sary, notably in matters pertaining to compressed air, to illumination, to acoustics, and electrical engineering. Many instances, such as gas making, manufacture of explosives, and even utilization of sewerage, were mentioned as requiring a knowledge of chemistry from the engineer. The whole subject of mining demands an acquaintance of geology on the part of the engineer. Under meteorology he showed the value of a knowledge of the force exerted by the winds on certain structures, also of matters pertaining to rainfall and the like. He then pointed out the many benefits conferred by engineers on pure science, and also referred to the fact that every branch of engineering science is more or less capable of being advanced by experimental investigations. The neglect of scientific considerations was often the cause of failures of works. Thus the Tay bridge disaster, in 1879, was due to underestimating the amount and effect of the wind pressure in an exposed situation. Much of the final portion of his address was devoted to a consideration of the training of engineers. In engineering, as in pure science, it is impossible to stand still; and engineers require to be ever learning, ever seeking to appreciate more fully the laws of Nature and the revelations of science, ever endeavoring to perfect their methods by the light of fresh discoveries, and ever striving to make past experience and a wider knowledge stepping stones to greater achievement. Engineers have a noble vocation, and should aim at attaining a lofty ideal; should regard their profession not so much as an opportunity for gaining a pecuniary reward as a means of advancing knowledge, health, and prosperity. Among the papers presented before this section were the following: "Light Railways as an Assistance to Agriculture," by Gen. C. E. Webber; "A Description of the Machinery employed in East Anglican Coal Exploration," by J. Vivian; "The Effect of Wind and Atmospheric Pressure on the Tides," by W. H. Wheeler; The Gobert Freezing Process for Shaft Sinking and Tunneling under Rivers," by M. A. Gobert; The Growth of the Port of Harwich," by William Birt; "The New Outlet of the River Maas at the Hook of Holland and the Improvement of the Scheur Branch up to Rotterdam," by L. F. Vernon Harcourt; "Some Notes of Facts and Figures relating to the Autumn Floods of 1894," by G. J. Symons; "The Dredging Operations on the Mersey Bar," by A. G. Lyster, "On Carbonic Anhydride Refrigerating Machinery,' by E. Hesketh; "The Hermite Process for Deodorizing Sewerage," by J. Napier; "The Modern Applications of Electricity to Traction Purposes," by Philip Dawson; "An Improved Portable Photometer," by A. P. Trotter and W. H. Preece: "Some Lessons in Telephony," by A. R. Bennett: "The Field Telegraph in the Chitral Campaign," by P. V. Luke; A Movement designed to attain Astronomical Accuracy in the Motion of Siderostats," by G. J. Stoney; "Modern Flour-milling Machinery," by F. W. Turner: "The Linotype Composing Machine," by J. Southward; "Memorandum on the B. A. Screw Gauge for Small Screws," by T. E. Crompton: "A Uniform Factor of Safety for Boilers and Machinery in Steamships," by F. Key; Experiments in the Transfer of Heat through Plates with variously Arranged Surfaces," by W. G. Walker; and "A New Principle of Aerial Navigation," by B. Baden Powell. H. Anthropology. The presiding officer of this section was Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, who discussed anthropology more as the study of man in relation to various and often independent subjects than as an organic and self contained science. Human nature is greater than all formule, and we may as soon hope to compact its study into a logical structure as to construct an algebraic equation for predicting its course of thought. Two of the commonest and most delightfully elastic words in the subject may be looked at once more "race" and "civilization." The definition of race is the most requisite element for any clear ideas about man. The only meaning that a race can have is a group of persons whose type has become unified by their rate of assimilation and affection by their conditions exceeding the rate of change produced by foreign elements. If the rate of mixture exceeded that of assimilation, then the people were a mixed race, or a mere agglomeration, like the population of the United States. The greatest problems awaiting solution were the conditions and rate of assimilation of races: namely, what period and kind of life was needed for climatic and other causes to have effect on the constitution and structure, what were the causes of permanence of type, and what relative powers of absorption one race had over another. Until these problems were reduced to something that could be reasonably estimated, they could only grope in the dark as to all racial question. In conclusion