แ

"The Relations of Primary and Secondary Structures in Rocks," by Charles R. Van Hise; "The Archæan and Cambrian Rocks of the Green Mountain Range in Southern Massachusetts," by Benjamin K. Emerson; "Gotham's Cave; or Fractured Rocks in Northern Vermont," by Charles H. Hitchcock; "Recent Discovery of the Occurrence of Marine Cretaceous Strata on Long Island," by Arthur Hollick; Geological Canals between the Atlantic and' Pacific Oceans" and "Recent Elevation of New England," by John W. Spencer; "Geological Notes on the Isles of Shoals," by Horace C. Hovey; "Subdivision of the Upper Silurian in Northeast Iowa," by Andrew G. Wilson; "Supplementary Notes on the Metamorphic Series of the Shasta Region of California," by James P. Smith; "View of the Ice Age as Two Epochs, the Glacial and Champlain," by Warren Upham: "Glacial Phenomena between Lake Champlain and Lake George and the Hudson," by George F. Wright; "Whirlpool of Niagara," by George W. Holley; "Distribution of Sharks in the Cretaceous," by Charles R. Eastman; "Terminology proposed for Description of Pelecy poda," by Alpheus Hyatt; "The Equatorial Counter-currents," by William M. Davis; "Interesting Features in the Surface Geology of the Genesee Region," (with lantern illustrations), by Herman L. Fairchild; "Japan," by Gardner G. Hubbard; and "Great Falls of the Mohawk at Cohoes, N. Y." (with lantern illustrations), by William H. C. Pynchon.

F. Zoology. At the Brooklyn meeting of the association President David S. Jordan, of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, was chosen to preside over this section, but, subsequent to the abandonment of the place of meeting in California, he resigned. To fill the vacancy, Leland 0. Howard, of Washington, was nominated by the council and the selection was confirmed. No vice-presidential address was delivered.

The following-named papers were read and discussed before the section:

The

"The Evolution of the Insect Mouthpiece" (with lantern illustrations), by John B. Smith; Mouthpiece of Insects, with Special Reference to the Diptera and Hemiptera," by Charles L. Marlatt; "On the Olfactory Lobes," by Charles S. Minot; "Notes on Fleas, Mosquitoes, and the Horseflies," by Leland O. Howard; "On the Visceral Anatomy of the Lacertilea" and "The Affinities of the Pythonomorph Reptiles," by Edward D. Cope; "Characters which are useful in raising Larvae of Sphingidae," by George Dimmock; "Temperature Variations of Cattle observed during Extended Periods of Time, with Reference to the Tuberculosis Test," by Julius Nel"On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by the Larvæ of Orgyia Cucostigma, and its Results," by Joseph A. Lintner; "Notes upon the Eupaguridae," by Charles W. Hargitt; "On a Revision of the North American Craspedosomatide," "Stemmiiulus as an Ordinal Type," and "A New Character in the Colobognatha, with Drawings of Siphonotus," by Orator F. Cook;

son;

"A New Wheel for Color Mixing in Tests for Color Vision" and "Some Further Results of Investigation of Areas of Color Vision in the Human Retina," by J. H. Pillsbury; and "A Study of Panorpa and Bittacus," by Ephraim P. Felt.

G. Botany.-This section was presided over by Prof. John C. Arthur, of Lafayette, Ind., who delivered an address before the section, entitled "The Development of Vegetable Physiology." He said: "A half century ago vegetable physiology in the fullness of the modern meaning did not exist. Structural botany was then the dominant phase, and in elementary instruction close attention was paid to the form and arrangement of the organs of flowering plants, with the ulterior object of being able readily to determine the names of the plants of the field. The revivifying spirit in the botanical world emanated from the observations and interpretations of Charles Darwin. Of the development of botany in the curriculum, he said that until the time of Asa Gray it can not be said to have had recognized standing in the American educational system. The department of physiology has received much attention here and there for a long time, yet only very recently has it fallen into place as a systematic part of the general subject. Ecology, which is the name under which we are to attempt the orderly arrangement of the facts, observations, and deductions composing the science," was discussed, and then cafiology, which includes the various phases of juveescence, especially the dynamics of the young cell, was considered. Elaborating the discussion of physiology, he said:

There are many ways in which plants show similar physiological processes to those of animals; and plants, being simpler in organization, their study may promote a knowledge of animal physiology. The greatest similarity between the two kingdoms lies in nutrition, respiration, and reproduction. The greatest divergence is to be found in the manifestation of irritability. Those fundamental processes upon which being and continued existence depend are much the same throughout animate Nature, but the processes by which the organism communicates with the world outside of itself, and through which it is enabled to adjust itself to environmental conditions, the processes sensations, have attained great differentiation, runwhich in their highest development are known as ning along essentially different lines of development. The prevalent view that plants occupy an intermediate position between the mineral and the animal kingdoms is not true in any important respect. Neither is it true that the faculties of animals, especially of the lower animals, are foreshadowed in plants.

