pounded the "Art of Chess"; H. E. Bird offered Chess Novelties "; and "Chess Sparks," or short and bright games of chess, were collected and arranged by J. H. Ellis. "Cartoons of the Campaign was the title given a collection of political cartoons by F. C. Gould, made during the general election of the year. Poetry. The new laureate, Alfred Austin, published during the year "In Veronica's Garden," and his "Madonna's Child " was also issued in book form as a poem complete in itself. Volumes which deserve special mention were: "The Father of the Forest, and Other Poems," by William Watson; "The Story of Rosina," by Austin Dobson; "Poems," by Lionel Johnson; and "The Tenth Muse, and Other Poems," by Sir Edwin Arnold. W. B. Yeats gave us a vol umes of "Poems," and also selected "A Book of Irish Songs" from modern writers. "Birds of Passage: Songs of the Orient and Occident" came from Mathilde Blind; "Lyrics," from Arthur Christopher Benson; "Fringilla: Some Tales in Verse," from R. D. Blackmore; "Robert Louis Stevenson, an Elegy, and Other Poems," from Richard Le Gallienne. "Sister-songs was an offering to two sisters, by Francis Thompson. Norman Gale published a second series of "A Country Muse," and Lord de Tabley a second series of Poems Dramatic and Lyrical." A companion volume to the "Songs, Poems, and Verses" of Lady Dufferin was "A Selection of the Songs of Lady Dufferin (Countess of Gifford) set to Music by herself and Others," edited by her son, the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava, and Lady Lindsay also contributed "The King's Last Vigil, and Other Poems." "Pansies "" was the title of a book of poems by May Probyn. Mrs. Dollie Radford offered Songs and Other Verses," while Ernest Radford was equally happy in "Old and New." "A Pomander of Verse" came from E. Nesbit; "Poems," from Laurence Binyon; "A Koran of Love," from Arthur Lynch; "Here and There," from E. A. N.; "Ballads and Other Verse," from A. H. Beesly; and "The White Book of the Muses," from G. F. R. Anderson; while "Mother and Daughter" was an uncompleted sonnet sequence by the late Augusta Web. ster. Mrs. Rosamund Marriott Watson was the author of "Vespertilia, and Other Verses"; A. E. J. Legge, of "Sunshine and Smoke"; Eric Mackay, of A Song of the Sea, and Other Poems"; Percival H. W. Almy, of "Scintilla Carmenis"; May Brotherton, of "Rosemary for Remembrance": A. L. Stevenson, of Thoughts in a Garden, and Other Poems"; Edwin J. Ellis, of "Sancan the Bard"; H. Newbolt, of "Mordred"; Herbert Hailstone, of "Verse and Translation W. Wallace, of "The Divine Surrender"; Jane Barlow, of "The End of Elfintown"; and E. Pauline Johnson, of "The White Wampum." "The Vale of Arden, and Other Poems" came from Alfred Hayes; "Lyrics," from R. H. Fitzpatrick; while "Neath Austral Skies" was a volume of colonial verse by Edward Booth Loughran. "In a Garden, and Other Poems," by H. C. Beeching, contained much dainty and delicate work, and "Dunbar" was the title given to a selection from the poems of an old "Makar," adapted for modern readers by Hugh Haliburton (J. Logie Robertson). 'Living stone in Africa," by Hon. Roden Noel, was a specimen of striking and stately blank verse; and there yet remain for mention "A Harp from the Willows," by Rev. W. Moore; "Vignettes," by Aubrey N. St. John Mildmay, and "In Leisure Time," by William S. Mavor; "A Book of Words," by A. A. S.; "The Viol of Love, and Other Poems," by Charles NewtonRobinson; "Poems of Paganism," by L. CranınerByng (Paganus); "Flamma Vestalis," by Eugene Mason; "My Only Child," by Edmund James Mills; "Pipings," by John Arthur Coupland; "The Two Thrones," by Dr. John A. Goodchild; "Songs of a Heart's Surrender," by Arthur L. Salmon; and "Poems and Sonnets," by H. E. Clarke, the author of "Songs in Exile" and "Storm-drift." Arthur J. Stringer published 2 volumes, "Watchers of Twilight" and "Pauline, and Other Poems"; M. W.

