, the price of which was mounting to famine figures, Marshal Campos proposed to build a railroad across the island from Puerto Principe to Santa Cruz, another from Manzanillo to Yara and Bayamo, and a third from Guantanamo to Santiago. He also endeavored to persuade the American syndicate operating the Santiago and Moroto Railroad to construct branches from San Luis to Palma Soriano and from Songo toward the interior plateau. And he proposed to make harbor improvements. His promise to the American company that they might import material for the new railroad duty free was vetoed by the Spanish Government, which would not allow them even to

bring in material to repair bridges, tracks, and rolling stock destroyed by the rebels without paying the duties, which are nearly 100 per cent.

The Spanish war expenses for three months were $10,000,000; the losses by death up to May 21 were 19 officers and 4,846 men.

Gen. Salcedo issued an order on June 5 directing his columns to fire without warning upon any person found out of doors after dark. The French consul protested. The first result of the regulation was that two squads of Spanish troops marching in contrary directions in the outskirts of Santiago fired several volleys at each other, killing and seriously wounding several men.

New supplies of arms and recruits for the rebels were brought into the island by small fishing smacks or larger vessels in spite of the patrolling gunboats. It was said that 6,000 stands of arms were sent to them from New York at various times. Col. Lacret and Col. Mariano Torres landed early in May from Jamaica with 220 men. On May 13 the yacht "Corona" brought 45 men from Georgia. This was said to be the sixth expedition that had arrived from the Southern States. The rebels held constant communications with their friends abroad. Suspecting that American newspaper reporters were bearers of messages, and annoyed at the character of the intelligence that they published, Campos gave orders to shoot any correspondent seen coming from the enemy's lines. Later Salcedo ordered all the newspaper correspondents to leave the island.

A filibustering expedition left Key West, under Gen. Carlos Roloff, Gen. Serafin Sanchez, and Gen. José Maria Rodriguez, on June 5, consisting of 353 men, many of them veterans of the last revolution, with 1,000 repeating rifles and ammunition, some small cannon, revolvers, and 500 pounds of dynamite. An American tugboat, the "George W. Childs," which the revolutionary committee had purchased, and an English schooner conveyed the party, which landed in Las Villas, near Sagua Lachico, on the north coast of the province of Santa Clara. Their landing was protected by the bands of Castillo and Reyes, who had nearly 2,000 men in the district. These forces were organized and armed by Roloff, who assumed the command in Las Villas.

The fitting out of the Roloff expedition in an American port caused the United States authorities to redouble their precautions against filibustering. Several more revenue cutters and the cruisers "Atlanta" and "Raleigh" were sent to Florida and the Gulf. On June 12 President Cleveland issued a proclamation warning citizens and others against taking part in the civil disturbances in Cuba, contrary to the laws of the United States, by accepting or exercising commissions for warlike service against the established Government of Spain, by enlisting or procuring others to enlist in such service, by fitting out or arming, or procuring to be fitted out and armed, ships of war for such service, by augmenting the force of any such ship in the ports of the United States, or by setting on foot or providing or preparing the means for military enterprises to be carried on from the United States against that Government. The British authorities in Jamaica also adopted more strin

tillo. Others were led by bandit chiefs, such as Nicasio, Mirabel, and Muñoz. Miro and Marrero levied contributions around Holguin. Marshal Campos had a cordon of 4,000 troops thrown across the island to guard every road and path by which Gomez could enter Puerto Principe. Nevertheless he slipped through with 300 men, and, crossing the river Jobabo, entered Camaugey on June 2. His force was immediately joined by 700 men, led by a nephew of Salvador Cisneros, Marquis of Santa Lucia, who was an

graphed at once for fresh re-enforcements, and issued an order for the conscripts of 1892, 1893, The Spanish and 1894 to report for service. Government decided to dispatch at once 10,500 troops, besides 1,500 cavalry already on the sea.

The prosperous planters of Puerto Principe, however much they sympathized with the revolution, were unwilling to invite the vengeance of the legal Government by overt acts of rebellion. On June 18 the province was declared to be in a state of siege.

Gomez, with 600 men, captured the village of Altagracia, not far from the city of Puerto Principe, driving out the small Spanish garrison. He tore up the railroad, and afterward burned a good part of the town, being provoked thereto by the act of a Spanish emissary in the Cuban ranks, who shot his aid, Gen. Panchito Borrero, from behind. Gomez burned the villages of San Geronimo and Elmulato, where he surprised the garrisons. In these places he got 300 Mauser rifles with which to arm his men. He harassed Spanish convoys, captured army stores, and destroyed the railroad bridges. Many plantations were destroyed by irregular guerrillas, several of whose leaders were captured by Col. Alfonso Goulet, commander of the regular revolutionary forces in the district, who issued an order forbidding the violation of property rights under pain of death. The accepted leaders themselves levied money contributions on plantation owners, and if these were not forthcoming they devastated their estates. Plantations were destroyed also for the purpose of cutting off the supplies of Puerto Principe, San Miguel, and Nuevitas, and the roads, bridges, railways, and telegraphs were swept away. The Spanish cavalry, after one encounter in Yaguas, were afraid to meet the Cuban horsemen. In Matanzas the Government was more successful in repressing the revolutionary element, which was not so respectable there as in other provinces. Matagas and Reyes had many encounters with the Spanish cavalry, in one of which the latter was slain.

