President, met him at Amapola and discussed the question of union and the terms of agreements tending toward federation. An agreement was prepared which prohibits exiles from fomenting revolutions. President Barrios declined to take part in a federation conference unless the old claim of Guatemala to supremacy on the ground of its superior size and population should be recognized beforehand. President Iglesias, of Costa Rica, on account of a boundary dispute with Nicaragua, also declined to come. A compact to establish permanent peace in Central America was drawn up and signed by the heads of the three republics. The compact unites them into a single nation in regard to their external political and commercial relations. The united republics will be known as the Greater Republic of Central America until Guatemala and Costa Rica also accept the agreement, when the title will be the Republic of Central America. The internal affairs of each republic will continue to be carried on under its own constitution by its proper legislature. All external affairs will be transacted under the directions of a Diet consisting of one deputy from each legislature and one other member representing each republic. The members serve three years. A majority vote decides. In negotiations with other governments the Diet chooses one of its members to act as plenipotentiary. It appoints all diplomatic and consular representatives. The Diet meets annually at the capital of each republic in turn. All questions now in abeyance or that may arise in future between any of the republics and a foreign government shall be discussed by the Diet according to data and instructions furnished by the interested government. If it be impossible to arrange in a friendly manner a question presented for consideration or to have the question submitted to arbitration, it shall notify all three governments, and a majority of them shall decide whether to accept the result of the negotiations or to declare war. When arbitration is agreed upon the Diet shall nominate an arbitrator, and must select from among the residents of the American republics.

HUNT, RICHARD MORRIS, architect, born in Brattleboro, Vt., Oct. 31, 1828; died in Newport, R. I., July 31, 1895. He was a son of Jonathan Hunt, a Representative in Congress for many years, and a younger brother of William Morris Hunt, the painter. In 1843 he was graduated at the Boston High School, and, having chosen the profession of architecture, went to Europe to study in the same year. He spent 1844 with Samuel Darier in Geneva, Switzerland, and in 1845 entered the atelier of Hector Lefuel in Paris, and also became a student at the École des Beaux Arts. During the nine years he was with Lefuel he made several professional journeys in Europe, Egypt, and Asia Minor. In 1854, Lefuel succeeded Visconti as architect of the new buildings connecting the Tuileries and the Louvre, and secured for his pupil the appointment of inspector of the work. Mr. Hunt was placed in special charge of the Pavilion de la Bibliotheque, opposite the Palais Royal, and under his chief made all the studies and drawings for that work. He returned to the United States in 1855, and established himself in New

York city. His first engagement here was with Thomas U. Walter, whom he assisted in preparing plans for the completion of the Capitol in Washington. On settling permanently in New York, he opened an atelier for students similar to those in Paris, at first in the University Building, and afterward in the Tenth Street Studio Building, which he had recently designed and erected, and was influential in founding the American Institute of Architects. His first public work comprised designs for the four southern entrances to Central Park, which were adopted by the Park Department in 1860, but up to the present time have not been carried out. In 1861-22 Mr. Hunt was principally engaged in study and travel in Europe, being part of the time a pupil of Barye the sculptor, and in 1867 he was a member of the jury of the Paris Exposition. In 1870 he entered on the really productive part of his career, which first exhibited the results of his study and the direction of his mind in the line of domestic architecture at Newport, R. I. His work there transformed that city from a popular summer resort to a costly and artistic residential place, replete with charm and comfort all the year round. His genius soon began to find expression in great business structures, so that within a few years he distinguished himself as the creator of a unique style of both domestic and business architecture. In 1876 he was appointed a member of the jury of the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. His last noted public work was in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. He was president of the board of architects selected to confer with the Chief of Construction regarding the grouping of buildings and their architecture, and besides this advisory work he designed the noble Administration Building (see Annual Cyclopædia" for 1891, page 838). He was awarded the Queen's gold medal by the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1893, and at the personal presentation of it President MacVickar Anderson paid Mr. Hunt and his work this compliment: "We are about to do honor to a citizen of the great Western republic, one whose name we are proud to enroll as one of our gold medalists not only on account of high personal and professional merit, but also because he is the first American whose name will appear in that roll call of illustrious artists. That the selection should this year have fallen on one who has designed the principal building in the great Columbian Exposition which attracts the world's sightseers to Chicago at the present moment, and which will hereafter associate the name of America with the most wondrous development that international exhibitions have ever reached, or perhaps are ever likely to attain, is, to say the least, a singularly fortunate coincidence. In honoring Mr. Hunt, in recognition of his eminence and of his works as an artist, we rejoice that we are thus able to pay a graceful tribute to the United States in the person of one of her most distinguished sons." On Dec. 23, 1894, Mr. Hunt received the honor of election to a vacant associate membership of the Academie des Beaux Arts, a distinction rarely conferred on a foreigner, and a graceful supplement to the honorary membership of the Institute, which he had held for some years. He was also an honorary mem