Findlater, but one, of "Sonnets and Songs." "My Lattice, and Other Poems" came from Frederick George Scott; "My Friend," from Quex; "Lays of the Dragon Slayer," from Maxwell Gray; and "The Suicide at Sea," from E. C. H. Three poets of promise now dead were recalled-David Buchanan, by "Man and the Years"; Lewis Morrison-Grant, by "Protomantis, and Other Poems"; and "Lewis Morrison-Grant: His Life, Letters, and Last Poems," edited by Jessie Annie Anderson; while "Robert F. Murray: His Poems" was furnished with a memoir by Andrew Lang. To the drama belong "The Rani of Jhansi," by A. Rogers, with an introduction by Sir Edwin Arnold; "Ernest England," a drama for the closet, by J. A. Parker; "The Pity of Love," by Theodore Wratislaw; and "King Arthur," by Comyns Carr. Among selections are to be mentioned "The Golden Pomp," a procession of English lyrics from Surrey to Shirley, by Arthur T. Quiller-Couch; "The Golden Book of Coleridge," edited, with a critical introduction, by Rev. Stopford A. Brooke ; "A Century of French Verse," translated into English, by W. J. Robertson; "English Pastorals" selected and with an introduction by Edmund K. Chambers; "The English Poets in Defense and Praise of their Own Art," edited by Ernest Rhys, a companion volume to which was "Poets on Poets," by Mrs. Richard Strachey. "The Irish Song-book," with original Irish airs, was edited by Alfred Perceval Graves, in the "New Irish Library"; Vol. II appeared of "Songs of the North," gathered from the Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland, edited by Harold Boulton; and Vol. VI completed the "Cambrian Minstrelsie," a national collection of Welsh songs, edited by Joseph Parry and David Rowlands. "The Tale of Beowulf" was translated by William Morris and A. J. Wyatt, and the latter also edited the prologue to the new edition of "The Canterbury Tales," in the "University Tutorial Series," and "The Knight's Tale," S. J. Evans supplying a glossary. "The Poems of William Drummond of Hawthornden" were edited with a memoir and notes by W. C. Ward, and "The Friend of Sidney," Lord Brooke, was represented in the "Elizabethan Library " by a volume of quotations from his prose and verse, edited by Dr. A. B. Grosart.

Voyages." Vacation Rambles," by Thomas Hughes (Vacuus Viator), the well-known and now aged author of "Tom Brown's Schooldays," covered much of the ground of both continents, while other Englishmen who found pleasure and recreation abroad were numerous as usual. C. Bogue Luffmann proved himself" A Vagabond in Spain"; A. F. Mummery told of "My Climbs in the Alps and Caucasus"; "The Romance of the Woods," by F. J. Whishaw, consisted of ten studies of Russian and Finland outdoor life; and F. Saudeman wrote of "Angling Travels in Norway." "Northwestern France, Normandy, and Brittany" were treated in his customary delightful manner by Augustus J. C. Hare, and Margaret Stokes spent "Three Months in the Forests of France" on a pilgrimage in search of the vestiges of the Irish saints in that country. Katharine Tynan Hinkson was at home in "The Land of Mist and Mountain." "The Buried Cities of Vesuvius" were described by Dr. John Fletcher Horne, and H. P. F. Marriott told "Facts about Pompeii." Sir C. Wilson edited a "Handbook for Travelers in Asia Minor," and Oswald H. Barry illustrated his own account of "Six Months in a Syrian Monastery." Rev. W. Wright, D. D., visited "Palmyra and Zenobia," and "A Visit to Bashan and Argob" was chronicled by MajorHeber-Percy. "With the Yacht, Camera, and Cycle in the Mediterranean" came from the Earl of Cavan, and H. M. B., C. E. B., and T. B. spent time "On Either Side of the Red Sea." 66 Algerian Memories," by Fanny and William H. Workman, described a bicycle tour over the Atlas of the Sahara, and Henry Norman, the author of "The Real Japan," gave much time_and_thought to "The Peoples and Politics of the Far East." Canon H. B. Tristram published

