Licenses granted under this act shall date from the 1st day of May in each year, and must be renewed prior to the expiration of the term by the payment of $1 for each renewal.

Each certificate of license or renewal shall state the name and address of the owner of the dog, and also

the number of such license or renewal.

Every dog so licensed shall at all times have a collar about its neck with a metal tag attached thereto bearing the number of the license. Such tag shall be supplied to the owner with the certificate of license, and shall be of such form and design as the society empowered to carry out the provisions of this act shall designate, and duplicate tags may be issued only on proof of loss of the original and the payment of the sum of $1 therefor.

Dogs not licensed pursuant to the provisions of this act shall be seized, and, if not redeemed within fortyeight hours, may be destroyed or otherwise disposed of at the discretion of the society empowered and authorized to carry out the provisions of this act. It is further provided that any cat found within the corporate limits of any such city without a collar

The passage of this law repealed the laws relating to seizure of dogs, and among these one of the most inhuman, useless, and unnecessary ever enacted the law in regard to muzzling. By the provisions of the foregoing act The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was empowered to issue dog licenses and collect the fees therefor, provided that the society shall defray the cost of carrying out the provisions of the act and maintain a shelter for lost, strayed, or homeless animals.

The constitutionality of the law was at first strongly questioned, but it has been held by the courts that, while such a society is a private corporation, it may have functions to perform as the agent of the State which are for the public good and are essentially a police regulation.

The New York Dog Shelter is a long, low building, only 1 story in height and 100 feet long by 25 feet in width. It has accommoda

about its neck bearing the name and residence of the owner stamped thercon may be seized and disposed of in like manner as prescribed above for dogs.

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is hereby empowered and authorized to carry out the provisions of this act, and the said society is further authorized to issue the licenses and renewals, and to collect the fees therefor, provided, however, that the said society shall defray the cost of carrying out the provisions of this act and maintaining a shelter for lost, strayed, or homeless animals.

tions for 300 dogs and 200 cats. The service consists of 5 ambulances and 2 other wagons, with 12 horses and the necessary stabling, the employees in all numbering 22 persons. These

latter are in direct communication with the headquarters of the society, and make daily reports.

The Battersea Home for Dogs, in London, is the only one that can claim to be compared with the New York and Brooklyn Shelters. There the dogs are kept for a certain length of time, and

humanely put out of existence when not claimed. At La Fourrière, in Paris, they are simply drowned and their bodies carted away, unless the owner calls and can prove ownership within a very short time. The Battersea establishment has the assistance of the police of the metropolitan area, its operations extending throughout the city and county of London. In 1893 this home received 17,928 dogs. The New York Dog Shelter, unaided by the police, received in the first

eight months of its work 5,111 dogs: the total number of animals received was 22,028, of which 632 were lost animals restored to their owners. The first year the new dog law was tried and licensed dogs in New York were allowed to go unmuzzled the newspapers remarked that there was less hydrophobia than in many years. This was the first summer in many years when there was not a single paroxysm of popular apprehension of hydrophobia.

From 25 to 35 dogs and cats a day are now brought in by the society's agents. They are kept three days unless they are especially valuable, in which case the society tries to secure good homes for them, or in any case keeps them a little longer. If an owner or somebody else does not redeem an animal in three days, it is placed in the death chamber and asphyxiated.

The Dog Shelter at the foot of East 102d Street has the cool and refreshing background of the East River as one of its attractions during the summer time, when by far the larger number of the captured animals are brought in. In New York and Brooklyn about 150 dogs and cats are received each day. The former New York dog pound was dirty, disgracefully brutal in all its appointments, and the scene of constant recriminations, sometimes rows, between the owners of captured pets and the ruffians who had caught them or the officials in charge.

where they fell, moaning piteously. And then the poor creatures were driven, kicked, and crushed into the big iron cage, which would lower them into the water and still forever their half-human plaints.

Those old-time keepers, heroes of ratting matches and dog-pit escapades, enjoyed but one thing more than torturing the curs, which they called "ash barrels," and that was the capturing of some fine specimen from which they would tear the collar and chain and license mark, or pull it from its shrieking mistress's arms, and never let it get to the pound where it could be redeemed. The old dog pound caused a stench that could be perceived for blocks around, and the howlings of the inmates could be heard almost as far. From the wide-open door of the present shelter to the genial face of Keeper Read everything beams with humanity. The ambulances are often sent for to remove suffering animals. These ambulances are painted red. Back of the office the shelter is divided on one side into three long runs; on the other, it has kennels for the more valuable of the dogs and cages for the cats, while down the middle is an open space that enables visitors to walk through the place. In one of the long pens are the dogs brought in during the day, in another the bitches, and in another the animals condemned to the daily execution because their time is up. One of the most interesting features of the whole

people of all sorts who have lost pets.

