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MAGAZINE OF ART.

WILLIAM III. ENTERING EXETER.

WHEN James II. had disgusted every one in England, even the Tory party, by his undisguised tyranny, and his attempts to force Roman Catholicism upon the English people as the established religion of the state, and when Monmouth's failure had convinced all the malcontents that there was little to be expected from an insurrection of peasants and of country gentlemen, the Whig party began to look abroad for help and deliverance. There was a great struggle going on at this time on the continent of Europe. Louis XIV. was threatening to overwhelm all the smaller states, urged on by the double motive of extending French power and influence, and extinguishing Protestantism and freedom of thought. For this latter reason his enmity was especially directed against Holland, which was now the stronghold of the reformed doctrines, and was powerful from its great wealth and maritime resources; and for this reason, also, he was encouraging and supporting with all his might the arbitrary proceedings of James in England. Everything, in truth, at that time wore a threatening aspect. