tween points in the State per 100 pounds for excess of baggage over 150 pounds." That all able-bodied persons who do not seek some honest employment to procure a livelihood and such persons who are found begging when employment can be obtained shall be treated as vagrants. Married women may make executory contracts and execute letters giving power of attorney. Where either party shall subsequent to marriage have become permanently or incurably insane it shall be cause for divorce. Failure to enforce law on the part of any municipal officer constitutes nonfeasance in office. court to have jurisdiction over such cases. Circuit That every mechanic or other person who shall perform work on, or furnish material for, any building or improvement of any kind under contract shall have a lien upon such building or improvement, said lien to have priority over any and all other incumbrances, mortgages, etc., except such liens as are created for the purpose of raising funds to make such erection or improvements. In cases where heirs do not apply within three years after death of testator, or intestate, it is made lawful for executor or authorized person to publish a call to such legatees or heirs to appear. Otherwise, he deposits such sums in office of probate clerk, subject to order of probate judge. County courts are empowered to refund existing lawful bonded indebtedness by issuing bonds of their respective counties in lieu of bonds heretofore issued by them under any law of the State. To create county boards of medical examiners. purposes. Makes all circulating notes taxable. owners to list such notes under oath. To quiet tax titles in certain cases. To give well and cistern diggers a lien on land upon which improvement is situated. To give laborers' lien on output, machinery, tools, etc., of mines and quarries. To provide for the appointment of boards of trustees of the State charitable institutions. To reorganize the Board of Commissioners of the Penitentiary. To make it unlawful for any club to keep intoxicating liquors for the use of members without first procuring a license. To require assessors and collectors to indicate the race of persons liable to taxation, To make it a misdemeanor to sell, offer for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, any article of merchandise stamped "sterling," or "sterling silver," unless 0.925 of the component parts of its metal are pure silver. If the article is stamped "coin," or coin silver," 0-900 shall be considered pure silver. Finances. In September Auditor Mills discovered that instead of 1,805 outstanding bonds, the State of Arkansas has only 1,753, which makes a difference of $230,000 in the State's outstanding indebtedness. In the last biennial report of the operations of the State Treasurer's office, the bonded indebtedness, including interest to Oct. 1, 1894, is given as $4,823,022.50. A credit is claimed on bonds held by the United States to the amount of $202,293.33. In his message on his retirement from office, Gov. Fishback repeats his special message to the preceding Legislature urging the passage of an act directing that all evidences of debt against the State shall be brought to the Treasurer before a certain date, to be by the State Debt Board examined, registered, and stamped, and decreeing that all evidences of debt not so presented shall forever be barred from payment. He says that since his message first was issued several bonds have been presented for payment which were found to have been paid already by the State. The Direct Tax fund was created by the appropriation, by an act of Congress of March 2, 1891, of $156,272.65 to refund the direct tax paid by Arkansas to the National Government in 1865 and 1866. The account of this fund at the beginning of the year is as follows: Original fund, $156,272.65; on hand Jan. 1, 1893, $52,595.69; received May 23, 1893, $15,170.27; disbursed between Jan. 1, 1893, and Jan. 1, 1895, $29,828.14; on hand Jan. 1, 1895, $37,937.82. The condition of the controversy between the Government of the United States and the State of Arkansas, as indicated by the Governor's message on this subject is as follows: The General Government acquired by purchase in 1838, for the use of various trust funds, $793,000 face value of Arkansas State bonds, which now, with accrued interest, amount to $2,671,952.50. For twenty years pressure for payment has been made. In 1889 the State Legislature conferred upon the Governor plenary power to represent the State in a negotiation looking to a final settlement. In 1891 Congress conferred upon the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of the Treasury similar power, and these officials appointed a committee to conduct the investigation on the part of the Government. On the receipt of their report to the secretaries, a conference between the secretaries and the Governor followed with a view of reaching a definite basis of settlement. Terms of agreement were decided upon, and a bill ratifying them was submitted to Congress in February. The State Legislature, by a concurrent resolution of both Houses, formally assented to the settlement agreed