from a radical standpoint), Vol. II of the late Émile de Laveleye's" Essais et Etudes" has appeared, and the story of" Emile de Laveleye, sa Vie et son Euvre" is sympathetically told by Count Goblet d'Alviella. Maurice de Wulf is the author of interesting "Études sur Henri de Gand" and a learned "Histoire de la Philosophie scolastique dans les Pays-Bas et la Principauté de Liége jusqu'à la Révolution française." In the department of literary history important works are: Prof. Thomas's "Histoire de la Littérature latine jusqu'aux Antonins"; a learned "Etude sur l'Ysegrinus," by Léonard Willems; the interesting "Histoire politique et littéraire du Mouvement flamand," by Paul Hamelius, an impartial account of the efforts to preserve the Flemish language in Belgium; the Vicomte de Spoelberch's "Lundis d'un Chercheur" (interesting gossip about Balzac, Gautier, George Sand, and other French writers); and essays on and translations of Novalis and Emerson by Maurice Maeterlinck, who has also finished "Un Album de Chansons." O. G. Destrée has written of "Les Préraphaélites," and L. Barwolf on the noted Flemish musician, the late Charles Louis Hanssens. New books have appeared by Georges Eekhoud ("Nouvelles Kermesses" and "Mes Communions"), Albert Giraud, Jean Casier, Emile Verhaeren, N. Degussé ("La Dame noire"), A. Boschot ("Rêves blancs "), H. Krains ("Histoires lunatiques"), Sander Pierron, a newcomer, etc. A want of esprit de corps among men of letters appears to be indicated by reports of a controversy between "La jeune Belgique," "Le Réveil," "L'Art moderne," "Le Coq rouge," and other rival literary magazines of the same kind.

Of the Flemish literature of the year, monographs by F. de Potter, L. Mees, Edm. van der Straeten, and others, again attest to assiduous researches in local history. George Bergmann's "Gedenkschriften "offers a striking picture of Flemish-speaking Belgium before 1830. In literary criticism we have "Letterkundige Studien," by Max Rooses (essays on Hélène Swarth, Jan van Beers, Prudens van Duyse, etc.); H. Claeys's monograph on Jan van Ruusbroec, the noted Brabantine mystic of the fourteenth century Arthur Cornette's "De Aesthetiek van het lyrisch Drama," discussing the combination of drama and music; and Paul Fredericq's " Onze historische Liederen van voor de Hervorming." Noteworthy additions to prose fiction are Van den Bergh's historical novel on the " Boerenkrijg" of the peasants of Flanders against the French Republic; Cyriel Buysse's "Sursum Corda" (one of the most notable successes of the year), "Mea Culpa" (considered rather free in tone), and "Wroeging "; Virginia Loveling's "De Bruid des Heeren," a work of " much originality and power"; Gustaaf Seegers's sketches of life in the Campine district; and new works by those experienced writers Aug. Snieders and L. van Rukkelingen. In poetry there are Pol. de Mont's "Iris," the veteran Emmanuel Jiel's "Symphonien en andere Gezangen," and Hilda Ram's "Nog een Klaverken uit's Levens Akker." J. L. Haller has translated some idyls from Theocritus. And one of the best plays of the year is Frans Gittens's "Palma's Dochter."

Bohemia.-National history has been contributed to in Tomek's History of the City of Prague," Vol. X; Rezek's history of Bohemia during the reigns of Ferdinand III and Leopold I (completed); and Emler's Regesta," Vol. IV. Political affairs and duties form the theme of T. G. Masaryk's "The Bohemian Question." A long-felt want has been filled by the founding of a 66 Historical Magazine," and the Bohemian Geographical Society has also begun the publication of a magazine. V. Kotyška has issued a gazetteer of Bohemia, Ant. Kotik writes of "Bohemian Family Names," Ceněk Zibrt tells the "History of Dancing in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia," the "Evolution of Bohemian Miniature Painting in the Time of the Jagellons" is described by K. Chytil, and various important works are being continued, such as Z. Winter's history of Bohemian costume, A. Sedláček's