Of botany in this country, he said: "This is the country of all others where its practical and educational importance is likely to be most fully recognized, and where the best-equipped and most independent laboratories can most readily be established." In conclusion, he advocated better equipped laboratories, and claimed "that the next great botanical wave that sweeps over America will be a physiological one." Subsequently the following-named papers were read and discussed before the section:

"A Leaf Rot of Cabbage," by H. L. Russell; "Root Fungus of Maize" and "Enantiomorphism in Plants," by George Macloskie; "On the Analysis of Floral Colors," by J. H. Pillsbury; "A Summary of a Revision of the Genus Dicranum," by Charles R. Barnes and Rodney H. True; "Experiments in pollinating

and hybridizing the Orange," by H. J. Webber; "History and Present Status of Orange Culture in Florida," by Charles P. Hart; "An Exoascus upon Alnus leaves," by Mrs. Flora W. Patterson; "Obolaria Virginica L.: A Morphological and Anatomical Study," by Theodore Holm; "Botany of Yakutat Bay, Alaska" and "Poisoning by Broad-leaved Laurel, Kalmia Latifolia," by Frederick V. Coville; "The Physiology of Isopyrum Viteruatrum L." and "The Transmission of Stimuli Effects in Mimosa Pudica L," by Daniel T. MacDougal; "Personal Nomenclature in the Myxomycetes," by Orator F. Cook; "A New Californian Liverwort," by Douglas H. Campbell; Variation after Birth," by Liberty H. Bailey; "Rejuvenation and Heredity," by Charles S. Minot; "The Distinction between Animals and Plants," by John C. Arthur; " Fungous Gardens in the Nests of an Ant (Atta Tardigrada, Buckl.) near Washington, D. C.," by Walter T. Swingle; "The Number of Spare Mother Cells in the Sporangia of Ferns," by Willis L. Jep"The Constancy of the Bacterial Flora of Fore Milk," by Henry L. Bolley; "The Watermelon Wilt and other Wilt Diseases due to Fusarium" and "The Southern Tomato Blight," by Erwin F. Smith; "Observations on the Development of Uncinula Spiralis," by Benjamin T. Galloway; "The Effect of Sudden Changes of Turgor and of Temperature on Growth," by Rodney H. True; "Recording Apparatus for the Study of Transpiration of Plants," by Albert F. Woods; "Pressure, Normal Work, and Surplus Energy in Growing Plants," by George M. Holferty; and "Notes on the Ninth Edition of the London Catalogue of British Plants," by Nathaniel L. Britton.

son ;

H. Anthropology.-Over this section Frank Hamilton Cushing, of the Bureau of Ethnology, was called to preside. His address was more specific than general, for he discussed "The Arrow, with Experiment Illustrations." One of the most ancient of the things man has made is the arrow, and the arrow was perfected in wellnigh all its parts long before the simplest bow came into existence. Mr. Cushing told how he had made arrows, and then said:

I have told this history as it occurred: first, to instance the manner in which I discovered flint flaking, by chancing ignorantly to follow precisely the course primitive man must necessarily have followed. And secondly, to convey to you the lesson that I could learn more by strenuously experiencing with savage things and arts than others or I could have learned by actually and merely seeing and questioning savages themselves about such things and arts. And thirdly, this experience has taught me, that palæolithic man, of the French caves, at least that man who is said to have known no other art of working stone than by rudely breaking it into shape by blows of other stones-could not have existed in such primary status of art for more than a few seasons, at

most.

Then, following the development of the arrow, and, describing the method of its production for various uses, he continued:

From breaking of shells, stones, and bones, and the much cutting of his fingers thereby, primal man must have learned to do all kinds of cutting, scraping, and scratching with the sharp fragments. For long he probably used these fragments unmounted, grasping them with wads of seaweed or grass, as I have grasped a stone, with a fold or two of buckskin, in making with it all the shaft polishers and other like tools. But by lodging such blades in wood, or often wedging sharp things into the end of his spear-form digging stick, he must have learned in time that the stick, so long as thus armed, dug better and cut his contestants better. In time the primitive men began to fit the shafts with straps or their fingers with slinging nooses to further the flight. From the soreness

that came of much or constant use of such first appliances the loops became rings for the fingers, more rigid and joined together; and these, in turn, palms of rawhide for the throwing hands, or of wood hollowed straightly and fitted with holes at the sides for the thumb and great finger, and with a groove underneath, extending to the rear end, at which was a notch or a hole for the forefinger when stretched along the groove and thrust up through the hole. Thus he continued until the arrow was completed and fitted for use in combination with the bow.

