ducing trees, in monster frames made of the trees themselves. More than 180 different kinds of Southern trees were represented by sections of the wood, botanical specimens, and descriptive labels. A series of exhibits such as have never before been attempted in the history of expositions was made of lumber displays. A machine for testing the strength of timber was in operation, which proved conclusively that no strength is lost by bleeding pines for turpentine. This demonstration will, it is estimated, add at least $2,000,000 to the value of the turpentine orchards of the South. One of the most important exhibits was a set of three models. The first represented a 160-acre farm in the hill lands of the South deprived of its protective forest cover, eroded and gullied by rushing waters. The second showed the method of recuperating such a farm; and the third showed it as it should be, with proper proportions and locations of field, forest, and pasturage. Illustrations were given of trees that it is desirable to introduce into the South, notably the eucalyptus, for the protection of the orange groves of Florida; the cork oak, along the Gulf; and the wattle tree, for tanbark. Michigan made a display of veneers of the finest curly woods in sizes such as have never before been polished. Products of woods were also shown, of every form and variety, from the cradle in which Thomas Jefferson was rocked to a full-sized 18-foot church organ.

The Machinery Building, 486 feet long and 100 feet wide, had a floor area of 47,800 square feet. The roof, 30 feet high, was supported by heavy trusses, and large windows and skylights afforded ample ventilation and light. The building had four distinct fronts, each in a classical style, modified to suit the materials used. It stood at an altitude of 928 above sea level, and fronted north upon the lake. A basement 8 feet deep contained all the provisions for shafting and countershafting, so that all the space overhead was preserved clear. The power plant was contained in an annex building. About 4,000 horse power of engines were shown. A clarination plant in operation for the reduction of gold from the native auriferous rocks possessed especial interest.

000 square feet of floor space. It overlooked the plaza in a southeasterly direction and commanded a view of every part of the grounds. At each corner towers three stories high added to the general effect, while the interior was one immense hall, finished in natural woods. There were galleries round all the sides, and a clearstory of 85 feet, the roof being supported by massive and gracefully turned trusses. Flags, streamers, gonfalons, and banners of all nations floated over exhibits of endless variety; the exhibits of many of the foreign countries being installed here, with those of the several States, and many individual exhibits. On the broad balcony, which extended along the four sides of the building, were arranged in at least 100 sections the educational exhibits-from many of the larger colleges and from the public schools of a score of cities.

The Electricity Building, which occupied one of the best locations on the grounds, contained perhaps the most remarkable electrical display ever seen, in view of the inventions made within the past two years. This building had a floor area of 21,000 square feet, being 262 feet long and 80 feet wide, with wide-arched portals and a central dome 60 feet in diameter, rising to a height of 100 feet above the floor line. In the evenings thousands of electric lights, great and small, reflected the outlines of the beautiful structure in the waters of the of the lake.

The United States Government Building occupied the most conspicuous position on the grounds. This faced the south and overlooked the plaza, which lay at least 60 feet below the level of its foundation. From its balconies every portion of the grounds and of each separate building was within easy view. It was 260 feet long by 180 feet wide, with an annex 140 × 80 feet, which gave a total area of 58,000 square feet. There were no galleries, and no part of the building was utilized above the ground floor, with the exception of three small rooms used for offices. The cost was $50,000, and it was designed by and erected under the supervision of the supervising architect of the Treasury Department. The exhibit, which was in charge of Hon. Charles W. Dabney, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, was the finest the Government has ever sent out. Every executive department was represented. The State Department made practically the same exhibit as at Chicago-of historical documents, state papers and treaties, portraits and relics, the seal of the United States, with illustrations of its development, the inner workings of the Presi dent's office and of the department itself in the form of letters to diplomatic officers, and documents of the consular service, as well as a map showing the growth of our official representation abroad. The Treasury showed specimens of money, bonds, and other Government paper, together with a coin-stamping machine in operation, statistical charts and diagrams, 28 portraits of the Secretaries of the Treasury from 1789 to 1893, models of lighthouses, illuminating apparatus, fog signals, etc., of the United States lighthouse establishment, while the life-saving station, with a crew and life-saving apparatus, was in a separate building on the banks of the

The Transportation Building, on the eastern shore of Clara Meer, was the next large structure in order. It was 433 feet long and 126 feet wide, with two end galleries 48 x 117 feet each, and covered a floor area of 55,000 square feet. Five towers in the center rose to a height of 80 feet, and with lofty porticoes afforded an extensive view of the grounds and surrounding country. Two tracks were laid the entire length of the building, and in addition to the handsome exhibits of locomotives, steamships, cars, carriages, wagons, bicycles, trucks, etc., was shown a model of the projected Nicaragua Canal, 14 x 40 feet, such as was exhibited in Paris. The progress of the South in matters of transportation during the past quarter century was traced, and a historic interest attached to the war engines of the Western and Atlantic Railroad.