upon. The State had put in counterclaims to almost the full amount claimed by the Government. The Governor's message says: We had undisputed credits to the amount of $358,231.13. To extinguish the large balance, we made an effort to show that the balance was equitably extinguished by claims arising in our favor out of the failure of the General Government to patent to this State all of the lands covered by what is known as the Swamp Land Grant of 1850. This is the principal source of our counter-claim, although we made, and were allowed, considerable credits on account of fractional sixteenth sections and for lands to which we are entitled under what is known as the Saline Land Grant. Those two latter items are not large. We were also allowed credit for $206,000, being 5 per cent. of cash derived by the General Government from sale of public lands in this State, as we were also the late war, as place of confinement for military credited with $7,000 for use of penitentiary during prisoners. As a result of this settlement the State of Arkansas is to receive all of her bonds and coupons except 160 bonds of $1,000 each, coupons being cut therefrom up to Jan. 1, 1895, and in return the State is to release and quit claim to the General Government all claims under the Swamp Land Grant or any other. Banks. On May 7 the deposits on hand in the national banks in the State amounted to $2,017,000; the loans and discounts were $2,181,000; the average reserve fund was 43.37 per cent. During the two years preceding January, 1895, 7 State banks were established, with capital stock amounting to $300,000. Railroads.-The total valuation of railroad property in 1894 was $19,932,353. The increase in the assessments for 1895 aggregates $1,095,000, the heaviest increase being in the Iron Mountain assessment, which is $889,000 greater than last year. Next comes the Cotton Belt, whose assessment is increased $209,000. The mileage is not materially changed since last year, the increase being mainly in side tracks. In September articles of incorporation of the Arkansas and Choctaw Railroad were filed, the capital stock being $1,500,000. The road will extend from Ashdown, Little River County, into the Indian Territory, 70 miles. Red River Improvement.-For the improvement of the Red River in Louisiana and Arkansas $1,325,000 has been appropriated. The improvement consists of snagging, dredging, and protecting by revetments and levees. Education. The common-school fund, amounting to $321,255.87, was apportioned in August, the number of school children in the State being estimated at 438,711, and the amount apportioned to each child being 73 cents, a balance of $953.04 remaining in the treasury. The Legislature appropriated $10,000 a year for the next two years for the establishment in each county of normal institutes for white teachers, and for such additional ones for colored teachers as may be decided upon by the Superintendent of Public Instruction. For the maintenance of the branch normal college until April, 1897, $11,400 was appropriated, and for the support of the Industrial University $48,950, until the same date. The university reports 615 pupils at the close of the school year, who were instructed by 35 teachers. Charitable Institutions.-The biennial reports of the State asylums to Oct. 1, 1894, show that in the Insane Asylum on that date the number of inmates was 485, of whom 383 were white and 102 colored. In the Deaf Mute Institute 187 pupils were enrolled. The School for the Blind had 135 white and 28 colored pupils, for whose maintenance $35,292.47 had been paid out during the preceding eighteen months. Among appropriations made by the Legislature in March of this year was $57,188 for the School for the Blind, $81,440 for the Deaf Mute Institute, $17,350 for the Soldiers' Home, and $187,792 for the conduct of the Insane Asylum, all for a period of two years. To repair the damage to the Insane Asylum by the cyclone of last year an appropriation of $4,500 was made, and to provide for constructing a sewer from the asylum and from the Deaf Mute Institute, to connect with the sewer for the Penitentiary, $12,500 was appropriated. For the maintenance of Confederate soldiers not in the Soldiers' Home and entitled to pensions, $35,000 per annum was voted. Penitentiary. The report of the committee to investigate the management of the Penitentiary, made in March, shows that since May, 1893, when the State assumed control of it, the Penitentiary not only has become self-sustaining, but has made a net gain of $49,336.36. Of the $31,500 appropriated for its maintenance during two years by the Legislature of 1893, $27,844.75 has been returned to the treasury. The general appearance and physical condition of the convicts is much improved. Their number on March 25 was 854, of whom 253 were white, 597 colored, and 4 Indians. Immigration. The Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture reports that the immigration from other States in 1894 was greater than in any preceding year, over 50,000 persons having come into the State. Of public lands, over 70,000 acres were conveyed during the first three months of 1895. The increase of population from 1880 to 1890 was 40 per cent., and the increase in wealth was 102 per cent. Elements of Wealth.