CATS IN CAGES.

The sanitary arrangements of the shelter are perfect, floors, partitions, doors, windows, pens, feed troughs, and everything else being scrubbed every day and disinfected. There are engines and large boilers where the food is cooked for all

liver, and waste from neighboring butcher shops three times a day, and the cats get all the meat they can eat, and every morning a ration of milk.

It is a treat to see an ambulance come in. The vehicle is backed into the place so that escapes are impossible, and the dogs and cats are gently removed and placed in their runs. Each cat is in a little wicker basket by herself, safe from annoyance by the dogs.

The Brooklyn Shelter is in the geographical center of the City of Churches, at the corner of Malbone Street and Nostrand Avenue. The accommodations here are only to be regarded as temporary, but the place is meeting a want that has made itself felt in Brooklyn for a long time.

Illuminating gas is used for the humane destruction of the animals, as it has been found to produce death more quickly and painlessly than any other practicable agent. The license system, as it is carried out by the society, has proved to be a valuable security to the owners of dogs, and the liberal reward which the society offers for the detection of any person who may steal a dog bearing a license tag has proved to be an effectual preventive of larcenies of that kind. Cats, also, when they wear a collar, as required by the law, with the name and residence of its owner stamped thereon, can easily be recovered if they are captured while straying from their homes. The successful administration of the law would have been much more difficult than it has proved to be if the citizens of New York had not given their confidence and support to the society. The work has been both onerous and difficult, sometimes delicate; but the earnest endeavor of the society to act in the interest of the animals, and also of their owners, has been so fairly and fully appreciated that the burden of difficulty has been reduced to a minimum, and the officers of the society have been both cheered and encouraged by the consciousness of popular confidence and approval.

DOMINION OF CANADA. (See CANADA.)

EAST AFRICA. The Sultan of Zanzibar formerly claimed sovereign rights over the coast of Africa from Cape Guardafui to the Rovuma, the northern boundary of the Portuguese colony of Mozambique, and maintained stations at all the trading points, the termini of the caravan routes, the northernmost being Warsheikh, in 30° of northern latitude. His influence extended inland along the commercial routes, which were kept open by the troops that he maintained for the purpose of convoying caravans. In 1884 agents of the German East African Association concluded treaties with native chiefs back of the coast opposite the island of Zanzibar. The association was chartered as the German East African Company, and received a patent of imperial protection from the German Government on March 3, 1885. joint commission, representing Ger

In 1886 a

many, Great Britain, and France, after determining that the Sultan's rights were confined to a strip of coast 10 miles wide, agreed that Germany should have a sphere of influence from the Rovuma northward to, and including the Kilimanjaro mountains, extending inland to the boundary of the Congo Free State, and that the region north of the German sphere between the Umbe and the Tana rivers, should be recognized as England's sphere of influence, save the sultanate of Vitu, with which Germany had concluded a treaty of protection. In May, 1888, the German company acquired by purchase from the Sultan of Zanzibar the right to administer and collect the customs of the mainland within the German sphere for the period of fifty years. The Imperial British East Africa Company, chartered by the British Government

on Sept. 3, 1888, obtained similar rights over the coast north of the Umbe as far as Kipini, on the Ozi river. In 1890 a new Anglo-German agreement was made, whereby Germany ceded to England the enclave of Vitu and recognized her right to acquire full sovereignty over the coast from the Umbe to the river Juba in 6° north latitude, and to establish a protectorate over the sultanate of Zanzibar, while England conceded to Germany the right to acquire all the rights of the Sultan over her part of the coast, for which she paid 4,000,000 marks. The coast north of the Juba had been abandoned by Great Britain to Italy in 1889. In October of the year 1891 British officials took charge of the administration of the remaining territory of the Sultan, Zanzibar and Pemba, and the smaller islands of Manda and Patta.

British East Africa.-The territory which the Imperial British East Africa Company undertook to develop and administer, to which, from the initials of the company's title, the name Ibea was given, has a coast line of 400 miles and extends inland an equal distance, to Lake Victoria. The British sphere embraced besides Uganda, Unyoro, Ankori, Mpororo, Koki, a part of Ruanda; also, according to British claims and agreements made with Germany and Italy, Emin Pasha's Equatorial Province and a part of Kordofan and Darfur, all of which were formerly subject to Egypt, as well as a large part of Somaliland. The total area is over 1,000,000 square miles. The company, whose capital was £2,000,000, of which £1,000,000 were paid-up shares, improved the harbor at Mombasa and built a road to Kibwezi, half way to Lake Victoria. The customs were collected, amounting to 214,872 rupees in 1891, 239,812 in 1892, and 261,554 in 1893. After the supersession of the Sultan's government in Zanzibar by British administrators the company sought to escape the annual payment of $80,000 to the Sultan. The fear that the King of Uganda would accept a German protectorate led the company in 1890 to occupy that country with a military force. At the end of March, 1893, the company's forces evacuated that country, being succeeded by British troops, and on June 19, 1894, a British protectorate over Uganda was proclaimed. The administration of Witu was relinquished in July, 1893, and the authority of the Mohammedan Sultan was restored under a British protection and supervision. Treaties were made by the company with Somali chiefs in the north, and commercial intercourse with Gallaland established. A railroad route, 657 miles long, from Mombasa to Lake Victoria, was surveyed while the company held Uganda.