The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building was, naturally, the largest of all. It was 370 feet long and 216 feet wide, covering 103,VOL. XXXV.-18 A

lake and gave exhibitions from time to time. The Patent Office, Bureau of Education, Indian Office, and Geological Survey, all under the Interior Department, filled the spaces allotted to them, the Patent Office sending, in particular, a series of models relative to cotton manufacturing and illustrations, never before exhibited, of the manufacture of glass and pottery and agricultural machinery. The United States Geological Survey made an elaborate display of the geological wealth of the whole South, especially of the Piedmont region. Work of the Indian schools was shown. Upward of 10,000 square feet were allotted to the United States Fish Commission, the aquarium of which was arranged in a grotto with the aisles lighted from the water. Both salt-water and fresh-water fish were exhibited, with all the methods of propagation, especial effort being made to show the food and game fishes, as well as the curious fishes of the South. The Agricultural Department, likewise, paid special attention to the fruits of the country, particularly the orange and citrus fruits, which were represented by models. Diseased conditions were set forth, together with the insects inimical to plant life, and the chemicals and instruments used to exterminate them. The cotton plant was fully treated in a similar manner, in a series of facsimile models. Diseases of animals were traced also. The Weather Bureau presented a full set of its working apparatus. The exhibits of the War and Navy Departments were contained in the annex. That of the War Department in cluded many rare Revolutionary and other historic relics, battle flags, etc., while the arms and accouterments from the earliest days of the nation to the present were shown, with all forms of army wagons, pack mules, ambulances, many of them used on historic fields, with models of harbors and river works, and a field-signal outfit. Relics of arctic exploration found place here. In addition to the full illustration of the growth and history of the department, two companies of infantry remained in camp on the grounds to present the tactics, regulations, and discipline of the army. Models of our navy, from the earliest ships to the latest armored cruiser and battle ship, were shown by the Navy Department, with all the guns and projectiles in use in modern warfare, and on the dome of the building was placed one of the powerful search lights of our battle ships, which assisted in the illumination of the grounds. The entire postal service of the Government from the earliest times was exhibited, with all mailing equipments, the workings of the dead-letter office, and a collection of all the stamps ever issued by the Government. The Department of Justice presented portraits of all the AttorneysGeneral of the United States from the time of Randolph, in 1789, many of whom were Southern men; while a series of photographs exemplified the discipline, employment, etc., of Federal prisons and prisoners. To the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum were assigned 5,300 square feet, the purpose of the exhibit being to convey an impression similar to that which they would receive in visiting the Smithsonian buildings in Washington. In point of value it was generally conceded that the exhibit

of the Government at Atlanta exceeded that made at Chicago, at about one seventh of the cost.

The Fine Arts Building, occupying the highest site in the grounds, was the most showy of all the buildings, and the only one finished in white. It was designed by Walter T. Downing, of Atlanta. It consisted of a main central building, with colonnade entrances, and two wide wings entered through semicircular porticoes on the north and south sides. The exterior was covered with cement plaster, and on the frieze appeared the names of noted architects and artists elaborately done in aluminite staff work. The interior presented three large galleries, the main one 110 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 40 feet high, and surrounded by a 12-foot balcony. The wing galleries were 50 feet wide, 100 feet long, and 20 feet high. The total wall space for hanging purposes was 30,000 square feet, while the ground area covered was 21,000 square feet. In comparative merit this department was one of the weakest of the Exposition, though many famous paintings were to be seen, and many excellent statues in bronze and marble.

The Fire Building served the double purpose of housing a modern and thoroughly equipped fire department and that of exhibiting all manner of apparatus and fixtures for protection against fire. It had a main frontage of 189 feet and a depth of 50 feet, and was connected with all the Exposition buildings by the Gamewell alarm system. A firemen's tournament was held here Oct. 11, in which 11 companies participated.

The Woman's Building, which competed with the Art Palace for the distinction of being the most beautiful structure on the grounds, stood in the center of the amphitheater, between the plaza and the lake. It was designed by Miss Elise Mercur, of Pittsburg. It was three stories high, in pale yellow and white, surmounted by a compressed dome, upon which stood a female figure of Enlightenment, with uplifted torch. There was a simplicity in its pure Greek design which made it unique among the buildings of the Exposition. The broad portico in front was supported by large columns. Its dimensions were 150 by 128 feet, and the dome was 90 feet high. All prominent pedestals of the roof balustrade were crowned with statues symbolic of woman. An annex building received the overflow of exhibits. The Model School Building also contained a portion of those belonging to the Woman's Educational Department. One large room in the building, used for exhi bition of the finer arts, was fireproof. The most original feature was the practical illustration of the industrial and applied arts, woman being shown as engaged not only in the occupa tions conceded to her sex, but in those wherein she has trenched upon the domain traditionally masculine. In the department of household economics was shown an exhibit of cooking by electricity. A library of books written by women was contained in the main building, and their musical compositions, magazines, patents, and inventions, together with art work in all the innumerable forms of needlework, painting, sculpture, architectural designs, etc., received recognition, as well as their progress in the sev eral professions.