the speaker said: "It is the business of anthropology to make a knowledge of all other civilizations a part of all decent education. The origin and utility of the various customs and habits need to be pointed out, and in what way they are reasonable and needful to the well-being of the community. And, above all, we ought to impress on every boy that this civilization in which he grows is only one of innumerable experiments in life that have been tried; that it is by no means the only successful one, or perhaps not the most successful, that there has been; that there are many other solutions of the problems of community and culture which are as good as our own, and that no one solution will fit a different race, climate, or set of conditions. The highest reached in the best history writing or fiction which form of this perception of other existence is only enables the reader to strip himself for the time of his prejudices and views of life and reclothe the naked soul with an entirely different personality and envi ronment. The more important papers read before this section were the following: "The Remains of the Native Indian Inhabitants of Jamaica," by Sir William H. Flower; "The Neolithic Invaders of Egypt," by W. M. Flinders Petrie; Seton-Karr "Stone Implements from Somaliland," by H. W. "On Flint and Metal Working in Egypt," by W. H. Flinders Petrie; "Striated Flint Implements from the North of Ireland," by W. J. Knowles; "The Megaliths of Tripoli," by Swainson Cowper; "On the Kitchen Midden at Hastings," by W. J. Lewis Abbot; "On Cannibalism and the Pygmy Tribes in the Congo Basin," by Capt. S. L. Hinde; "The Habits of Human Leopard' Cannibals of the West Coast of Africa," by Scott Elliot; "The Samoyads of the Arctic Tundras," by Arthur Montefiore; "Horns of Honor, Dishonor, and Safety," by F. T. Elworthy; "The Religious Origin of Dances," by Mrs. Lilly Grove; "Upon Anthropometric Observations in East Aberdeenshire," by J. Gray; "Suffolk Dialect," by C. G. de Betham; "General Conclusions with regard to Folklore," by Edward Clodd. On the 18th the section devoted itself to a general discussion of "Interference with the Civilization of Other Races," in which the chairman, Lord Stanmore, Prof. Haddon, Dr. R. N. Cust, Dr. H. O. Forbes, Ling Roth, and others took part. Subsequently the following papers were read: "On the Neolithic Station of Butmir in Bosnia," by R. Munro; "Primitive European Idols in the Light of Recent Discoveries," by Arthur Evans; "A Paleolithic Skeleton from the Thames Valley," by Dr. Garson; and "The Light thrown on Primitive Warfare by the Languages and Usages of Historic Times," by G. Hartwell Jones. Also, the following reports were presented: "Report of the Committee for Investigating the Northwestern Tribes of Canada," "Report of the Committee on the Mental and Physical Deviations of Children," "Report of the Committee on Anthropometric Measurements in Schools," and "Report of the Committee on the Lake Village of Glastonbury." I. Physiology. No papers were read before this section. K. Botany. This section was presided over by Mr. W. T. Thistleton Dyer, director of the Royal Gardens in Kew. He said: The establishment of a new section of the associa tion devoted to botany can not but be regarded by The following were among the more impor tant papers read before this section: "An Account of a False Bacterium," by Marshall Ward; "Some Remarks on the Archesporium," by F. O. Bower: "The Occurrence in New Zealand of Two Forms of Peltoid Trentepohliacere," by A. Vaughan Jennings; "The Variations of Yeast Cells," by E. C. Hansen; "The Results of Williamson's Work on the Carboniferous Plants," by Dr. D. H. Scott; "Experiments on the Pangium Tree," by Dr. T. M. Treub; A Supposed Case of Symbiosis in Tetraplodon," by Prof. Weiss; "Concerning the Structure of Bacterial Cells," by H. Wager; "The Diurnal Variation in the Amount of Diastase in Foliage Leaves," by Reynolds Green; "The Wealden Flora of England," by A. C. Seward; and "English Amber," by Prof. Conwentz. Popular Features.-On the evening of Sept. 12 a soirée was given in the Ipswich Museum, under the auspices of the Ipswich Scientific Society and the Suffolk Institute of Archæology. A discourse on "Magnetism in Rotation" was delivered on the evening of Sept. 13 by Prof. Silvanus P. Thompson. Saturday, Sept. 14, was devoted to excursions; these included wholeday excursions to Southwold and Oxford and half-day excursions to Bury St. Edmunds, to Helmingham Hall, and to Wenham Hall and Hadley. The lecture to workingmen was on "Color," and was delivered on Saturday evenThe Work of Pasing by Dr. Alfred Fison. teur and its Various Developments was the theme of the second evening discourse, given by Dr. Percy F. Frankland, on the 16th. Among the foreign scientific men attending the meeting were Frederick Bedell, of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.; C. E. Curry, of Munich; A. P. N. Franchimont, of Leyden; Gustave Gilson, of Louvain; Othniel C. Marsh, of Yale University, New Haven, Conn.; Dr. Otto Maas, of Munich; Prof. Paschen, of Hanover; Ira Remsen, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Dr. van Rijckevorsel, of Rotterdam; Prof. Runge, of Hanover; and Dr. T. M. Treub, of Buitenzorg, Java. Attendance and Grants.