The imports of British East Africa in 1893 were 1,807,208 rupees in value, against 2,083,209 in 1892; the exports were 1,287,399 rupees, against 1,030,173. The shipping entered at Mombasa in 1893 had an aggregate tonnage of 100,602 tons; cleared, 100,308 tons.

The British East Africa Company, which had issued bonds at 2 per cent. for £450,000 and expended that amount, surrendered its charter and transferred its territory to the British Government on July 1, 1895. The Government paid £50,000 for the surrender of the charter and improvements behind the 10-mile strip, and Par

liament voted £30,000 for the administration of the country, which includes the 10-mile strip leased from the Sultan of Zanzibar and the mainland between it and Uganda. The Sultan was made to pay £200,000 to the company to redeem the concessions granted to the company; but the interest at 3 per cent. on this sum, as well as the annual rent of £11,000 for the strip of coast territory, the British Government agreed to pay. The 10-mile strip and the country between it and Uganda were consolidated under a single administration, leaving the Zanzibar islands and the Uganda protectorate to be managed as before. The separate protectorate thus formed was placed in charge of officials subject to the authority of the consul general at Zanzibar, who also controls the affairs both of Zanzibar and of Uganda. The coast strip belonging to Zanzibar is still under the Sultan's sovereignty, and Mohammedan laws and religion remain established. The cost of administration for the protectorate, including the sultanate of Witu, was estimated at £30,000 a year. The revenue from customs amounted to about £15,000.

The British Government decided to build a railroad from the coast to Uganda. The proposed route is 657 miles in length. The cost is estimated at £2,700 a mile, £1,865,000 in all, including four years' interest during construction. The revenue is estimated, on the basis of £17 a ton between Mombasa and Lake Victoria, at £60,000, besides £33,500 saved on Government transport, which would make the income at the start nearly equal to the expenditures, counting the working expenses £40,000 and 3 per cent. interest on the debt £56,000. The House of Commons on Aug. 31 granted a preliminary vote of £20,000 to start the line, which is to be built and managed directly by the Government.

In the early part of 1895 the Masai became troublesome near the coast. They murdered Dr. Kolb and Dr. Kutchner, members of the Austrian Freeland expedition, which intended to found a communistic settlement near Mount Kilimanjaro. This expedition broke up before reaching its destination, the leader accusing the English officials of deliberately thwarting their object by detaining their arms and neglecting to provide the promised steamer and by instigating the natives to withhold supplies. The Somalis also made raids on the Tana river. In May an Arab chief, Mbaruk bin Rashid, who had a stronghold near Mombasa and a well-armed following of 1,200 runaway slaves, began to defy the British authorities, attacking missionary stations and capturing Europeans, whom he held for ransom. Sir Lloyd M. Mathews and the British consul general proceeded to the spot with 250 askaris from Zanzibar, 100 Soudanese from Witu, and a naval force consisting of 4 gunboats. On June 16 the native troops and 350 blue jackets landed, and after taking possession of the town of Takaungu burned 5 villages and destroyed crops, meeting only slight opposition. Capt. Raikes remained with a garrison of 100 Zanzibaris. The Arabs attacked on July 7, killing and wounding 3 officers and 7 men, in consequence of which a second punitive expedition went out under Admiral Rawson and Gen. Mathews. The troops took Mwele, the native stronghold, by storm,

with a loss of 2 killed and 8 wounded. Some of the rebel chiefs were killed, but Mbaruk escaped. He was the boldest and most powerful among a number of Arab chiefs that united in defying the British, and compelled the Europeans in the scattered stations to take refuge in Mombasa. Their stronghold consisted of 48 stockades, which were destroyed. The troops had no difficulty in driving the Arabs out of their positions by means of artillery and war rockets, but dared not follow them into the forest. In a few weeks they reassembled near Takaungu and a third punitive expedition burned the rebel chief's camp, but could not catch him.

Uganda. The Government of Lord Rosebery decided to limit the protectorate in the region of the sources of the Nile to Uganda proper, which was declared a British protectorate on June 19, 1894. E. J. L. Berkeley was appointed commissioner, to be assisted by a staff of civil and military officers. The import of arms and the slave trade in the neighboring countries will be checked. The public force will continue to be Soudanese levies.