-Arkansas has 18,000,000 acres of timber land, from which $20,000,000 worth of lumber is cut yearly; 4,650,000 acres of coal land; 7,124,000 acres containing ores of iron manganese, zinc, copper, bauxite, antimony, galena, and silver; 3,150,000 acres containing ocher, clays, kaolin, gypsum, marble, granite, onyx, and slate; and 12,000,000 acres containing sandstone, limestone, lithographic stone, and novaculite. Immense deposits of valuable aluminium clay also have been found. Decisions. Among opinions of public interest delivered by the Supreme Court during the year are the following: That an expert who testifies as such in behalf of the State in a criminal case is not entitled to compensation in addition to the usual fees allowed witnesses in such cases. He can not be compelled to make an examination or preliminary preparation, nor to attend the trial and listen to the testimony that he may be better enabled to give his opinion as an expert. For any service of this kind he may demand extra compensation; but such information as he already possesses that is pertinent to the issue he can be made to give, whether such information is peculiar to his trade or profession or not. That the taking or reserving of the highest legal rate of interest in advance on negotiable paper having twelve months to run is not usurious. That" original packages," in the manufacture of whisky, means the quantity as put up by the manufacturer for sale and shipment by himself, and for handling in the regular course of trade. That permanency or continuity of ostensible marital relationship is necessary to constitute illegal cohabitation. ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. American.—The forty-fourth meeting of the American Association was held in Springfield, Mass., during Aug. 28– Sept. 7, 1895. The officers of the meeting were: President, Edward W. Morley, of Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-presidents of the sections: A, Edgar Frisby, Washington, D. C.; B. W. Le Conte Stevens, Troy, N. Y.; C, William McMurtrie, Brooklyn, N. Y.; D. William Kent, Passaic, N. J.; E, Jedediah Hotchkiss, Staunton, Va.; F, Leland O. Howard, Washington, D. C.; G, John C. Arthur, Lafayette, Ind.; H, Frank H. Cushing, Washington, D. C.; I, Bernhard E. Fernow, Washington, D. C. Permanent Secretary, Frederick W. Putnam, Cambridge, Mass. General Secretary, James Lewis Howe, Lexington, Va. Secretary of the Council, Charles R. Barnes, Madison, Wis. Secretaries of the sections: A, Asaph Hall, Jr., Ann Arbor, Mich.; B, Ernest Merritt, Ithaca, N. Y.; C, William P. Mason, Troy, N. Y.; Opening Proceedings.-The usual regular preliminary meeting of the council with which the association begins its sessions was held in The Worthy, which was the headquarters of the association, on Aug. 28, at noon. At this session EDWARD WILLIAMS MORLEY. the final details pertaining to the arrangements of the meeting were settled, and the reports of the local committees acted on. Also the names of 101 applicants for membership were favorably considered. At a meeting held on Jan. 29, 1895, 13 names had been already acted on. The general session, with which the public meetings began, was held in Association Hall, of the Young Men's Christian Association, on Aug. 29. The meeting was called to order by Secretary Putnam, who read a letter of regret from the retiring president, Dr. Brinton, announcing his detention in Europe owing to the illness of his wife. Prof. William H. Brewer, the senior vicepresident, was then called to the chair, and in a few brief complimentary remarks, in which a reference was made to his magnificent work on the determination of the atomic weight of oxygen, introduced the new president, Edward Williams Morley. Prof. Morley expressed his thanks to the association for the honor that they had conferred upon him, and presented the Rev. Bradley Gilman, of Springfield, who made the prayer. An address of welcome by ex-Lieut.Gov. William N. Haile, as chairman of the local committee of arrangements, followed, in the course of which he said: In the contemplation and discussion of these scientific problems which will engross your attention no more suitable place could be found than our Connecticut river valley, with its historical associations, its environment of many institutions of learning, and its great variety of industries. That your convention That its result will have a beneficial effect upon this will be a success we trust and believe confidently. community we know in advance. This is an age which is demanding the fullest exposition and explanation of the wonderful phenomena hitherto so entirely hidden in obscurity that science is bringing to light. What a vast amount an all-wise Providence has in store for us, which will in due time be made plain to humanity! and it is the privilege of this association, which embraces in its members so many who have achieved marked success in the realm of science, to greatly advance the cause of scientific research and