-At the meeting of the General Council, held on Sept. 18, the treasurer reported an attendance of 1,324 persons, of whom 31 were new annual members and 493 were associates. The receipts were £1,236, of which £1,160 were distributed among the sections in grants for research as follow: Mathematics and physics, £250; chemistry, £80; geology, £140; zoology, £405; geography, £10; mechanical science, £40; anthropology, £180; physiology, £25; and corresponding societies, £30. According to "Nature": Coming after the Oxford year, the meeting in Ipswich is in numbers comparatively small; but from a scientific point of view everything augurs well." 66 Next Meeting.-The association will meet in 1896, in Liverpool, beginning on Sept. 16. The invitation to meet in Toronto, Canada, in 1897 was renewed, and was unanimously accepted. An invitation from Bournemouth was received for 1898. Sir Joseph Lister, eminent as the father of antiseptic surgery, who is foreign secretary of the Royal Society, was appointed as president-elect for the meeting in Liverpool in 1896. Besides the election of the vice-presidents named for that meeting, the reelection of the general secretary, the assistant general secretary, the treasurer, and the ordinary members of the council then took place. Australasian.-The sixth annual meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science was held in Brisbane, Queensland, beginning on Jan. 11 and ending on Jan. 18, with excursions on Jan. 19, 21, and 23. The officers of the meeting were as follow: President. A. C. Gregory. Section Presidents: A, Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics, Alexander McAulay; B, Chemistry, J. H. Maiden; C, Geology and Mineralogy, T. W. Edgeworth David; D, Biology, Arthur Dendy; E, Geogra phy, Baron F. von Mueller; F, Ethnology and Anthropology, Thomas Worsnop; G, Economic Science and Agriculture, W. Scott; H, Engineer ing and Architecture, James Fincham; I, Sanitary Science and Hygiene, J. W. Springthorpe; J, Mental Science and Education, Francis Anderson. Permanent Secretary, A. Liversidge. General Treasurer, H. C. Russell. General Secretaries, John Shirley and C. W. De Vis. Opening Session. The formal opening of the Brisbane meeting began on Jan. 12 with a meeting of the sectional committee to complete arrangements for work during the session. Almost immediately after the general council convened, and owing to the absence of Prof. Tate, A. C. GREGORY. Vice-President Russell occupied the chair. The business before the council included the confirming of the arrangements of the local committee and ratifying the selection of sectional officers. Other business included the naming of Prof. Archibald Liversidge as president for the meeting to be held in Sydney. Minor officers and local secretaries were also chosen. The opinion that, owing to the small number of members and the large extent of territory, yearly meetings were too frequent was presented, and it was proposed that they be held once in two years. The dividing of Section I, Mental Science and Education, was referred to a committee of that section for report, as was also the proposed division of Section G, Economic Science and Agriculture. President's Address. Owing to the absence of Ralph Tate, the retiring president, H. C. Russell, Government Astronomer of New South Wales, presided at the meeting on the evening of Jan. 12, held in Centennial Hall. After deploring the absence of Mr. Tate, he said: "No one has done more for the advancement of science in Australia than Mr. Gregory. His work is intimately known by every colonist, and even by those living in remote regions of the Northern Hemisphere." He then introduced Mr. Gregory, who proceeded at once to deliver his inaugural address on "The Geographical History of the Australian Continent during its Successive Phases of Geological De velopment." He said: "The earliest indications of the existence of land within the limits of the present Australian continent consist in the fact that many of the more elevated summits are composed of granite, which is certainly the oldest rock formation with which we are acquainted." These were found in Tasmania and in Western Australia. From the granite he passed to the sedimentary deposits, in which were the Laurentian, Cambrian, and Silurian rocks. These were principally developed in Queensland to the north and in Victoria to the south. Then came the Devonian and