cerning critic, and his literary gifts were of a high order. His published works, exclusive of single sermons, include: "Stories from the Life of the Teacher" (Boston, 1863); "Stories of the Patriarchs" (1864); "Childhood and Manhood of the Spirit in Jesus" (New York, 1865); "A Child's Book of Religion " (1866); "The Religion of Humanity" (1873);"The Safest Creed" (1874); "Life of Theodore Parker" (Boston, 1874); "Beliefs of Unbelievers" (New York, 1876); "Transcendentalism in New England" (1876); "Knowledge and Faith" (1876); "The Cradle of the Christ" (1877); "Creed and Conduct" (1877); "The Spirit of the New Faith" (1877); "Gerrit Smith: A Biography" (1878); "The Rising and the Setting Faith" (1878); "Visions of the Future" (1879); "Life of George Ripley" (Boston, 1882); "Memoir of William Henry Channing (1886); "Recollections and Impressions 1822-1890" (New York, 1891).

Fuller, Samuel, educator, born in Rensselaerville, N. Y., in 1802; died in Middletown, Conn., March 8, 1895. He was graduated at Union College in 1822, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1827; was appointed by Bishop Potter, of Pennsylvania, lecturer on Christian life in Philadelphia in 1853; and was Professor of Latin and Interpretation of the Holy Scriptures at Berkeley Divinity School, Middletown, from 1859 till 1883, where he was retired. In 1831, he became editor of "The Churchman," in 1844 he was acting president of Kenyon College, and in 1849 rector at Andover, Mass.

Gayarre, Charles, Étienne Arthur, historian, born in New Orleans, La., Jan. 9, 1805; died there Feb. 11, 1895. He was graduated at the College of New Orleans, and after studying law in Philadelphia was admitted to the bar in 1829. He early entered upon political life, and was successively State Senator and AttorneyGeneral of Louisiana. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1835, but illness kept him from taking his seat then, and after eight years spent in Europe he became Secretary of State for Louisiana,holding that office seven years. During the civil war he was an ardent advocate of the Con

federacy, and urged the arming and freeing of the slaves conditioned upon the recognition of the Confederate States by France and England. His earliest published work was the "Historical Essay on Louisiana," in French (New Orleans, 1830). His subsequent works include: "Histoire de la Louisiane" (New Orleans, 1847); "Romance of the History of Louisiana" (New York, 1848); "Louisiana: Its Colonial History and Romance (New York, 1851): "Louisiana: Its history as a French Colony" (185152); "History of the Spanish Domination in Louisiana, 1769-1803" (1854); "History of Louisiana," completed, revised, and extended to 1861 (1866); "School for Politics: A Dramatic Novel" (1854); Philip II of Spain" (1866); "Influence of the Mechanic Arts on the Human Race" (1854): "Fernando de Lemas: A Novel " (1872); "Dr. Bluff: A Comedy "; Louisiana Supreme Court Reports (1878-76); and "Aubert Dubayet: A Novel" (Boston, 1882).

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Gemünder, August, violin maker, born in Ingeltingen, Germany, March 22, 1814; died in New York city, Sept. 7, 1895. His father was a noted maker and repairer of violins, who brought up his sons, August and George, in the same trade. In 1839 he removed to Regensburg; in 1844, on an order from a German violinist, he made an instrument on original designs, which differed wholly in tone and other qualities from the Italian violins in use. In 1846 he removed

to Springfield, Mass.; and since 1865 he had lived in New York city. He made a specialty of producing instruments resembling in tone those of the old masters, especially Stradivarius, Guarnerius, and Maggini. He claimed that if old wood was used and the proper construction followed, a violinist might have a better instrument of modern make than he would find in an old one, and he reproduced Sarasute's Amati and Brodsky's Guarnerius so cleverly that both performers pronounced his instruments as good as the originals. Mr. Gemünder contributed a series of articles on violins and violin making to musical trade journals.

Gilbert, Linda, philanthropist, born in Rochester, N. Y., May 13, 1847; died in Mount Vernon, N. Y., Oct. 24, 1895. When four years old she accompanied her parents to Chicago, Ill., where she was educated at St. Mary's convent.