"Castles of Bohemia," Otto's encyclopædia ("Slovník náuěn "), and Jar. Vlček's "History of Bohemian Literature." The celebration of the hundredth birthday of Paul Joseph Safařík ("one of the founders of modern Bohemia") called forth some essays in the periodical press which form valuable contributions to Bohemian Culturgeschichte. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the death of the poet Vítězslav Hálek, who played an important part in the development of recent literature, occasioned new criticisms on his work (J. S. Machar being especially fair and frank), giving evidence of a growing spirit of honest self-criticism. The life of the people again forms the well-treated theme of various novelists. The second part of M. Havel's "Memoirs of Philip Kořínek, Student of Philology," like the first, excels in character drawing; Klostermann introduces us into the depths of the Bohemian forest in "From the World of Forest Solitudes," and depicts the life of Bohemians in Vienna in " In Search of Good Fortune." K. M. Čapek's "In the Third Courtyard," Kukla's "From all the Corners of Prague," Hladík's "From the Atmosphere of Prague" aud "Third Love," and J. Svátek's historical novel "Secrets of Prague" deal with various phases of life in the Bohemian capital. M. Šimáček's powerful "The Soul of the Factory" again describes factory life; Kolda Malinský pictures life "In a Village"; and J. L. Hrdina tells "Hradschine Stories." K. V. Rais delineates "Forgotten Patriots," and in "Toil" gives feeling pictures of highland life. Further prose fiction to be noted: A. E. Mužík's Ruins of Life" ("touching pictures of human misery "); J. Arbes's "The Last Days of Humankind " and "For a Brother Socialist"; Ig. Herman's humorous "Pell-Mell"; F. X. Svoboda's "Stories of Different Frames of Mind"; Kuňetická's "Little Idyls"; and Julius Zeyer's characteristically individual "Renovated Pictures" (four stories in his familiar fanciful vein). Juvenile literature has been enriched by J. V. Sládek's "Great Bells and Small" and Songs and Stories for Children" and Aug. Sedláček's "Historical Tales of the Bohemian People." Among the most noteworthy poetical publications of the year are "Here Roses ought to blow" and "Magdalena," by J. S. Machar, whose "warm sympathy with human woe" finds truthful expression in his realistic and beautiful verse. Svatopluk Čech's Songs of a Slave" (20 editions), a passionate appeal for liberty, naturally has a political tendency that strikes a responsive chord in the hearts of his countrymen. Subjectivity and pessimism are becoming more noticeable characteristics in Jaroslav Vrchlický's latest volume of poems, "Windows in Storm," "Asters," "Before I become silent forever," and "New Fragments of an Epic." A. Klášterský's smooth lyrics "Heart and Soul" and "Viols of the Night" (said to show too much superficial sentiment); Adolf Heyduk's " Wanderings" (descriptive rather than poetical impressions of Nature); O. Březina's "Mysterious Distances"; J. Zeyer's "Karolinská Epopeje" (romantic lays regarding Charlemagne); Červinka's "Landscapes and Tempers" and Čenkov's "Year of Solitude," both characterized as rather crude; J. Karásek's "Walled-up Windows," a decadent production lacking in true feeling; and K. Mášek's humorous "Sour Grapes" are further new poetical productions.

66

Denmark.-National history and biography_have been contributed to in L. Holberg's "Konge og Danchof in det 13. og 14. Aarhundrede"; H. Matzen's "Forelæsninger over den danske Retshistorie"; C. J. Anker's" Uddrag af diplomatiske Indberetninger om Unionens Forberedelse og Tilblivelse 1814"; H. F. Rōrdam's "Peter Rördam: Blade af hans Levnedsbog og Brevvexling "; the "Efterladte Papirer fra 1813-14" of the "Geheime Konferensraad" Bræstrup, edited by T. Bræstrup; and "Efterladte Papirer fra den Reventlowske Familiekreds i Tidsrummet 17701827." P. A. Heiberg offers a "Bidrag til et psykologisk Billede af Sören Kierkegaard Barndom og Ungdom." A "Grundriss af den kristelige Etik" has