The following-named papers were then read and discussed before the section :

"A Study in Anthropo-geography as a Branch of Sociological Investigation, by William Z. Ripley; "The Algonquian Appellatives of the Siouan Tribes of Virginia" and "The Mystery of the Name Pamunkey," by William W. Tooker; "Indian Songs and Music " and "The Sacred Pole of the Omaha Tribe," by Alice C. Fletcher; "The Year of the Pleiades of Prehistoric Starlore" and "The Influence of PrehisNotes on Dwarf Survivals," by R. G. Haliburton; toric Pygmy Races on Early Calendars and Cults, with "Account of the Discovery of a Chipped Chert Implement in Undisturbed Glacial Gravel near Steubenville, Ohio," by Frederick G. Wright; "A Study in Child Life," by Laura O. Talbot; "The Indians of Southern California," by Franz Boas; "The Cosmogonic Gods of the Iroquois," by J. W. B. Hewitt; "Word Formation in the Kootenay Language" and "Kootenay Indian Personal Names," by Alexander F. Chamberlain; "A Vigil of the Gods," by Washington Matthews; "Some Arabic Survivals in the Language and Folk Usage of the Rio Grande Valley," by John G. Bourke; "The Spider Goddess and the Demon H. Cushing; "The Origin of Playing Cards," "The Snare" and "The Dynasty of the Arrow," by Frank Origin of Money in China," and "Mustach Sticks of the Ainus," by Stewart Culin; " An Ojibwa Transformation Tale," by Harlan I. 'Smith; "Old Mohawk Words" and "An Iroquois Condolence," by William M. Beauchamp; "Mental Measurements in Anthropology," by J. McKeen Cattell; "Some Symbolic Carvings from the Ancient Mounds of Ohio," by Frederick W. Putnam and C. C. Willoughby; "Notes on the Bushmen of Transvaal," by George Leith; "Village Life among the Cliff Dwellers," "The Dif ferent Races described by Early Discoverers and Explorers," and "The Paleolithic Cult, its Characteristic Variations and Tokens," by Stephen D. Peet; 66 Melange of Micmac Notes," by Stansbury Hager; "Grammatic Form and the Verb Concept in Iroquoian Speech," by J. W. B. Hewitt; "Anthropometrical, Psycho-neural, and Hypnotic Measurements," by Arthur MacDonald; "The Education of Blind-deaf Mutes," by John Button Wright."

A

I. Economic Science and Statistics.-The presiding officer of this section was Bernhard E. Fernow, of the Department of Agriculture in Washington. He discussed "The Providential Resources" in his address. The first part was Function of Government in Relation to Natural taken up with the discussion of theories of government and of the right of interference with individual control of natural resources. He ex

pressed his doubt as to whether there is yet such a thing as economic science, and thought that the section should be called the section of social science. After showing reason for holding that the Government has the right to prevent waste of natural resources, he classified these as follows: First, resources inexhaustible; second, resources exhaustible and nonrestorable; third, resources restorable, but liable to deterioration fourth, resources restorable, and apt to yield increased activity. Of the first class there are

;

hardly any. To the second class belong mines, and to the third timber, water power, and fisheries. To the fourth class belong most of the resources which are the product of human labor, industry, and ingenuity; the accumulated wealth, the accumulated educational fund, and other conditions of civilization, the people themselves capable of performing labor.

Most of his address was devoted to the fourth class, with special reference to his own specialty of forestry. He deplored the attempt to get the largest profit from labor, which is the only incentive of private enterprise, and is bound to lead to unconservative management, especially where the maintenance of favorable forest conditions from protective considerations is necessary, for here, again, the need of leaving valuable material for the time being, the need of curtailing present revenue for the sake of the future and for the sake of other people's interest, can hardly be expected to be appreciated by the private individual.

In closing, he expressed the hope "that the students of political economy associated with this section will see that this branch of their science, the economy of natural resources, so important and yet so much neglected, requires on their part a fuller and more careful consideration."