Her

home in that city was near an old prison, which she passed daily on her way to and from school, and when ten years old she began her life work as a prisoner's friend by visiting the inmates and lending them books from her father's library. In 1866 she became engaged to Frank Lanier, city chamberlain of Cincinnati, who died suddenly within a week of the day set for their marriage, leaving

her his large fortune, of which she received $75,000 for immediate use. Thereafter she greatly systematized and extended her work, dividing it into two branches, one providing for the establishment of libraries in penal institutions, the other for the employment of prisoners after their release. She established the first county-jail library in Chicago with 4,000 volumes, and subsequently placed in various prisons libraries of 1,500 to 2,000 volumes each, aggregating over 30,000 volumes. She also secured legislation providing library and reading rooms in many prisons. During the last thirty years of her life she personally assisted over 3,000 ex-convicts, and found homes and employment for about 600 of them. In 1876 she organized a society in New York city, of which she became president, for the improvement of prison discipline, the establishment of libraries in all the prisons and jails in the country, the care of a prisoner's family during the term of imprisonment, and the practical aid of the prisoner after release. She also labored to secure the passage of a law by which, in place of prisons, the State governments would establish farms and factories where convicts could be employed and made self-supporting, and also for the establishment of permanent bureaus of employment for released prisoners.

Gordon, Adoniram Judson, clergyman, born in New Hampton, N. H., April 19, 1836; died in Boston, Mass., Feb. 2, 1895. He was graduated at Brown University in 1860, and at Newton Theological Seminary in 1863; was ordained to the ministry of the Baptist Church, June 29, 1863; was pastor at Jamaica Plains, Mass., till 1869; and from that time till his death was pastor of Clarendon Street Church, Boston. In 1889 he founded a missionary training school in connection with his church, for educating home and foreign missionaries and pastors' assistants. He was also instrumental in founding and maintaining the Industrial Home on Davis Street, where men rescued from the liquor habit can be sheltered and enabled to support themselves by their labor. Dr. Gordon published "In Christ; or, The Believer's Union with his Lord" (Boston, 1872); " Congregational Worship" (1872) "Grace and Glory," sermons (1881); "The Ministry of Healing" (1882); "The Twofold Life" (1884); "The Life that now

is, and that to come" (1888). He was one of the compilers of the "Service of Song."

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Gordon, Archibald D., playwright, born in Ceylon, India. Oct. 11, 1848; died in Port Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1895. He was a son of the Rev. Alexander Gordon, an East India missionary; came to New York city and entered a publishing house in 1865; and subsequently was connected with daily newspapers in New York and Chicago, applying himself chiefly to dramatic criticism. He was master of several modern languages. His best plays were: Trixie," written for Maggie Mitchell; "The Ugly Duckling" produced by Mrs. Leslie Carter; "Is Marriage a Failure?" written for Stuart Robson; and "That Girl from Mexico," produced by Sidney Drew. Gowan, John E., engineer, born in Lynn, Mass., March 6, 1825; died in Paris, France, May 7, 1895. After the Crimean War he raised the Russian fleet that had been sunk in the harbor of Sebastopol by the Russians. He was an engineer of world-wide fame, and received the order of Commander of St. Stanislaus from the Emperor of Russia, the Star of the Medjedi from the Sultan of Turkey, the decoration of Chevalier of St. Maurice and St. Lazare from the King of Italy, that of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor from the Emperor of the French, and a diamond-studded gold snuffbox from the Queen of England.

Graves, Samuel, educator, born in Ackworth, N. H., March 15, 1820; died in Grand Rapids, Mich., Jan. 20, 1895. He was graduated at Madison (now Colgate) University in 1846, taking both the collegiate and theological courses; was pastor in Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1848-51; Professor of Greek in Kalamazoo College, and of Systematic Theology in the Theological Seminary in 1851-'59; and pastor in Norwich, Conn., in 1859-70. In the last year he was called to a Baptist church in Grand Rapids, where he remained till 1885, and then became president of the Baptist Seminary in Atlanta, Ga., retiring in 1894. His principal publication was "Outlines of Theology" (1893).