The Negro Building, the movement for which was begun by colored leaders and heartily encouraged by the Exposition management, was at the southeastern corner of the park, at the main entrance for Jackson Street, and covered 25,000 square feet, being 276 feet long and 112 feet wide, with a handsome front, large windows, four-cornered pavilions, and a central tower 70 feet high. The pediment above the main entrance was artistically decorated in staff, with figures and groups representative of the life and character of the colored people. The building was the work entirely of negro labor, the contract for it having been let to two colored contractors. The total cost was $10,000, which amount was paid by the Exposition Company, although the negroes proposed at first to erect their own building if allowed space upon the grounds. Floor space was given to them free, and appropriations were afterward made for a colored public-comfort department and for hospital purposes. I. Garland Penn was chief commissioner for the negro exhibit, and the result of this first opportunity of the kind vouchsafed the race was most creditable. Fourteen States were represented in the Negro Building, the exhibit made by the District of Columbia alone costing $10,000. Thirty models of inventions by colored men were sent to the building by the Patent Office at Washington; the colored schools had an admirable showing, notably the industrial institutes of Hampton and Tuskegee; while the fine arts were not neglected. A statue by W. C. Hill, of Washington, D. C., representing a negro with "bonds broken, but not off," was pronounced remarkably fine, as was a bust of Charles Sumner by Edmonia Lewis. Several paintings of merit were also shown, much decorative hand work by colored women, and even a medical formula and set of surgical instruments of original design by a colored woman physician of Chicago. Exhibits were also made of books written and newspapers conducted by colored men. An autograph copy of the Emancipation Proclamation, written by President Lincoln at the request of the Ladies' Sanitary Commission, and a draft of the Civil Rights bill in the handwriting of Charles Sumner, were sent from Chicago.

The Georgia State Building, facing the Auditorium, was three stories high. The entrance from the plaza was in the basement, while the main entrance, from the west, was on the second floor, on a level with the Administration drive. The building had a frontage of more than 200 feet, with a central dome 100 feet high, over which appeared the model of the coat of arms of the State, "Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation," and on the pediment above the entrance was a bas-relief of its founder, James Oglethorpe. It contained a fine epitome of the native products and manufactures of Georgia, with a good representation of its progress in education, including the exhibit of the State Institute of Technology. Above the balcony, which extended entirely about the building, a series of eight paintings, representing life on Southern plantations, formed a deep and effective frieze. Many interesting relics of the war were to be seen, and near the building stood the "battle-scarred cabin " of Kenesaw mountain, from Cobb

County. Perhaps the most striking exhibit was. that of an immense block of Georgia marble, 22 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet 6 inches thick, surmounted by 2 smaller blocks upon which was balanced a globe, 4 feet in diameter, of polished marble.

The Georgia Manufacturers' Building, which was erected by the recently organized association of the manufacturers of the State, presented the first effort ever made to illustrate the industrial progress of a Southern State. It was near the Jackson Street entrance, just south of the Transportation Building, and though it was not so large as many of the buildings, its massive central gable and large towers gave it a fine appearance. Its dimensions were 254 x 84 feet, and its architecture suggested the later Spanish Renaissance. It contained every kind of cotton and woolen fabrics, sawmill, flour and grist mill machinery, pumps, gins and cotton presses, cotton-seed oil and by-products, with fertilizers and the various ordinary lines of manufactured goods.

Other State Exhibits.-Besides Georgia, the following States participated: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee, and the District of Columbia.

The largest appropriation of any State was made by Pennsylvania, which gave $38,000, about equally divided between the cost of its building and its exhibit. The Pennsylvania Building was pronounced by some the finest of all the structures. It was low, finished in pure white, with a broad-tiled veranda and a double portico extending forward from each end of the building. In it stood the Liberty Bell, and among the interesting documents displayed was the original indenture or quit-claim deed given by James, Duke of York and Albany, to William Penn. Like most of the State buildings, it was arranged and utilized solely as headquarters for the commissioners, and a resort for those visiting the Exposition from the Commonwealth. The State exhibit of birds and animals was placed in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, and was very fine. It was valued at $15,000. The work done in teaching the deaf was also shown, and was of much interest.

New York and Massachusetts expended each $25,000 on a building and exhibit, the former State erecting also a cottage that presented a model workingman's home, intended as an object lesson in household economics, showing the comfort and pleasure to be derived from an income of $500 per annum. The New York Building, which was of stone and cost $12,000, was on the site of the Piedmont Driving Club, and after the Exposition was over passed to that club by arrangement to be used as its club house.

The Illinois Building, on which was expended the total appropriation of $15,000 made by the State, was of a bright canary color. It was in the extreme northeastern portion of the grounds, on the high bluff overlooking Peachtree creek. Near it was the Massachusetts Building, of a colonial yellow color, and the Alabama Building, for which $20,000 was raised by private subscription, and which held a magnificent representation of the State's natural and developed resources. The appropriation made by Connec