Subsequently the following-named papers were read and discussed before the section:

"Manual Training in Horticulture for Our Country Schools," by William R. Lazenby: "Equality of Opportunity: How can we secure it?" by J. L. Cowles; On Suicide," by William L. O'Neill; "Growth of Great Cities," by Elmer L. Corthell; "Taxation in the United States," by Edward Atkinson; "A System of Co-metallism," by J. W. Sylvester; "An International Coinage," by Henry Farquhar; "The Law of Chance, illustrated in Railway Accidents," by Thomas C. Mendenhall; and "A Cottage Settlement in Spain," by Mary J. Eastman.

Popular Features of the Proceedings.These began with an evening reception from 8 to 11 P. M. on Aug. 28, by the president of the City Library Association to members of the association at the Art Museum for the purpose of inspecting the George Walter Vincent Smith Art Collection. Subsequent to the delivery of the presidential address, on the evening of Aug. 29, the usual reception by the Ladies' Reception Committee was given in City Hall. On Aug. 30, the Art Museum was open to members of the association in the afternoon. In the evening a public lecture on the "Geographical Develop ment of the Connecticut Valley" (with lantern illustrations), complimentary to the citizens of Springfield, was given by Prof. William M. Davis, of Harvard University. As usual, Saturday (Aug. 31) was devoted to an excursion and a trip to Amherst, Northampton, and Mount Holyoke College was arranged. Such members as desired to visit Mount Holyoke College, took carriages at Holyoke. The main excursion train went to Amherst, where Amherst College was visited, also the new science laboratory and the collections of mineralogy, geology, and zoology, or the Massachusetts Agricultural College with its insectary, where the various stages and development of insects and their manner of living were studied. From Amherst a visit was made to Northampton, to inspect Smith College. Besides a union meet

ing on Sunday evening, Sept. 1, at which addresses were given by Prof. William N. Rice, of Wesley an University, Middletown, Conn., Prof. George Macloskie, of Princeton, N. J., President James Woodrow, of South Carolina College, and Miss Alice C. Fletcher, of Cambridge, Mass., sermons appropriate to the occasion were delivered at the morning service of several of the churches. Among these was one on "Science and Life," by Rev. Philip S. Moxom; one on "The Scientific Aspects of the Christian Evidences," by Prof. G. Frederick Wright; one on "The Services of Sciences," by Rev. Bradley Gilman; and one on The Alternative-Christianity or Agnosticism," by the Rev. William N. Rice.

On the evening of Sept. 3 a second public lecture, complimentary to the citizens of Springfield, on "The Wild Flowers of the Connecticut Valley" (with colored lantern Illustrations), was given by Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt, of New York. Also a public lecture on the "Illustrative Method of teaching Geography and Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City" (with lantern illustrations) was given on Sept. 4 by Prof. Albert S. Bickmore, of New York city.

Affiliated Organizations.-Various other scientific societies, taking advantage of the gathering of so many of their members at the meeting of the American Association, have in recent years adopted the practice of holding meetings at the same place and contemporaneous with the American Association, but at such hours as not to interfere with the regular sessions of the larger body. Of these, the Society for Promotion of Agricultural Science met on Aug. 26 and 27. Its president was William Saunders, of Ottawa, Canada, and its secretary was William Frear, of the State College, Center County, Pa. The Botanical Society of America held meetings on Aug. 27 and 28 under the presidency of Charles E. Bessey, of Lincoln, Neb., and with Charles R. Barnes, of Madison, Wis., as secretary. Likewise, on Aug. 27 and 28 the American Chemical Society met, with Edgar F. Smith, of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., as president, and Albert C. Hale, of Brooklyn, N. Y., as secretary. On the same dates the Association of Economic Entomologists convened, with John B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N. J., as president, and Charles L. Marlatt, of Washington, D. C., as secretary. The Geological Society of America held its seventh summer meeting on Aug. 27 and 28, with Nathaniel S. Shaler, of Cambridge, Mass., as president, and Herman L. Fairchild, of Rochester, N. Y., as secretary. The American Mathematical Society held meetings on Aug. 27 and 28. The president was Dr. George W. Hill, of West Nyack, N. J., and its secretary was Thomas S. Fiske, of New York city. The Society for Promoting Engineering Education met on Sept. 2, 3, and 4, with George F. Swain, of Boston, Mass., as president, and John B. Johnson, of St. Louis, Mo., as secretary. The American Forestry Association met on Sept. 3. Its president was the Hon. J. Sterling Morton, and its secretary was Frank H. Newell, both of Washington. D. C. As usual during the meeting, regular sessions of the Botanical Club, with David F. Day, of Buffalo, N. Y., as president and Henry

L. Bolley, of Fargo, N. D., as secretary, and the Entomological Club, with the Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, of Port Hope, Ontario, as president, and Charles L. Marlatt, of Washington, D. C., as secretary, were held.