been drawn up by F. C. Krarup. P. Weilbach has begun a "Nyt dansk Kunstner-Lexikon," and M. Galschiöt is the author of "Thorvaldsens Museum." Literary history has been enriched by V. Andresen's able, though rather laudatory monograph on "Paul Möller hans Liv og Skrifter"; that conspicuous psychological critic G. Brandes's "William Shakespeare"; V. Vedel's fine though somewhat unpolished book on Swedish romanticism of the first half of the nineteenth century; A. Olrik's "Sakses Oldhistorie: Norrone Sagaer og danske Sagn"; and J. Clausen's "Jens Baggesen.' Other books published at Copenhagen are: H. Clod-Hansen's "Mand og Kvinde"; N. Juel-Hansen's "Samfunds Livet"; H. Jensen's "Blodets Baand"; I. Ring's "I Vaar"; and A. Ipsen's "Söster Helene."

Among the best novels of the year is "Hjarl: en Ungdonis Historie," by E. Christiansen (editor of "Illustreret Tidende," Denmark's illustrated magazine), in which the author, as usual, gives evidence of clever character study, especially in the delineation of young women. In " Vilhelm Vangs Studenteraar," S. Schandorph (author also of "Tre Appelsiner" shows a good eye for humorous situations. Here, as in other countries, the complaint is that views and theories succeed each other so rapidly that art, instead of being quickened, declines and decays. It appears also that the tendency to abandon the unvarnished realism, rampant yesterday, for vague symbolism and mysticism is present here as well. Even so uncompromising a realist as E. Brandes is said to have bowed to this changed taste by "transferring the scene of one of his latest comedies to a sort of dreamland, and of another to the ancient days of the North." "Bekendelse," by Johannes Jörgensen (author also of" Rejsebogen "), is a collection of poems of beauty, despite a certain monotony and emotionality, which characteristics, as well as a certain archaic imagery and an absence of ideas, are said to mark the work of the younger men in general. C. Fons depicts the beautics of Italian scenery in the melodious verse of "Angelina," and Alfred Ipsen has issued "Ekko" (poems, mainly sonnets). Finally, "Völund Smed," in which Holger Drachmann (hailed by some as the "foremost representative" of modern Danish literature) deals with a subject from the elder Edda, is criticised for " exuberant and somewhat sentimental sensuousness, strangely opposed to the rigorous chastity of the sagas and tradition of ancient Scandinavia." France. In this country's extensive literary production history as usual holds an important place. The publication of memoirs is rather overdone, want of critical discrimination resulting in an abuse of this literary fashion. The "Mémoires" of Chancellor Pasquier and Gen. Thiébault have been followed by those of Gens. Paulin ("Souvenirs, 1782-1876"), Fantin des Odoards ("Journal, 1800-30"), De Barante ("Souvenirs, 1782-1866 "), Roch-Godard, and the spirited and plain-spoken Maréchal de Castellane ("Journal, 1804-'62 "). There have also appeared Souvenirs du Comte de Montgaillard, Agent de la Diplomatie secrète pendant la Révolution, l'Empire et la Restauration"; "Souvenirs de la Vie militaire du Gén. Baron Lahure, 1787-1815"; "Mémoires du Comte de Puroy: Souvenirs d'un Défenseur de la Famille Royale pendant la Révolution, 1789-'97 "; "Mémoires du Général Rapp, 1772-1821"; "Le Maréchal de Ségur"; the "Mémoires" of Barras (which, with all their rancorous malevolence, throw much light on an interesting period), and those of Larevellière-Lepeaux (said to contain little of interest on the Revolution). Mémoires de François Lavaux, Sergeant au 103me de Ligne, 1798-1814," edited by A. Darimon, an account of a typical soldier of the Napoleonic wars; "1792-1809: Aventures de Guerre, Souvenirs et Récits de Soldats," edited by F. Masson, and E. Simond's "Le Capitaine La Tour d'Auvergne, premier Grenadier de la République" illustrate an eventful period; "Une Idylle sous Napoléon I: le Roman du Prince Eugène" has been treated in a noteworthy manner by A. Pulitzer; and A. Dayot's