the first appearance of organic life. More of the land came up from the sea. The principal elevation was on the eastern coast, where the rise must have been several thousand feet, while on the west it was less pronounced, though the area added to the land included nearly the whole of what is now Western Australia. The auriferous deposits in lodes are found in the disrupted strata of this period. As to the sources from which the gold was derived, there were many speculations, but that which best accorded with the actual conditions "is that the metal exists in very minute quantities in the mass of the adjacent rocks from which it has been transferred through the agency of electric currents and the solvent action of alkaline chlorides which dissolve small quantities of the precious metals, and would be subject to decomposition at the places where fissures cause greater resistance to the electric current." The geology of the Queensland gold mines was discussed, those of Gympic cited as instructive examples of fissure lodes. Passing upward, he said that from the middle to the close of the Permo-carboniferous period the dry land teemed with vegetation, of which the lepidodendron was a conspicuous type. The geographical features of this period show a continent somewhat similar in form to that of the present Australia. At about the end of the Paleozoic or the beginning of the Mesozoic period there was a further elevation, especially in the eastern part. The vegetation that followed this period was well adapted for the formation of coal deposits. As the Cretaceous began, a general subsidence took place and the coal deposits ceased. Soft shales were formed, fresh-water vegetation and various mollusks of the Cretaceous are conspicuously found. The depression during the Cretaceous was gradual and of long duration. On the east coast the ocean rose from 100 to 200 feet above its present level in Queensland. The central and western parts of the continent were almost entirely submerged. At the close of the Mesozoic Australia was reduced to the area of a large island on the east coast and some small islands on the southwest and northwest of the present continent. Early in the Tertiary a new elevation of the land began, but the rise was not attended by any great disturbance of the strata, and the present outline of the continent was assumed by Australia. The valleys and river systems as they now are came into existence chiefly in consequence of volcanic action, and in time came the gigantic marsupials of Australia, whose remains only are found. Abundant rainfalls were conspicuous events during the drift, after which the climate gradually became drier and the huge marsupials disappeared. In a word, the climate at the time of the last elevation maintained a magnificent system of rivers, which drained the interior into Spencer's Gulf, but the gradual decrease in rainfall has dried up these water-courses, and their channels have been nearly obliterated and the country changed from one of great fertility to a comparatively desert interior, which can only be partially reclaimed by the deep boring of artesian wells. A. Astronomy, Mathematics, and Physics. This section was presided over by Alexander McAulay, who fills the place of lecturer on mathematics and physics at the University of Tasmania. His address was "On Some Popular Misconceptions of the Nature of Mathematical Thought," and was essentially a proposition to discontinue the adverse criticisms of metaphysicians by mathematicians and of mathematicians by metaphysicians. He reviewed the relative benefits accruing to mankind and the student and discussed the mental and moral faculties called into play by the study of the more exact and less exact sciences, assigning a high place to logic, mathematics, and physics. In conclusion he summed up the peculiar characteristics of the science of mathematics as follows: "It is unique in the cosmic nature and the universality of the questions it deals with, in the stability of the data on which it rests, on the reliableness of the assistance it renders to every other science which has become sufficiently highly generalized or sufficiently precise. It has been disputed whether mathematics is a branch of logics or logic a branch of mathematics. If we group them together for the moment we may say that they are further unique in the almost inconceivable exactness of their methods and in their being exclusively an intellectual product as opposed to a combined intellectual and observational one. It may be added that, notwithstanding the purely intellectual nature of the subject, notwithstanding the highly general nature of most of its results, the mere volume of these results, as in so many other sciences, is so great that it is impossible now for a single man to be really conversant with any but a small portion of