ber of the Central Society of French Architects, the Royal Institute of British Architects, the Engineers' and Architects' Society of Vienna, and the Academy of St. Luke, in Rome, Italy, and a member of the Legion of Honor of France, the American Institute of Architects, and the Architectural League. In 1892 he received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Harvard College, being the first artist ever so honored by that institution. Among the bestknown structures designed by him, besides those already mentioned, are the monument erected by the United States Government at Yorktown, Va., in 1881; the pedestal of the statue of Liberty in New York harbor; the Astor memorial doors of bronze in Trinity Church, New York city; the United States Naval Observatory at Washington; the academic

new

and gymnasium buildings of the United States Military Academy at West Point; the Marquand Chapel and Theological Library at Princeton College; the Divinity School and the Scroll-and-Key Society building at Yale College; the Lenox Library, Presbyterian Hospital, "New York Tribune "building, Coal and Iron Exchange, Guernsey office building, and the residences of William K. Vanderbilt, Ogden Mills, Elbridge T. Gerry, John Jacob Astor, and Henry G. Marquand-all in New York city; residences of Cornelius Vanderbilt ("The Breakers"), Ogden Goelet ("Ochre Court"), J. R. Busk, Prof. Shields, and Oliver H. P. Belmont ("Belcourt") -all in Newport, R. I.; residence of William K. Vanderbilt at Oakdale, L. I.; residence of George Vanderbilt at Biltmore, N. C.; the Fogg Museum, Cambridge, Mass.; the Vanderbilt mausoleum on Staten Island; and the Mills tomb at Tarrytown, N. Y.

HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY, an English scientist, born in Ealing, Middlesex, England, May 4, 1825; died in Eastbourne, June 29, 1895. His father was a teacher in Ealing. Of his mother he wrote: 66 Physically and mentally, I am the son of my mother so completely-even down to the peculiar movements of the hands, which made their appearance in me as I reached the age she had when I noticed them-that I can hardly find any trace of my father in my

self, except an inborn faculty for drawing, which, unfortunately, in my case has never been cultivated; a hot temper, and that amount of tenacity of purpose which unfriendly observers call obstinacy. My mother was a slender brunette of an emotional and energetic temperament, and possessed of the most piercing black eyes I ever saw in a woman's head. With no more education than other women of the middle classes in her day, she had an excellent mental capacity. Her most distinguishing characteristic, however, was rapidity of thought. If one ventured to suggest that she had not taken much time to arrive at any conclusion, she would say: 'I can not help it; things flash across me!' That peculiarity has been passed on to me in full strength; it has sometimes played me sad tricks, and it has always been a danger." His earliest education was received at the school where his father taught. Poverty made a university career impossible, and he turned to reading. The works of Thomas Carlyle, John Stuart Mill, and the philosophical writers of Germany were studied with eagerness. No book came amiss. He took up one pursuit after another, but failed to continue in any very long. His great desire was to become a mechanical engineer, and he read much with this in mind. Although he failed to realize this ambition, he retained to the last a taste for the mechanical side of investigation. Finally, he began the study of medicine in the office of his brother-in-law, a physician. Thence he passed to the Charing Cross Medical School, where he was graduated in 1846 with high honors in physiology. Of this period he wrote: "The only part of my professional course which really and deeply interested me was physiology, which is the mechanical engineering of living machines; and notwithstanding that natural science has been my proper business, I am afraid there is very little of the genuine naturalist in me. I never collected anything, and species work was always a burden to me; what I cared for was the architectural and engineering part of the business, the working out of the wonderful unity of plan in the thousands and thousands of diverse living constructions, and the modification of similar apparatus to serve diverse ends." While he was in the medical school he published a paper in which he described the layer of cells of the inner rootsheath of the hair, and this is now called Huxley's layer.

As he was too young to qualify at the College of Surgeons, he applied to Sir William Burnett for a medical appointment in the navy. He was instructed to call, which he did, and he thus describes the result:

I think I see him now as he entered with my card in his hand. The first thing he did was to return it with the frugal reminder that I should probably find it useful on some other occasion. The second was to ask whether I was an Irishman. I suppose the air of modesty about my appeal must have struck him. I satisfied the director general that I was English to the backbone, and he made some inquiries as to my ready for examination. Having passed this, I was in student career, finally desiring me to hold myself her Majesty's service and entered on the books of Nelson's old ship "Victory" for duty at Haslar Hospital about a couple of months after I made my ap

Months passed, during which his existence was apparently ignored, when suddenly "Old John" (as the chief was styled), meeting him, described the service in which the "Rattlesnake" was about to be ordered: "He said that Captain Owen Stanley, who was to command the ship, had asked him to recommend an assistant surgeon who knew something of science. Would I like that? Of course I jumped at the offer. Very well, I give you leave; go to London at once and see Captain Stanley.' I went, saw my future commander, who was very civil to me, and promised to ask that I should be appointed to his ship, as in due time I was.' Then followed four years of absence from home, during which the "Rattlesnake" surveyed some of the passages round the coast of Australia and explored the sea between that continent and New Guinea. In the course of his voyage Mr. Huxley made extensive observations of the natural history of the sea, especially with reference to the anatomy of the mollusks and MeduHe collected a great number of specimens, and wrote several papers which he sent home. Of these he says:

sæ.