Gray, Isaao Pusey, diplomat, born in Downington, Chester County, Pa., Oct. 18, 1828; died in Mexico city, Mexico, Feb. 14, 1895. Accompanying his parents to Ohio in childhood, he settled in New Madison in 1836, where he was educated and became proprietor of a dry-goods store. In 1855 he removed to 'Union City, Ind., where he carried on business for three years, studying law in the meantime, and then engaged in practice. During the civil war he was commissioned captain in the 4th Indiana Cavalry, and colonel of the 147th Indiana Infantry; but failing health prevented field service. In 1866 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by George W. Julian; in 1868 was elected to the State Senate, and became its president. In 1872 he was a delegate to the Liberal Republican Convention. He was elected Lieutenant Governor on the Democratic ticket headed by James D. Williams in 1876; succeeded to the executive chair on the death of Gov. Williams shortly before the end of the term; was defeated for Lieutenant Governor in 1880; and was elected Governor in 1884. As Governor he originated the system of paroling convicts, urged the adoption of election reforms, advocated the increase of the bonds of State and county treasurers as a safeguard against defalcations, and was instrumental in floating bonds of the State at a lower rate of interest than it had ever paid. On March 9, 1893, he was appointed minister to Mexico.

Green, Robert Stookton, jurist, born in Princeton, N. J., March 25, 1831; died in Elizabeth, N. J., May 7, 1895. He was a grandson of the Rev. Ashbel Green, President of the College of New Jersey, was graduated there in 1850, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He removed to Elizabeth in 1856, and was appointed prosecutor of the borough courts in 1857, and elected city attorney in 1858. He was elected surrogate of Union County in 1862, and appointed presiding judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1868. In 1873 he was appointed one of the commissioners to suggest amendments to the State Constitution, and

in the convention he was chairman of the committees on bill of rights, rights of suffrage, limitation of power of government, and general and special legislation. He was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in 1868, and a successful one in 1884; was elected Governor of New Jersey in 1886; and was appointed Vice-Chancellor in 1890.

Gresham, Walter Quinton, statesman, born near Lanesville. Harrison County, Ind., March 17, 1832; died in Washington, D. C.. May 28, 1895. He received a common-school education, spent a year at the State University, studied law in Corydon, Ind., and was admitted to the bar in 1853. His political career began in the presidential canvass of 1856, when he advocated the election of John C. Frémont. In 1860 he was elected to the Legislature as a Republican, and as chairman of its Committee on Military Affairs he introduced and secured the passage of a militia bill, under which the recruiting of troops for the National armies was greatly facilitated. He declined a renomination in 1861, enlisted as a private in the 38th Indiana Volunteers, was elected its lieutenant colonel, and reached the field in time to take part in the battle of Shiloh. In December, 1861, he was commissioned colonel of the 53d Indiana Regiment, and for bravery before Corinth and at Vicksburg he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers, on the recommendation of Gens. Grant and Sherman, Aug. 11, 1863. While commanding a division in Gen. Sherman's army he was shot in the knee at Leggett's Hill, near Atlanta, and disabled. For his services in the Atlanta campaign he was brevetted major general of volunteers, March 13, 1865. After the war Gen. Gresham resumed the practice of law at New Albany, Ind. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress in a district heavily Democratic, but so reduced the majority of his opponents that soon afterward two Democratic counties were added to the congressional district. During 1867-78 he was financial agent of Indiana in New York. In 1869 President Grant offered him the appointment of collector of the port of New Orleans, which he declined; but later in the year he accepted the appointment of United States district judge for Indiana. He held this office till April, 1882, and during this period was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate. In 1882, on the death of Postmaster-General Howe, President Arthur appointed him to fill the vacancy, and in 1884, on the death of Secretary Folger, he was transferred to the Treasury Department, but held the office only a few months, resigning it to accept the appointment of United States judge for the 7th Judicial District. His administration of the Post-Office Department was made memorable by his successful proceedings against the Louisiana lottery corporation; and one of his most important acts as United States judge was during the hearing of the celebrated Wabash Railroad case in 1886, when he ordered the removal of a receiver, appointed at the instance of the Gould interest, and put Judge Thomas M. Cooley in his place. In 1884 and 1888 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for President. After the canvass of the latter year he urged reform in State elections, declaring that the conviction of a thousand obscure voters for bribery would in effect be as nothing compared with that of one prominent man. In July, 1892, an organization that met in Omaha, Neb., under the name of the People's party virtually offered Judge Gresham a nomination for the presidency, but the offer was declined, and in October following he publicly announced his intention of voting the Democratic ticket. After Mr. Cleveland's second inauguration Judge Gresham was appointed Secretary of State, and he held the office till his death. Among the notable diplomatic incidents of his term were the Hawaiian question, the Mosquito Reserve territorial dispute between Nicaragua and Great Britain, the Nicaraguan trouble with Great Britain arising from alleged insults to British subjects, the Mora claim against Spain, the case of ex-United States Consul