the whole. The prospects opened up to the merely acquisitive mathematician, however great his powers, in that direction are far more than sufficient for his lifetime, whereas the inducements offered to him who would walk where no man walked before are only rendered the more numerous, in that mathematics from its very extension provides more points of contact of the known and unknown than in any former age." The following papers were read and discussed before the section: "The Maintenance of Solar Energy," by the Archbishop of Hobart; "Why do we not take a Deeper Interest in Astronomy?" by Rev. Thomas Roseby; "Conjecture as to the Present Stage of the Life History of Mars, from Comparisons of the Earth, Mars, and the Moon," by J. Ewen Davidson; "On the Longitude of the Boundary Line between South Australia and the Eastern Colonies," by Pietro Baracchi; "Advancement of Astronomy in the Southern Hemisphere," by R. T. A. Innes; "Transit of Mercury, Nov. 11, 1894: Scientific Results," by J. P. Thomson; "On a Form of the Differential Equations of Dynamics," by Sir Robert Ball; "Some Notes on the New. Royal Observatory, Edinburgh," by Ralph Copeland; and "The Energy of the Electro-magnetic B. Chemistry.-The presiding officer of this "Here Subsequently the following-named papers were read and discussed before the section: "Variations in the Amount of Ammonia in Waters on Keeping," ""On the Internal Structure of Gold Nuggets," "On the Corrosion of Aluminum," and "Contributions to the Bibliography of Gold," by Prof. Archibald Liversidge; "The Refractory Gold Ores of Queensland: Their Sources and Treatment," by E. A. Weinberg; "Pharmacy as a Science and its .Some of the Artesian Waters of New South Wales," Future," by W. Finselbach; "Notes and Analyses of by John C. H. Mingaye: "On the Economic Treatment of Gold Ores," by George H. Irvine; "Queensland Native Astringent Medicines," by Joseph Lauterer; "Portland Cement after Fifty Years," by W. M. Doherty; "Some Remarks on the Teaching of Elementary Chemistry," by A. J. Sach; "Analysis of Eucalyptus Gums," by Dr. Wilton Love; "The Ointments of the British Pharmacopoeia," by F. W. Simmonds; "Notes on the Poisonous Constituents of Stephania Hernandiiafolia," by Edward H. Rennie; "Preliminary Notes on the Bark of Carissa Ovata R. Br. vel Stolonifera, Bail," by H. G. Smith; and "On a Method of Shortening Certain Chemical Calculations," by W. A. Hargreaves. C. Geology and Mineralogy-Prof. T. W. Edgeworth David, of Sydney University, presided over this section and chose as the subject of his address "Ice Action in Australasia." That portion of his remarks that had to do with the chosen title was preceded by a brief review of some recent geological discoveries. He referred to the fact that in America the Archæan had been shown to consist of four great systems widely of which the adults live in the open. 4. Isolated representatives of typically aquatic groups of animals which have as yet become but little modified in accordance with their mode of life. Such species appear to be taking the first steps toward a terrestrial life. The introductory remarks were followed by a short review of the knowledge of the principal cryptozoic animals met with in Australasia, considering them in their proper zoological order. Afterward the following-named papers were read and discussed before the section: separated from one another in geological time. The reference of the supposed animal solenopora to the calcareous seaweeds was next discussed, and the reference of oölitic limestone to an organic instead of a chemical origin was mentioned. The geological antiquity of man was discussed and British exploration cited to show that man antedated the close of the great Ice Age, and the great Ice Age was thought by most geologists to have passed away from eight thousand to twelve thousand years ago. Turning to Australasia, there was evidence of at least two glaciations on this continent. The first and most intense was "Dendrolagus or Tree Kangaroo," by Dudley Le in late Paleozoic time, when the Bowen river Souef; "On the Eating of Earth by the Larger Maccoal measures were being formed and the pro- ropodidae," by J. Douglas Ogilby; "The Marine ductive coal measures of New South Wales and Mollusca of Tasmania: A Revised List," by Miss of the Mersey coal basin in Tasmania. Quite Lodder; "Observations and Notes on the Genus recently attention had been called to the pres-rine Biology of Houtman's Abrolhos," by W. Saville Nephila," by William Joseph Rainbow; "The Maence of what were probably ice-borne erratics in the Brisbane sandstone. These belonged to a Kent; "Nests and Eggs of Australian Accipitres, or Diurnal Birds of Prey," by A. J. Campbell; "A Short later epoch, and there were evidences of a newer General Account of the Subterranean Crustacea of glaciation at Kosciusko and