แ

66

"Napoléon raconté par l'Image" and J. Grand-Carteret's Napoléon en Images: Estampes anglaises" are iconographic histories of the great Corsican. M. de la Rocheterie and Le Marquis de Beaucourt have edited the "Lettres de Marie Antoinette "; M. de Maulde sifts much documentary evidence in "Louise de Savoie et François 1"; the "Vie militaire du Général Ducrot, d'après sa Correspondance, 1839-771" has been published by his children; the Duc de Broglie's "L'Alliance Autrichienne" is an interesting contribution to the diplomatic history of the reign of Louis XV; and the Marquis de DreuxBrézé's "Notes et Souvenirs pour servir à l'Histoire du Parti Royaliste, 1872-'88" has been energetically exploited by the royalists. The second empire has in recent years been receiving increasing attention. M. de La Gorce is the conscientious and generally impartial author of a "Histoire générale du Second Empire"; Gen. Lebrun's posthumous "Souvenirs militaires, 1866-70: Preliminaires de la Guerre. Mes Missions en Belgique et à Vienne" contains interesting revelations regarding Napoleon III's policy toward Austria; Emile Olliver's apologetic "L'Empire libéral" traces the political causes of 1866 which led to the military disaster of 1870; Comte Benedetti's "Essais diplomatiques" have appeared; and Alfred Duquet continues his patriotic but unprejudiced series of books on the Franco-German War, on which period works by Thoumas, A. Chuquet, X. Euvrard, Rousset, P. Lehautcourt, A. Burdeau, and A. Wachter have also been published. General historical works dealing with France are A. Franklin's "La Vie privée d'Autrefois" (Vol. XVII); M. Loir's "Gloires et Souvenirs maritimes"; F. Aubert's "Histoire du Parlement de Paris,.. 1250-1515": C. Jullian's "Histoire de Bordeaux," published under the auspices of the municipality; and A. Touchemolin's "Strasbourg militaire." G. Maspero, a scholar of remarkable attainments, in "Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient classique" proves himself a writer of unusual ability, concise and nervous in style. J. J. Jusserand's "Le Roman d'un Roi d'Ecosse" is a little volume dealing with the son of Robert III; A. Rambaud writes of "Russes et Prussiens: Guerre de sept Ans"; and "La République d'Haïti: son Présent, son Avenir économique" is drawn by P. Vibert. Gaston Boissier's "L'Afrique romaine" gives the results of the careful archæological investigations of the French in simple and charming language. Gaston Routier has written "L'llistoire du Mexique." Affairs Oriental are treated of in L. E. Bertin's "Les Guerres Civiles du Japon, 1156-1392"; M. Courant's

Bibliographie Coréenne"; E. Foa's "Le Dahomey"; F. Benoit's" Madagascar" L. Brunet's "La France à Madagascar, 1815-'95"; L. Catat's" Voyage à Madagascar, 1890": J. B. Piolet's "Madagascar et les Hova"; and J. L. de Lanessan's "La Colonisation française en Indo-Chine," a frank recital of the author's four years' governorship. Pierre Loti recorded poetical impressions of "Jérusalem," "Le Désert," and "La Galilée," and Th. Bentzon wrote on "La Condition de la Femme aux États-Unis" for the "Revue des deux Mondes." T. de Wyzewa's "Chez les Allemands: L'Art et les Mours" tells little that is new. In political history and economics publications have been numerous. "Combats constitutionnels" and other posthumous works by J. J. Weiss (a journalist and historian "of singular sagacity and penetration") have appeared; L'Expansion de France" is treated in an able and brilliant manner by the diplomatist René Millet; and Spuller has col lected his discourses on the "New Spirit" and other subjects, the preface throwing some light on affairs during the presidency of Casimir-Périer. cratic government is the theme, frankly and boldly treated, of "Souveraineté du Peuple et Gouvernement," by Eugène d'Eichthal; Yves Guyot continues ardently to combat the "Tyraunie socialiste " in his pamphlets; and Clémenceau's "La Mélée sociale has been variously rated as "rant from beginning to end" and as a most original work of great importance.