Waller against France, the firing on a United States mercantile vessel by the Spanish war ship" Allianca," and the Chinese massacres. (For portrait, see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1893, page 734.)

Haas, Mauritz Frederick Hendrick De, marine painter, born in Rotterdam, Holland, Dec. 12, 1832; died in New York city Nov. 23, 1895. Mr. De Haas began bis studies at the Rotterdam Academy of Fine Arts and continued them at The Hague. Spoel, Bosboom and Louis Meyer were the masters who exercised the greatest influence upon his early education, although the fame of the English water-color school drew him to London in 1851, where he studied and painted for a year. In 1857 he was appointed artist to the Dutch navy, but a year later he decided to leave his native land, and since that time he has resided in New York. When he reached this city the Düsseldorf influence was strong, and with this rather than with the romantic French school he naturally sympathized. His work obtained prompt recognition. In 1863 he was elected an associate member of the Academy, and he became a full academician in 1867. The year before, after various tentative efforts, the interest of many of our artists in water-color painting had taken permanent form in the still prosperous American Watercolor Society, and Mr. De Haas was one of the original members. His life was that of an industrious and conscientious artist, undiversified by extraordinary events, but on the whole a career of success and of creditable performance. The civil war yielded him a few subjects, like "Farragut's Fleet passing New Orleans," painted in 1867, and his sketching tours to the English coast, Holland, and the island of Jersey furnished several themes, but he usually depicted sunsets, storms, wrecks, and fishing boats on breezy days off the New England and Long Island coasts. These subjects were carefully drawn and painted in a workmanlike and vigorous manner, and, although his pictures may appear objective and cold, his execution too finished, and his coloring too artificial, judged by canons which have found more general acceptance since the passing of Düsseldorf, Mr. De Haas proved himself an admirable representative of his school, and his work was well worthy of serious praise according to the standards by which he intended it to be measured. He was commended by the judges at the Centennial Exposition, and his pictures were constant features of the older private collections in New York, like those of the late August Belmont, Edwin D. Morgan, and John Taylor Johnston. Up to the close of his honorable career he was a regular exhibitor at the National Academy of Design.

Handley, John, philanthropist, born in Ireland in 1832; died in Scranton, Pa., Feb. 15, 1895. On removing to the United States he settled in Virginia, but since 1860 had lived in Scranton. He was elected judge of Luzerne County as a Democrat in 1874, became presiding judge of Lackawanna County on its organization in 1878, and served till 1884, when he was defeated for re-election through factional troubles in his party. After his retirement from the bench he engaged in banking and real-estate operations. His fortune at his death was estimated at over $3,000,000, and his will contained the following public bequests: To the city of Winchester, Va., for a library, $500,000; to St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum $50,000, and the House of the Good Shepherd $25,000, both in Scranton; and to each of these institutions one third of his residuary estate, the real estate to be held for twenty years before division. He also provided for continuing the education of more than 20 young men and women which he had undertaken.

Hawkins, Jacob, clergyman, born in Newberry County, South Carolina, Sept. 4, 1828; died in St. Luke's, S. C., July 1, 1895. He was the son of a Lutheran clergyman. When he was sixteen years of age his father removed to Tennessee. The son was graduated at the classical and theological seminary in Lexington, S. C., in 1855 was licensed by the South Carolina Synod, and in 1857 was ordained. He was pastor successively of congregations in South

Carolina, Georgia, West Virginia, and Maryland. In 1874 he became one of the editors of the only Lutheran Church paper published in the South, the "Lutheran Visitor," in 1878 he was made sole editor, and in 1880 permanent editor. He held this place until his death. He frequently presided over synodical conventions. He contributed to various periodicals and published a series of catechisms for Sunday schools which have been widely circulated.