knowledge. In behalf of Springfield, its mayor, the Hon. Charles L. Long, then welcomed the association to the city. After reference to the meeting held there in 1859 under the presidency of Stephen Alexander, and of the progress in science since that time, he closed with the following: I am greatly honored in being the representative of such a city, and as its representative in extending to you a cordial welcome to our borders, to an association with our people, to an examination of our institutions, and to such entertainment as we may be able to provide for you; and I assure you that by your presence our citizens appreciate that they are greatly honored by reason of your high standing as individuals, your professional attainments, and the reputation of your association, whose illustrious work in the past will be, I am sure, excelled by the results which will crown its labors in the future. President Morley then thanked the speakers for their words of welcome and recalled the fact that of the members elected in Springfield in 1859 only three survive, namely, Prof. Simon Newcomb, Prof. Henry A. Ward, and Dr. Samuel H. Scudder. He also said, "This section is the home of the highest literary life of the country, and no State has more intellectual life than Massachusetts." Miscellaneous business of the association was then taken up, after which the association adjourned to meet in sections. Address of the Retiring President.-The association met in the Court Street Theater on the evening of Aug. 29 to hear the retiring address of President Daniel G. Brinton. Owing to President Brinton's absence, the address was read by the general secretary. Its subject was "The Aims of Anthropology." He said: My endeavor will be to point out both the immediate and remote aims of the science of anthropology, and to illustrate by some examples the bearings they have on the thoughts and acts of civilized communities and intelligent individuals. I use the term anthropology in the sense in which it has been adopted by this association-that is, to include the study of the whole of man, his psychical as well as his physical nature, and the products of all his activities, whether in the past or in the present. You will readily understand from this the magnitude of the material which anthropology includes within its domain. First, it investigates the physical life of man in all its stages and in every direction. While he is still folded in the womb it watches his embryonic progress through those lower forms which seem the reminiscences of far-off stages of the evolution of the species, until the child is born into the world, ondowed with the heritage transmitted from innumerable ancestors and already rich in personal experiences from its prenatal life. These combined decide the individual's race and strain, and potently incline, if they do not absolutely coerce, his tastes and ambi ... tions, his fears and hopes, his failure or success. On the differences thus brought about, and later nourished by the environment, biology, as applied to the human species is based; and on them as expressed in aggregates, ethnography, the separation of the species into its subspecies and smaller groups, is founded. Concerning archæology, he said: There is another vast field of study wholly apart from this and even more fruitful in revelations. It illustrates man's mental or psychical nature, his passions and instincts, his emotions and thoughts, his powers of ratiocination, volition, and expression. These are preserved and displayed subjectively in his governiments and religions, his laws and his languages, his words and his writings; and, objectively, in his manufactures and structures, in the environment which he himself creates-in other words, in all that which we call the arts, be they "hooked to some useful end" or designed to give pleasure only. as He then discussed in turn prehistoric archæology, folklore, vital statistics, ethnology (concerning the latter he defined its mission to be the definition of "the universal in humanity distinguished from all those traits which are the products of fluctuating environment), characterology, and applied anthropology in their various relations to anthropology. In conclusion he said: It seems clear, therefore, that the teachings of anthropology, whether theoretical or practical, lead us back to the individual as the point of departure and also the goal. The state was made for him, not he for the state; any improvement in the group must start by the improvement of its individual members. This may seem a truism, but how constantly is it overlooked in the most modern legislation and schemes of social amelioration! How many even of such a learned audience as this have carefully considered in what respects the individual man has improved since the beginning of historic time? Is he taller, stronger, more beautiful? Are his senses more acute, his love purer, his memory more retentive, his will firmer, his reason stronger? Can you answer me these questions correctly? I doubt it much. Yet, if you can not, what right have you to say that there is any improvement at all? Ignorant of his