Several times the filibusters landed arms in the province of Pinar del Rio, but in each case the Government found and confiscated them. One or two attempted risings were put down, as was one in Havana province also; but when the insurrection became general through the eastern and middle parts of the island rebel guerrillas became active in Pinar del Rio.

Marshal Campos endeavored to block the roads by a line of troops from Moron to Jucara in order to prevent Gomez from crossing over to Santa Clara with the rebel army of Camaguey. In that opulent province, whose people gave more support to the rebels, the Government could not hold the revolt in check any more effectively than in Puerto Principe. Lieut.-Col. Velarde reported that he won a victory over 1,000 of Roloff's men who attacked Vega Alta. Zayas, a guerrilla leader who operated in the district of Sancti Spiritus, inflicted a defeat upon a column sent against him at Vista Hermosa, but lost 30 men in a fight with Col. Zamora at Nueva Villa.

In Santiago the Government troops held only the fortified places and failed to protect their lines of communication. On July 1 the rebels lost a dashing fighter in Amador Guerra, who was shot by one of the wounded after he had defeated a band of Government volunteers at Palmas Altas, near Manzanillo. Henry Brooks landed near Portillo with 4 cannon and a quantity of ammunition, which he abandoned to the enemy on being attacked; but, returning with Rabi and 1,500 men on the following day, he regained his own and took the enemy's guns.

On July 2, at Cacao, near Jiguani, in the Manzanillo district, Major Sanchez with 500 fresh troops was beguiled by a false message into a

narrow defile, where the band of Rabi, 1,500 strong, fell upon the Spaniards with their machetes, and killed and wounded 270 before they were compelled to retreat by the deadly fire of some of the Spanish infantry, who gained commanding positions. This Spanish defeat frustrated a plan of Gen. Salcedo to close in upon Maceo's camp at San Jorge with the combined forces of Gen. Navarro and Gen. Gasco.

On July 5 Victoriano Garzon and Quintin Bandera, when attacked by 1,250 newly landed troops under Gen. Garcia Navarro at Gran Piedra, demoralized them with rifle fire from cover followed by a machete charge, and captured a large quantity of arms and ammunition. In a later attack on this position the same commander was again repelled.

Capt.-Gen. Campos issued a new proclamation on July 7, promising immunity to insurgents who surrendered, while those caught with arms in their hands would be tried by court-martial and shot, and conspirators against the integrity of the nation would be sent to African prisons.

On July 9 there was an encounter between Victoriano Garzon and Gen. Navarro's troops at Avispero, in which the Spaniards lost 25 killed.

Cuban troops concentrated by Maceo in the district of Holguin regularly besieged Bayamo and captured every train of supplies that was sent out. A force of 1,500 men started from Masaino under Marshal Campos and Gen. Fidel Santocildes for the relief of the starving garrison. It was attacked on July 13 at Peralejo, near Valenzuela, by 2,700 insurgents under Maceo, who made an effort to capture Marshal Campos and his staff, in defending whom Gen. Santocildes was killed. The Spaniards were caught in an ambush and surrounded on four sides. After fighting on the defensive for five hours, they broke through the cordon and retreated to Bayamo, the rear guard fighting all the way. The Spanish loss was 7 officers and 119 men killed. The Cubans, who lost 100 men, captured the Spanish ammunition train. Gen. Campos remained in Bayamo until Gen. Suarez Valdez arrived on July 21 with 1,400 men to protect his retreat over the road by which he came. Songo and the other outposts were practically invested by the insurgents, who disappeared from the neighborhood of Bayamo after they had caused the Government to concentrate 10,000 soldiers there.

Ruen and his guerrillas besieged the garrison of the fort at Sabana, and on July 22 reduced the town to ashes in order to force the troops to surrender. They were relieved at last by Col. Zamora from Baracoa, who inflicted a loss of 20 upon the rebels and escorted the garrison away after destroying the fort. The fortress at Baire was besieged and captured on July 20 by Rabi, who paroled the garrison of 60 men after they surrendered. The Spanish troops under Gen. Garrido afterward retook the place.

The Provisional Government was formally constituted in the valley of the Yara, and a declaration of independence was proclaimed on July 15. In a convention held in the Puerto Principe district on Aug. 7 the following officers were chosen Provisional President of the Republic of Cuba, Gen. Bartolome Masso; Minister of the Interior, the Marquis of Santa Lucia;

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