in several high New Zealand," by Charles Chilton; "Economic Enranges in Victoria. All the evidence so far col- tomology," by Rev. E. H. Thompson; "Metamorpholected showed that the ice which produced the sis of the First Pair of Legs into a Pair of Physiologgreat glaciations in late Paleozoic or early Mesoical Feelers in Certain Species of Arachnidæ," by zoic time came from the south and moved toward Joseph Lauterer; "A Synoptical List of Coccidæ reported from Australasia and the Pacific Islands up to tion of Australian Birds," by J. W. Fawcett; December, 1894," by W. M. Maskell; "The Migrathe Publication of Museum Catalogues of Types " and "On Scientific Book Illustrations," by Charles T. Musson; "Peculiarities of the Phanerogamic Flora of Queensland," by F. Manson Bailey; "Australian Mosses," by Richard A. Bastow; "Anatomy of Duboisia Myoporoides, Alstonia Constricta, and of the Genus Krameria," by W. Finselbach; "The Flora of the Clarendon District, S. A., with Notes on Other Local Floras," by J. G. O. Tepper; "A Statistical Account of Australian Fungi," by D. McAlpine; "The Pyrenocarpex of the Lichen Family," by Dr. Jean Mueller; "Pestiferous Fungi," by Dr. M. C. Cooke; "Some Conjugate Algae of Brisbane and Neighborhood," by Robert Grieve: "Some Plants peculiar to the Burnett Basin," by James Keys: the north. The following-named papers were then read and discussed before the section: "Artesian Water in the Western Interior of Queensland," by Robert L. Jack; "Anticlines and Synclines and their Relation to Mining," by Ernest Lidgey." On the Nomenclature of Crystals," by Archibald Liversidge: "The Development and Progress of Mining and Geology in Queensland," by William Fryar; "On the Present State of our Knowledge of the Older Tertiaries of Southern Australia," by G. B. Pritchard; "The Antiquity of Man in Victoria," by W. H. Ferguson; "The Glacial Deposits of Victoria," by G. Officer, L. Balfour, and E. G. Hogg; "Notes on Tin Mining at Herberton," by John Munday; and "Notes on the Tin Deposits of the Blue Tier, on the Northeast Coast of Tasmania," by Henry Grant. D. Biology. The presiding officer of this section was Prof. Arthur Dendy, of Canterbury College, Christ Church, N. Z., who chose as the subject of his address "The Cryptozoic Fauna of Australasia." He said: "The term cryptozoic has been applied to that remarkable condition of small animals that are found hidden away in the daytime beneath stones and fallen logs and in other similar situations." The members of this cryptozoic fauna have been derived from nearly all the principal groups of the animal kingdom, and the only character that they all possess in common is their hatred of exposure. He classed this fauna into four sections, distinguished by their mode of origin. They are: 1. Representatives of typically terrestrial groups of animals which are dominant at the present day. It includes many insects, especially ants, beetles, and cockroaches, many spiders, many centipedes and millipedes and many slugs and snails. 2. Surviving members of extremely ancient groups which are now almost extinct. In this section may perhaps be included the scorpions, which are of extreme antiquity. These primitive types appear to have successfully evaded the struggle for existence by taking refuge in obscure retreats. 3. Immature forms of terrestrial animals which are not cryptozoic in the adult condition. This section includes the larvae of various insects VOL. XXXV.-4 A On Micro-chemical Researches respecting the Tissue of the Bark of Eucalypts," by Joseph Lauterer; "Useful Plants of the Australian Aborigines," by J. W. Fawcett; "Who discovered the Eucalyptus," by G. B. Barton "The Fertilization of Some Australian Plants," by A. G. Hamilton; and "Mylitta Australis," by Mrs. Martin. 66 E. Geography.-The president of this section was Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, who delivered an address on "The Commerce of Australia with Neighboring Countries in Relation to Geography." Among the interesting items of his long address were the following: Australia comprises, territorially, about one third of the British Empire, and is well adapted for settlement throughout the greater portion of its area. Artesian water will fertilize areas now more or less a desert, and storage of surface water will play its part. The remaining blanks on the Australian map will most probably be filled before the century closes. Mining explorers are penetrating into unknown regions, particularly in the interior of Western Australia. Certain of these are equipped with dromedaries. An ordinary camel team traveled 800 miles from South Australia to Coolgardie without mishap. Brave men are pushing forward to Central Australia from the east. All this portends vastly increased commerce, new gold fields being constantly discovered, calling into being numerous |