past, ignorant of his real needs, ignorant of himself, man has blundered and stumbled up the thorny path of progress for tens of thousands of years. Mighty states, millions of individuals, have been hurled to destruction in the perilous ascent, mistaking the way, pursuing false paths, following blind guides. Now anthropology steps in, the new science of man, offering the knowledge of what he has been and is, the young but wise teacher, revealing the future by the unwavering light of the past, offering itself as man's trusty mentor and friend, ready to conduct him by sure steps upward and onward to the highest summit which his nature is capable of attaining; and who dares set a limit to that! This is the final aim of anthropology, the lofty ambition which the student of this science deliberately sets before himself. will point to a worthier or nobler one? Proceedings of the Sections. The association is divided into 9 sections, each of which is presided over by an officer having the rank of vice-president of the association. Subsequent to the opening proceedings, each section meets by itself and effects its organization by electing a fellow to represent it in the council, a sectional committee of 3 fellows, a fellow or member to the nominating committee, and a com Who mittee of 3 members or fellows to nominate officers of the section for the next meeting. As soon as this organization is effected the secretary VOL. XXXV.-3 of the section reports to the general secretary, who then provides him with a list of papers that, having been considered suitable by the council, may be read and discussed before the section. A press secretary, whose duties are to receive abstracts of the papers read and to give them to reporters, is an official that has come into service since 1893. Sections.-A. Mathematics and Astronomy. At the meeting held in Brooklyn in 1894 it was decided by the council that the association should gather in some place in California, not tory arrangements could be made for transporfar from San Francisco, provided that satisfactation. Notwithstanding the efforts made by Prof. Joseph Le Conte, a past president, who had so strongly urged a meeting on the Pacific coast, it proved impossible to make the desired arrangements, and an invitation from Springfield was therefore accepted by the council at a special meeting held on Jan. 26, 1895. Among the officers chosen as vice-presidents were two from California, and when it was decided to hold the meeting in Springfield they found it impossible to attend, and in consequence resigned. The first of these was Edward S. Holden, Director of the Lick Observatory, and to fill his place, Edgar Frisby, of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D. C., was nominated by the council and confirmed by the association. Eliakim H. Moore, of Chicago, who had been chosen secretary of the section, likewise resigned, and to his place Asaph Hall, Jr., was chosen. The following-named papers were read and discussed before the section: "Development of Some Useful Quaternion Expressions, with Applications to Geometry of Three and Four Dimensions," by James B. Shaw; "The Constant of Aberration," by Charles L. Doolittle; On the Constant of Nutation," by Seth C. Chandler; "Progress of the Zone Work at the Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C.," by Aaron N. Skinner; "On the Distribution and the Secular Variation of Terrestrial Magnetism," by Louis A. Bauer; "Sunspots and Magnetic Storms," by Major A. Veeder; "The Spectrum of 8 Lyre," by Edwin B. Frost; "Notes on Square Numbers whose Sum is either a Square or the Sum of Other Squares," by Artemas Martin; "Some Results for Stellar Parallax from Meridian Transit Observations at the Washburn Observatory," by Albert S. Flint; "Making Astronomy Popular," by Miss Mary Proctor: "A Convenient Formula for computing Times of Moon Rising" and Edgar Frisby; "Chronology and Ancient Eclipses," "On a Slide Scale for Computing Precession," by by Samuel W. Balch; and Period of R Coma," by Henry M. Parkhurst. B. Physics.-The presiding officer of this section was Prof. W. Le Conte Stevens, who fills the chair of physics in the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y. He chose as the title of his address "Recent Progress in Optics," and discussed "light-waves as standards of length at first. The new method is operated by interference of beams of light reflected and transmitted by a plate of plane parallel optical glass, and then reflected back by two mirrors appropriately placed; fringes are caught in an observing telescope. The subject of "luminescence" was then taken up, and from the fact that instantaneous luminescence, which is fluorescence, is accompanied by chemical action on a minute scale, it is probable that all luminescence is therefore jointly physical and chemical. Photography, like luminescence, is a manifestation of the transformation of energy, most frequently of initial short wave length. The production of color by photography is nothing new, but such colors can not be made permanent. Turning to "stationary light-waves," he said, "Two quite different methods are to be considered