In the beginning of 1895 Major Cunningham and Lieut. Vandeleur went to Unyoro to renew the operations against Kabarega and extend the conquests of the company about Lake Albert and the Nile. They visited the 5 forts that held the shortest road to Lake Albert and reached Hoima, the headquarters of the force of Soudanese that was holding the country, and thence they proceeded to the Nile, and made a reconnoissance of the river in a steel boat carrying a Maxim gun. They passed Wadelai, where Major Owen raised a British flag early in 1894, and reached Dufile, where they learned that the dervishes had established a post at Rejaf, south of Lado, which was occupied by troops of the Congo State. After their return to Fort Hoima the annual expedition against Kabarega was organized. A body of troops set out from the fort to attack one of his principal chiefs, while Major Cunningham led a column from Uganda against him. There was severe fighting on the Somerset Nile, during which Capt. Dunning was killed and Major Cunningham severely wounded. Before the end of March they drove him across the Nile into the Bakedi country, but afterward he raised a fresh army, and in the summer the operations were renewed, with the result that his forces were again beaten, and he was expelled from Unyoro. Kabarega lived on friendly terms with the white administrators of the equatorial provinces, but has been at war with the British East Africa Company since Capt. Lugard ran the line of forts through his kingdom, cutting off a portion and setting over it another chief, and garrisoned the forts with rascally Soudanese soldiers, who raided and terrorized Kabarega's people. Although Uganda was stated officially to be the limit of British operations, the chain of forts was moved until it included a large part of Kabarega's former kingdom, and each year fresh expeditions have been sent out for the purpose of driving him out of his territory altogether. The half of Unyoro south of the line of forts has been handed over to chiefs who are friendly to the British, but is not a part of the protectorate. There are 23 English officials in Uganda, with a military force of

1,500 Soudanese, who have Martini-Henry rifles and a large supply of Maxim guns.

The Belgian forces occupied Lado by virtue of the agreement made with England in 1894, which in deference to the wishes of Germany and France was rescinded in regard respectively to the strip leased by the Congo State to Great Britain for a telegraph and the lease of the Bahr-el-Gazel region to the Congo State. The Congo State was allowed to retain only the tract extending along the Nile, and for 200 miles westward from the northeastern corner of the Albert Nyanza, beyond Lado. The Congo State sent 1,000 regular soldiers with Krupp cannon and machine guns to occupy the leased territory, and massed on the nearest part of the Congo 1,500 more regulars and a farge auxiliary reserve in order to be able to cope with any force that the Khalifa in Omdurman could send against them.

Zanzibar.—The area of the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba and the smaller islands constituting the dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar after he had been deprived by England and Germany of his possessions on the mainland is about 700 square miles, and the population 200,000, of whom 100,000 live in the town of Zanzibar. Except 10,000 Arabs (the ruling race), 7,000 East Indians, 50 English, 50 Germans, and a few Americans, Greeks, Armenians, Frenchmen, Italians, and Roumanians, the people are negroes, the mass of them Sunnite Mohammedans, with some heathen and some Christians-converts of the Roman Catholic, Church of England, Wesleyan, and independent missions. The Sultan or Seyyid, Hamed bin Thwain bin Said, has no power over the civil administration since the establishment of a British protectorate. On the death of the former Sultan he was forcibly installed in opposition to the choice of the Arabs, and received a a civil-list pension in lieu of all other revenues. Gen. Mathews is President of the Government, under the supervision of A. H. Hardinge, the British agent and consul-general, who is also Imperial Commissioner for British East Africa. Gen. Hatch has organized a military and police force of 1,000 men.

The Sultan receives 100,000 rupees a year out of the revenue, and the remainder is applied to administrative and police purposes and to the maintenance of the harbor and public works. The receipt were estimated for 1893 at 1,068,630 rupees, of which 525,000 rupees were taxes on cloves, 217,700 rupees import duties on arms, powder, petroleum, etc., 82,000 rupees the interest on the indemnity paid by Germany, 170,000 rupees rent from the British East Africa Company, and 73,930 rupees other revenues. The total expenditure was estimated at 961,503 rupees.

For 1893 the imports were valued at £1,146,759, of which £228,016 came from the German coast, £185,483 from Arabia, £52,250 from British East Africa, £93,793 from Great Britain, and £587,217 from other countries. The value of the exports was £1,002,035. The following were the principal articles: Cloves, £138,597; ivory, £110,611; copra, £85,696; caoutchouc, £26,321; gum, £17,084; chilies, £8,365. During 1893 the number of merchant vessels that visited the port was 129, of which 45, of 58,483