Hayman, Samuel Brinkle, military officer, born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, June 5, 1820; died in Houstonia, Mo., May 1, 1895. He was graduated at West Point in 1842, and was promoted 2d lieutenant, 7th Infantry, July 21, 1844; 1st lieutenant, Feb. 16, 1847; captain, March 3, 1855; major, 10th Infantry, Jan. 21, 1863; and lieutenant colonel, 17th Infantry, Sept. 15, 1867; and was retired July 1, 1872. In the volunteer army he was commissioned colonel of the 37th New York Infantry, Sept. 28, 1861; was mustered out of the service June 22, 1863; and was brevetted brigadier general March 13, 1865. He took part in several battles in the Mexican War, including the capture of Mexico city, and served throughout the civil war with the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and the Wilderness, in the last of which he was wounded. Henry, Morris H.. physician, born in London, England, July 26, 1835; died in New York city, May 19, 1895. He was the son of a professor of Oriental languages; was educated at the Polytechnic School of Brussels, and in art at Somerset House, London; came to the United States in 1852; and was graduated in medicine at the University of Vermont in 1860. During the civil war he was an assistant surgeon in the navy, serving principally under Admiral Farragut. In 1872 he was appointed surgeon in chief of the New York State Emigrant Hospitals, and he held the office till 1880. He contracted blood poisoning while on duty, from which he never recovered. Dr. Henry was widely recognized as an authority on skin diseases, as an inventor of surgical appliances, and as the founder and editor of "The American Journal of Dermatology." He was decorated three times by the Sultan of Turkey, and once by the King of Greece. He edited "Fox on Skin Diseases."

Hill, Alfred James, archæologist and geographer, born in London, England, in 1833; died in St. Paul, Minn., June 15, 1895. He received a seminary education in England, and in 1854 settled at Red Wing, Minn. He immediately began a study of the geography of the Northwest; removed to St. Paul in 1855, and served as a topographical engineer at the army headquarters there. He enlisted at the outbreak of the civil war in 1861, and was almost immediately detailed for special service in Washington at army headquarters. Joining his regiment at Helena, Ark., he served till the close of his term of enlistment and was honorably discharged, returning to St. Paul, where he was variously connected with different departments of the State government, and by his researches concerning the treaty with England caused the change in the official maps, so as to include the detached territory north of the Lake of the Woods, not theretofore recognized as a part of the public domain. In 1866 he took up the study of archæology, and he was chairman of the Archæological Committee of the State Historical Society. Mastering the Spanish, French, and Italian languages, he became editor of various translated historical articles, adding thereto voluminous notes. In this manner he took up the works of Giacomo Constantino Beltrami, and secured for that Italian traveler the honor of having his name given to a county at the source of the Mississippi. Various translations from the French were completed, principally on topics concerning the early establishment of New France and Louisiana, the writings of Margry and the "Jesuit Relations" being his favorite study in that language. He continued his archeological researches, and supplemented them by studies in astronomy, geography, cartography, and phrenology.