in tracing the recent development of this interesting application of optical principles." referred to the work of Becquerel and the more recent studies of Lippman. The latter he considered at some length. He Of the applications of the spectroscope that have resulted in recent additions to our knowledge, it is possible only to make mention of a few. Rowland has been investigating the spectra of all the chemical elements, photographing them in connection with the normal solar spectrum, and reducing them to his table of standards, which is now accepted. Through the spectroscope chiefly has been established the discovery of the atmospheric element, argon; its remarkable property of green fluorescence when the electric spark is passed through it in presence of benzene; and its association in meteoric iron and various minerals with helium, now proved to be a terrestrial as well as a solar element. By photographing the spectrum of Saturn's rings and noting the relative displacement of the different parts of a spectral line, Keeler has obtained a beautiful direct proof of the meteoric constitution of these rings. A new substance with double rotatory power, like quartz, has been discovered by Wyrouboff, the neutral anhydrous tartrate of rubidium, which is unique in that its rotatory power in the crystalline state becomes reversed in solution. He closed with a discussion of certain developments in physiological optics. One discovery is that the rotating color disk has been applied by Ogden N. Rood to the determination of luminosity independently of color by taking advantage of the flickering appearance on a rotating disk upon which two parts have different reflecting powers. An extreme case of this is that of a white sector upon a black disk. At a certain critical speed the retinal shock due to momentary impression by white light becomes analyzed into the subjective impression of spectral colors, the duration of the retinal sensation varying with the wave length of the incident light. Subsequently the following-named papers were read and discussed before the section: "Expansion of Jessop's Steel, measured by Interferential Method," by Edward W. Morley and William A. Rogers; "Flow of Alternating Current in an Electrical Cable" and "The Most General Relation between Electric and Magnetic Force and their Displacements," by Michael I. Pupin; "The Significance of Color Terms," "On Standard Colors," and "The Analysis of Floral Colors," by J. H. Pillsbury; "On the Comparison in Brightness of differently Colored Lights and the 'Flicker' Photometer," by Frank P. Whitman; "A New Apparatus for studying Color Phenomena," by Ernest R. von Nardroff; Voice Production, with Photographs of the Vocal Cords in Action" and "Voice Analysis, with Photographic Record," by Floyd S. Muckey and William Hallock; "Note on the Limits of Range of the Human Voice," by W. Le Conte Stevens; "Observations on the Re lations of Certain Properties of Line Spectra to the The following papers were presented before a "Relations of the Weather Bureau to the Science and Industry of the Country," by Willis L. Moore; "Solar Magnetic Radiation and Weather Forecasts," by Frank H. Bigelow; "Clouds and their Nomenclature," by Cleveland Abbe; "Cloud Photography" (with lantern illustrations), by Alfred J. Henry; and "California Electrical Storms," by John D. Parker. C. Chemistry. This section was presided over by Dr. William McMurtrie, of Brooklyn, who discussed "The Relation of the Industries to the Advancement of Chemical Science" in his vicepresidential address. tioned the circumstances which led to the absorption of chlorine by organic bodies, concerning which Dumas declared that "it is not generally known that the theory of substitution owes its source to a soirée in the Tuileries." Dumas had At the outset he men been called upon by his father-in-law, Alexander Brogniart, who was director of the Sèvres porcelain works and in a measure a member of the royal household, to examine into the cause of the irritating vapors from candles burned in the ballroom, a demand to which Dumas readily acceded, because he had already done some work upon the examination of wax that could not be bleached and was therefore unmerchantable. It was therefore from the application of chemistry to the industries that this fact was established. It seems to make little difference to which branch of chemical work we turn for illustrations of these ideas. The losses suffered by Italy and France by the diseases of the silkworm, the deterioration of the wines, and the diseases of animals made demands upon the genius of Pasteur, and through his brilliant work and magnificent results attention has been directed to the field of bacteriology and fermentation, and almost a new science has been built upon it. The development of the coal-tar industries and the growth of the use of electricity in the production of chemical products was mentioned. In conclusion he said: It would be impossible in this discussion to cover more than a few of the manifold ways in which the science of chemistry has been advanced by the industries, their wants, and their wastes. The former |