During the four years of our absence I sent home communication after communication to the Linnæan Society, with the same result as that obtained by Noah when he sent the raven out of his ark. Tired at last of hearing nothing about them, I determined to do or die, and in 1849 I drew up a more elaborate paper and forwarded it to the Royal Society. This was my dove, if I had only known it. But, owing to the movements of the ship, I heard nothing of that

either until my return to England in the latter end of the year 1850, when I found it was printed and published, and that a huge packet of separate copies

awaited me.

For three years after his return he continued in the navy, and persistently tried to persuade his superiors to contribute to the expense of publishing the scientific results of the expedition. At last, weary of his efforts, the Admiralty ordered him to join a ship, "which thing," he says, "I declined to do," and he resigned.

I desired to obtain a professorship of either physiology or comparative anatomy, and as vacancies occurred I applied, but in vain. My friend Prof. Tyndall and I were candidates at the same time-he for

the chair of Physics, and 1 for that of Natural History in the University of Toronto, which, fortunately, as it turned out, would not look at either of us. I say fortunately, not from any lack of respect for Toronto, but because I soon made up my mind that London was the place for me, and hence I have steadily de

clined the inducements to leave it which have at various times been offered.

In 1854 his friend Edward Forbes resigned from the place of paleontologist to the Geological Survey and from the lectureship on natural history in the Royal School of Mines. "I refused the former point-blank," says Huxley, "and accepted the latter only provisionally, saying that I did not care for fossils and that I should give up natural history as soon as I could get a physiological post. But I held the office for thirty-one years, and a large part of my work has been paleontological."

:

Meanwhile he had begun to attain a standing Royal Society in June, 1851, and in 1852 one of among scientists. He was made a fellow of the its medals was conferred upon him. In 1859 the Royal Society published the scientific results of his expedition, under the title of "Oceanic Hydrazoa: A Description of the Calycoporide and Physophorida." Then came the memorable discussion on Darwin at the Oxford meeting of the British Association in 1860. Michael Foster, his friend for forty years, describes the event in these words:

loudly from time to time during his speech, he sat The bishop [Wilberforce] had spoken; cheered down amid rapturous applause, ladies waving their handkerchiefs with great enthusiasm, and in almost dead silence, broken merely by greetings which, coming only from the few who knew, seemed as nothing, Huxley, then well-nigh unknown outside the narrow circle of scientific workers, began his rePly. A cheer, chiefly from a knot of young men in the audience-hearty, but seeming scant through the fewness of those who gave it, and almost angrily resented by some-welcomed the first point made. Then as, slowly and measured at first, more quickly and with more vigor later, stroke followed stroke, the circle of cheers grew wider and yet wider, until the speaker's last words were crowned with an applause falling not far short of, indeed equaling, that which had gone before-an applause hearty and genuine in its recognition that a strong man had arisen among the biologists of England.

To the scientific reputation that he had already achieved he thus added one of a more popular character, and thereafter he took rank among the great men of England. Other appointments followed his acceptance of the chair in the Royal School of Mines. In 1854 he was Royal Institution, and during the same year he made Fullerian Professor of Physiology to the became examiner in physiology and comparative anatomy for the University of London, which place he held for seven years. From 1863 College of Surgeons, and during the absence of to 1869 he was Hunterian Professor in the Royal C. Wyville Thompson in 1875-76 he filled his place as Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. In 1870 he was elected a member of the London School Board, and in its deliberations he became specially prominent as the opponent of denominational Church. education, particularly that of the Catholic He retired from the board in 1872, owing to illness. In the same year he was elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen, and in 1874 was installed. On the death of Frank Buckland, in 1881, he was called to the vacant post of Inspector General of Salmon Fisheries. Failing health compelled his resignation from various appointments in 1885, but at the request of the lord president he retained ence and the Royal School of Mines as dean and Honorary Professor of Biology. He served among which were those relating to fisheries, on many Government and royal commissions, contagious diseases, vivisection, and Scottish universities.

Sci

The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Breslau, that of M. D. by Würzburg, that of LL. D. by Edinburgh and Cambridge in 1879, and that of D. C. L. by Oxford in 1886.