Having acquired a competency by judicious investment of wages, he made all needed preparations for an extensive and important archæological survey of the Northwest, which had broadened out by necessity from an intended survey of ancient earth works in Minnesota. He engaged the services of a surveyor in the field for mound explorations during a period of twelve years, and platted with his own hand nearly 12,000 prehistoric mounds north of the Ohio river and west of the Great Lakes. In 1889 he was assistant to the commissioner in charge of a scientific survey of the source of the Mississippi, in behalf of the State Historical Society, and took up a study of the Spanish accounts of discovery, contributing voluminous notes to Vol. VII of the State Historical Collections. Numerous articles were published in scientific journals, usually over the name of his employee who surveyed the mounds and made the necessary explorations in the field. At the time Dr. Elliott Coues undertook the editorial preparation of the Lewis and Clark explorations up the Missouri and down the Columbia to the Pacific seaboard, reproduced in 4 volumes, all the material portion of the work passed under the critical eye of Mr. Hill, and he contributed voluminous notes thereto. He was also associated with the expedition of 1895, which discovered numerous ancient village sites and mounds in the head-water drainage basin of the Mississippi and at Leech Lake. At the time of his death he was preparing a work on the route of De Soto and his followers, from Florida to the country west of the Mississippi; a work upon the archaeology of the Northwest, for which he had accumulated the results of more than twelve years' labor at his individual cost, amounting to about $19,000; an elaborate paper on the international boundary line between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods; an atlas; and various other uncompleted manuscripts. The results of these scientific labors, so far as they have come to light, have passed into the hands of the courts, as an estate for administration and distribution to legal heirs who reside abroad. As the cost of publishing the results of the labors enumerated will probably exceed $45,000, the final result and disposition of this life work is left in jeopardy, especially since no portion of the work is completed. He had remained single, and was stricken with his last illness only two days prior to the date set for his marriage.

Hoar, Ebenezer Rookwood, jurist, born in Concord, Mass., Feb. 21, 1816; died there Jan. 31, 1895. He was a son of Samuel Hoar and a brother of United States Senator George F. Hoar; was graduated at Harvard in 1835, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. In 1846 he was elected to the State Senate as an Antislavery Whig, and in 1848 he became one of a notable company of men whose public careers began in association with the Free-soil movement. In consequence of his father's expulsion from Charleston, S. C., whither he had been sent by the Legislature of Massachusetts to test the constitutionality of enactments by the Legislature of South Carolina authorizing the imprisonment of free colored people who should enter the State, the son wrote the call for a meeting of all who were opposed to Cass and Taylor as presidential candidates, to which Charles Sumner, Charles Allen, Charles Francis Adams, John A. Andrew, and Stephen C. Phillips responded. At this meeting, in Worcester, Mass., June 28, 1848, the name of Samuel Hoar was placed at the head of the electoral ticket of the new Free-soil party, which subsequently met in national convention in Buffalo, N. Y., and nominated Martin Van Buren. In 1849-'53 Mr. Hoar was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and in 1859-'69 he was a judge of the Supreme Court of the State. In March, 1869, he became Attorney-General of the United States, but he resigned in June, 1870, for reasons that were never made public, and soon afterward he was nominated for Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, but was rejected by the Senate. The President again testified to Judge Hoar's eminent abilities by appointing him a member of the joint

high commission that framed the Treaty of Washington in 1871. Judge Hoar served a term in Congress in 1873-75, and in the last year was a candidate for the United States Senate, when Henry L. Dawes was chosen.

Holland, George W., clergyman and educator, born in Churchville, Va., July 16, 1838; died at Newberry, S. C., Sept. 30, 1895. He was graduated at Roanoke College, Salem, Va., in 1857; was tutor in the college for a year, and was graduated at the theological seminary of Gettysburg, Pa., in 1860, having spent one session in Union Seminary, New York. In 1860 he was licensed and at once became pastor of the Rockingham parish, Virginia. In July, 1861, he enlisted in the Confederate army, and in October of the same year lost his left arm. In 1863 he became principal of the academic department of Roanoke College. In 1867 he again became pastor of the Rockingham parish, which he served until 1873, and then accepted a call as pastor of congregations near Pomaria, S. C. In the following year he accepted the chair of Ancient Languages in Newberry College, and in 1877 became president of the institution.