Joseph Chailley-Bert and A. Fontaine have collected the Lois sociales" passed by the third republic; Émile Chevallier was awarded a prize by the institute for his volume on the history of the poor laws; and L. Vacher has written an elaborate treatise on "Le Homestead aux Etats-Unis." "Histoire économique de la Propriété, des Salaires, des Denrées et de tous les Prix en général depuis l'An 1200 jusqu'en l'An 1800" is an important work by G. D'Avenel, summarized by him in "La Fortune privée à travers sept Siècles." Louis Proal discusses "La Criminalité politique." A subject of importance is dealt with in E. Villey's "Le Socialisme contemporain"; R. Garofalo's "La Superstition socialiste"; P. Boilley's "Les trois Socialismes: Anarchic-CollectivismeReformisme"; Lichtenberger's "Le Socialisme au 18 Siècle"; A. Onclair's "Le Conimunisme dans l'Histoire et les Systèmes socialistes d' à Présent"; R. Garraud, "L'Anarchie et la Répression"; and D'Haussonville's "Socialisme et Charité." Beaunis and Binet's "L'Année philosophique "realizes a praiseworthy idea, and is probably the most notable philosophical publication of the year. Brunetière's article in the "Revue des deux Mondes" on the failure of science, which aroused so much discussion, has been issued in separate form, as has also Berthelot's reply. Jean Breton has published interesting" Notes d'un Etudiant français en Allemagne"; E. Lavisse speaks "A propos de nos Écoles," and M. Leclerc of "Les Professions et la Société en Angleterre" and "L'Éducation des Classes moyennes et dirigéantes en Angleterre" (upholding the superiority of English popular education); and the "Livre du Centenaire de l'Ecole Normale" recounts the history of that institution. Gabriel Séailles has written "Ernest Renan : essai de Biographie psychologique," R. Allier has studied "La Philosophie d'E. Renan," and Renan's "Ma Sœur Henriette " is a fine example of his style and a sweet and tender tribute to his dead sister, who had such an influence on his life. J. Barthélemy SaintHilaire has issued "Victor Cousin, sa Vie et sa Correspondance." There are as usual numerous studies in literary history and criticism, among them being P. Stapfer's "Montaigne," Bourdeau's "La Rochefoucauld," D'Haussonville's "Lacordaire," and E. Spuller's" Royer-Collard" (all four in the series "Les grands Ecrivains français"); the "Journal intime" of Benjamin Constant; Monod's successful and impartial studies of Michelet, Renan, and Taine; A. Collignon's life of "Diderot "; A. Devaux's biography of "George Sand" (crowned by the Academy); Gaston Paris's "La Poésie du Moyen Age" (Vol. II); Edinond Biré's excellent literary "Etudes et Portraits"; E. Scherer's "Etudes sur la Littérature contemporaine" (Vol. X); F. Brunetière's "Nouveaux Essais sur la Littérature contemporaine"; A. Soubies's "La Comédie Française depuis l'Époque romantique, 1825-'94"; J. Rousse's "La Poésie bretonne au 19 Siècle"; "Trois Années de Théâtre, 188385," by J. J. Weiss; T. de Wyzewa's "Nos Maîtres" (interesting discussions of important literary and aesthetic questions); H. Bordeaux's "Ames modernes " (thoughtful studies on very modern writers-Ibsen, Loti, Hérédia, etc.); G. Lanson's "Hommes et Livres Etudes morales et littéraires"; G. Larroumet's "Études de Littérature et d'Art" (second and third series); G. Pelissier's "Nouveaux Essais de Littérature contemporaine"; Polti's book on "Les 36 Situations dramatiques" of Gozzi; and Paul Besson's excellent Platen: Étude biographique et littéraire " (another proof that French scholars have begun to occupy themselves with a thorough study of German literature). Among the important works on art, which French publishers issue in such tasteful sumptuousness, are the third and last volume of Müntz's "Histoire de l'Art pendant la Renaissance italienne," an admirable guide to the study of that brilliant period; Salomon Reinach's "Description raisonnée du Musée de Saint Germain " (Vol. II); Collignon's sympathetically written "Histoire de la Sculpture grecque Gonse's "La Sculpture française, du 14 au 19 VOL. XXXV.-27 A