Final Sessions.-The final session of the association was held on the evening of Sept. 4, when the action of the council at its meeting earlier in the day was submitted for ratification. Among the measures proposed and accepted was the recommendation that the association meet on Monday in lieu of Wednesday. This caused much discussion, but was finally confirmed. The amendments to the constitution that prevailed were the allowing of incorporated societies to become members; the changing of the name of Section I from "economic science and statistics" to "social and economic science," the alternative title "sociology" being voted down; the requiring that the treasurer give bonds recommended by a fidelity company, at the expense of the association. It was decided not to form a new section for geography, and the offered amendment making it compulsory for local committees to include all local members and fellows of the association was defeated. A grant of $100 was given to Prof. William A. Rogers, of Colby University, for continuing his experiments in light measurement. Secretary Putnam reported that 367 members were in attendance. There were 185 new members elected and 58 advanced to the grade of fellows. Four had died during the year. There had been 3 public lectures and 207 papers presented during the meeting.

The Next Meeting. The association decided to meet in Buffalo in 1896, and the time appointed for gathering is the fourth Monday in August. The following officers were chosen: President, Edward D. Cope, Philadelphia, Pa. Vice-presidents of sections: A, William E. Story, Worcester, Mass.; B, Carl Leo Mees, Terre Haute, Ind.; C, William A. Noyes, Terre Haute, Ind.; D, Frank O. Marvin, Lawrence, Kan.; E, Benjamin K. Emerson, Amherst, Mass.; F, Theodore N. Gill, Washington, D. C.; G, Nathaniel L. Britton, New York city; H, Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D. C.; and I, William R. Lazenby, of Columbus, Ohio. Per manent Secretary, Frederick W. Putnam, Cambridge, Mass. General Secretary, Charles R. Barnes, Madison, Wis. Secretary of the Council, Asaph Hall, Jr., Ann Arbor, Mich. Secretaries of the sections: A, Edwin B. Frost, Hanover, N. H.; B, Frank P. Whitman, Cleveland, Ohio; C, Frank P. Venable, Chapel Hill, N. C.; D. John' Galbraith, Toronto, Canada; E, A. C. Gill, Ithaca, N. Y.; F, D. S. Kellicott, Columbus, Ohio; G, George F. Atkinson, Ithaca, N. Y.; H, John G. Bourke, U. S. A.; and I, R. T. Colburn, Elizabeth, N. J. Treasurer, Robert S. Woodward, New York.

British. The sixty-fifth annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was held in Ipswich, Sept. 12-18. The officers of the association were: President, Sir Douglas Galton. Section Presidents: A, Mathematics and Physics, W. H. Hicks; B, Chemistry, Raphael Meldola; C, Geology, William Whitaker; D. Zoology, William Herdman; E, Geography, H. J. Mackinder; F, Economic

General Meeting.-The association began its proceedings with a meeting of the general committee on Sept. 11, when the report of the council was presented by Prof. J. F. Vernon Harcourt, and other business attended to. The meeting was presided over by Sir Frederick Bramwell, a past president. The council at this meeting nominated Prof. E. A. Schäfer for the place of general secretary, made vacant by the advancement of Sir Douglas Galton to the presidency. Twenty-five foreign scientists were elected foreign corresponding members, among whom were Dr. John S. Billings, U. S. A., Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. D. H. Campbell, Leland Stanford University, Palo Alto, Cal.; Prof. Alfred M. Mayer, Stevens Institute, Hoboken, N. J.; Prof. Henry F. Osborn, Columbia College, New York city; and Gen. Francis A. Walker, Boston, Mass. Various resolutions referred to the council were received, among them being one that was acted on as follows: "The council resolved to express their sympathy with, and approval of the effort which is now being made by the Royal Geographical Society to organize an expedition for the exploration of the Antarctic Sea, but did not consider that any further action could usefully be taken by them at present." Various new members of the committees were chosen, and the re-election of the ordinary members of the council recommended. The treasurer reported that the receipts for 1894-'95 were £4,214, and the payments about £977. The investments consisted of £7,537 consols and £3.600 India 3 per cents. On the motion of Dr. Edward Frankland, seconded by Dr. John H. Gladstone, a vote of thanks was adopted for the retiring president, Sir Frederick Bramwell.