Houghton, Henry Oscar, publisher, born in Sutton, Vt., April 30, 1823; died in North Andover, Mass., Aug. 26, 1895. His early education was obtained in the common schools and at Bradford Academy in his native State, and after some time spent in the office of the "Free Press" at Burlington, he entered the University of Vermont. After leaving college he was employed for a time as reporter on the Boston "Traveler," and in 1849 he established a printing office in Cambridge, the successor to which is the present Riverside Press. In 1864 he entered more distinctly upon his career as publisher by establishing in New York the house of Hurd & Houghton, and the publishing department of the business continued

under that imprint until 1878. In the latter year the Boston firm of Houghton, Osgood & Co., publishers, was established, the successor to that of Hurd & Houghton and James R. Osgood & Co., which was itself the successor to the more noted house of Ticknor & Fields. In 1880 the firm name became Houghton, Mifflin & Co., which it has ever since retained. The firm possessed not only the Riverside Press, but the library inheritances of the house of Ticknor & Fields and its predecessors to 1828, the year when the first publishing house of the line was established. Mr. Houghton's success was the direct result of long-continued effort and native talent. He was a man of wide sympathies and far-reaching plans, and did much toward establishing a high standard in book making.

Hovenden, Thomas, artist, born in Dunmanway, County Cork, Ireland, Dec. 28, 1840; died near Norristown, Pa., Aug. 14, 1895. He began studying art in the Cork School of Design; removed to New York city in 1863, became a student at the National Academy of Design, and had a studio in Philadelphia, Pa., from 1868 till 1874. In the last year he studied in Paris under Cabanel, returning to the United States in 1880. A year later he was elected an associate of the National Academy; in 1882 an academician and a member of the Society of American Artists and of the American Water-color Society; in 1883 of the Philadelphia Society of Artists; and in 1885 of the New York Etching Club. He was instantly killed by a locomotive while making a vain attempt to rescue a little girl at a grade crossing. His most notable paintings are: "The Two Lilies" (1874); "A Brittany Woman spinning" and "Pleasant News" (1876); "The Image Seller" (exhibited in the Paris Salon, 1876); "Thinking of Somebody" and "News from

the Conscript" (1877); "Pride of the Old Folks" and "Loyalist Peasant Soldier of La Vendée, 1793" (1878): "A Breton Interior, 1793" (exhibited in Paris, 1878); "In Hoc Signo Vinces " (1880; reproduced by Goupil); "Dat Possum" (1880); "Elaine" (1882); "Last Moments of John Brown" (1884); "Taking his Ease" (1885); and "Breaking Old Ties" (exhibited at the World's Colum

bian Exposition, 1893, and since engraved).

Howe, Mark Antony De Wolfe, an Episcopal clergyman, born in Bristol, R. I., April 25, 1809; died there July 31, 1895. He was graduated at Brown University in 1828, and was ordained deacon in 1832 and priest the next year. He was rector successively of St. James's Church, Roxbury, Mass., Christ Church, Cambridge, and St. Luke's, Philadelphia, having charge of the last-named parish from 1846 to 1871. In 1871 he was consecrated bishop of the newly formed diocese of Central Pennsylvania. He possessed marked executive ability, and while holding positive opinions was wholly nonpartisan in the conduct of his episcopal duties. His publications include "Domestic Slavery: A Reply to Bishop Hopkins" (Philadelphia, 1864); "Memoirs of Bishop Alonzo Potter" (1871).

Hoyt, Jehiel Keeler, author, born in New York city, in August, 1820; died in Plainfield, N. J., Feb. 9, 1895. He was educated in Wilton, Conn.; engaged in business first in New York and afterward in New Orleans, making a large fortune in the latter city and losing it by the civil war; and from the close of the war till within a few months of his death he was engaged in journalism in New Brunswick and Newark, N. J. He published the first American translation of Jules Verne's "Journey from the Earth to the Moon," and in co-operation with Miss Anna Ward compiled the Encyclopædia of Practical Quotations." At the time of his death he had completed the compilation of a "Quotable Shakespeare," on which he had worked more than twenty years.

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Hurlbut, William Henry, journalist, born in Charleston, S. C., July 3, 1827; died in Cadenabbia, Italy, Sept. 4, 1895. He was graduated at Harvard in 1847, and at its divinity school in 1849; continued his studies in Berlin, Rome, and Paris; entered the Unitarian ministry, and took a course in Harvard Law School. In 1855 he became a contributor to "Putnam's Magazine" and "The Albion." In 1857 he joined the staff of the New York "Times," and he was engaged in editorial writing till after the presidential election of 1860. In 1861 he was arrested by a vigilance committee in Atlanta, Ga., and was refused a passport except on conditions to which he would not agree; but in August, 1862, he made his escape through the lines. He then joined the editorial staff of the New York "World," in which he acquired an interest in 1876, and from which he retired in 1888. In 1866 he visited Mexico city on the invitation of Maximilian; in 1867 represented his paper at the Paris Exposition, and at the centenary festival of St. Peter in Rome; in 1871 accompanied the United States expedition to Santo Domingo; and from 1883 till 1891 resided chiefly in London, being for several years the correspondent of the New York "Sun." In 1891 a suit for breach of promise of marVOL. XXXV.-37 A