Siècle"; Robert de la Sizeranne's very readable essays upon "La Peinture anglaise contemporaine"; and Emile Michel's "Etudes sur l'Histoire de l'Art," dealing with Velasquez, Lorrain, landscape of the Flemish school, and art at the court of Frederick II. M. Vachon describes "Les Arts et les Industries du Papier en France" and H. Beraldi "La Reluire du 19 Siècle." The crop of novels is, as always, a heavy one. One of the most brilliant of the year is Anatole France's "Le Lys rouge," flawlessly beautiful in style (although some passages are "outrageously licentious"), and containing exquisite word pictures of Florence. The same author has published also "Le Puits de Sainte-Claire" (tales) and "Le Jardin d' Epicure" (philosophical causeries). "Les Demi-Vierges," by M. Prévost (author also of " Notre Compagne ") is a dark picture of feminine depravity. P. Hervieu, in "L'Armature," pitilessly analyzes the aristocracy of money. In A. Daudet's "La petite Paroisse " some of his finest qualities are found, with little diminution of strength; Léon Daudet makes a violent attack upon the medical profession in "Les Morticoles," and has also published "Les Kamtchatka" ("a new series, cleverly satirized, of snobs "). Edouard Rod's "Le Silence" and "Les Roches blanches" and Abel Hermant's "Eddy et Paddy" are interesting psychological studies. Worthy of note are also Jules Lemaître's Myrrha" (a charming story); M. Donnay's "L'Éducation de Prince"; H. Lavedan's "Marionnettes," "Le vieux Marcheur," "Leur Cœur," and "Leur beau Physique "; "Années d'Aventures," by A. Capus; "Rêchain, Avare," by the late Paul Foucher; the sad "Contes tout simples" and the third series of "Mon Franc-Parler," by F. Coppée; Paul Margueritte's "Fors l'Honneur "; "Paternité," a woodland story, and "Flavie," by A. Theuriet; the village sketches" Mon Ami Gaffarot" and "Taillevent " (a singularly charming idyl), by F. Fabre; "Domnine" and "Les Demoiselles de Liré," tales of sunny Provence, by its laureate Paul Arène; and Hugues le Roux's volume of graceful tales "Le Festejadou." Further new fiction includes: A. Houssaye's "Les Larmes de Mathilde"; J. Rameau's "L'Amant honoraire"; R. Maizeroy's " Journal d'une Rupture" and "L'Ange"; J. Verne's "L'Île à Hélice" and "Mirifiques Aventures de Maître Antifer"; P. Sales's "La Malouine" and "La Fée du Guildo"; Art Roe's "Ra-. cheté" and "Sous l'Etendard"; P. Mael's "Cellesqui savent aimer" and "Toujours à toi"; Gyp's "Le Cœur d'Ariane," "Les Gens chics," "Ces bons Normands!" and "Leurs Ames"; J. K. Huysman's "En Route " (tenth edition): J. H. Rosny's "L'autre Femme" and "Résurrection"; Mme. E. Caro's "Les Lendemains"; M. Paléologue's "Profils de Femmes"; Catulle Mendès's "Rue des Filles-Dieu": A. Chennevière's "Honneur de Femme" (awarded a prize by the Academy) and "Quatre Femmes"; J. Reibrach's "Eternelle Enigme "; Armand Charpentier's "Lo Roman d'un Singe"; and F. Sarcey's "Grandeur et Décadence de Miñon-Minette." Poetry has also been abundant, as always. Henri Barbusse's "Pleureuses " achieved immediate recognition by its good qualities, simple form, and chaste diction; "Aréthuse" is a little volume of verse by Henri de Regnier, a rising genius, inclining to classicism; "Noëls" is a charming production by Maurice Bouchor; Catulle Mendes's "La Grive des Vignes" is, we are told, somewhat affected the naturalistic song writer Aristide Bruant and the American Parisian Francis ViéléGriffin (son of Gen. Egbert Viele) are also named with approval; "Dernières Poèmes." by Leconte de Lisle, has appeared. Coppée's tragedy "Pour la Couronne " has had an enthusiastic reception. Paul Hervieu's "Les Tenailles " ("a study of a tragedy of connubial incompatibility") has also been successful. same theme is treated in Thalasso's "La Vie," of greater dramatic value than the preceding but weaker psychologically. Other plays of the season were Maurice Bouchor's "Conte de Noël" (a charming sort of fairy dream in one act), in verse; Pierre

The