riage was brought against him by Miss Gertrude. Ellis, otherwise known as Gladys Evelyn, on the trial of which the jury returned a verdict in his favor. The complainant appealed, and the appeal was denied. Subsequently the public prosecution issued a warrant for his arrest on a charge of perjury in connection with the suit. Denying the charge and claiming that he had been impersonated in correspondence and interviews with the complainant by a person named Wilfred Murray, he made himself an exile from England, and the subject of a mystery that his death has not cleared.

Hutchings, Samuel, missionary, born in New York city, Sept. 15, 1806; died in Orange, N. J., Sept. 1, 1895. He was graduated at Williams College in 1818, and at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1881; first engaged in missionary work in Overland, Ohio, and in 1833 went to Ceylon, where he spent ten years in revision of the Tamil Bible and the compilation of a Tamil-English dictionary. Feeble health caused his return to the United States. He contributed nearly 1,000 articles to the American edition of "Chambers's Encyclopædia," and a large number of biographical sketches to the "Encyclopædia of Missions."

Jackson, Howell Edmunds, jurist, born in Paris, Tenn., April 8, 1832; died in West Meade, Tenn., Aug. 8, 1895. He was graduated at West Tennessee College in 1848; spent two years at the University of Virginia; was graduated at Lebanon Law School in 1856; and began practice in Jackson, but removed to Memphis in 1859. During the civil war he held a civil appointment under the Confederate Government. Twice he served by appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee. In 1876 he returned to Jackson; in 1880 was elected to the Legislature; in 1881 was elected to the United States Senate; in 1887 was appointed United States circuit judge for the 6th Judicial District, and in February, 1893, an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court.

Jordan, Thomas, military officer, born in Luray, Va., Sept. 30, 1819; died in New York city, Nov. 27, 1895. He was graduated at West Point in 1840; first served in the Seminole Indian war in Florida as 2d lieutenant, 3d Infantry; was promoted 1st lieutenant, June 18, 1846; served through the Mexican War, distinguishing himself at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma; was promoted captain and quartermaster on Gen. Taylor's staff March 3, 1847; and after the war served again in Florida and in the Northwest. In 1850-'56 he was stationed at Fort Miller, Cal., and in 1856-'60 at Fort Dallas, Ore. While on the Pacific coast he introduced steam navigation on Columbia river above the Dalles, and also the first successful system of irrigation of arid plains. In May, 1861, he resigned his commission in the United States army, and soon afterward entered the Confederate service with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He accompanied Gen. Beauregard to Tennessee as chief of staff; took part in the battle of Shiloh, for which he was promoted brigadier general; was on temporary staff duty with Gen. Bragg, and during the siege of Charleston was with Gen. Beauregard. In 1869 he was commissioned chief of the general staff of the Cuban insurgent army; in May he landed at Mayan with 300 men and a large quantity of arms and supplies, and marched into the interior; in December was appointed commander in chief of the revolutionists; and in January, 1870, fought a successful battle at Guaimaro. In the following month he resigned because of the exhaustion of his supplies and the hopelessness of reorganizing an effective force. He returned to New York city and became editor of "The Financial and Mining Record." He published, with J. B. Pryor, "Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. Forrest" (New York, 1868).

Jordan, Thomas Jefferson, military officer, born in Walnut Hill, Dauphin County, Pa., Dec. 3, 1821; died in Philadelphia, Pa., April 2, 1895. He was educated at Mount Joy, Pa., and at Dickinson College, and entered the National army as an aid on the staff of Gen. W. H. Keim, April 13, 1861. On Oct. 22 following he was commissioned major of the 9th Pennsylvania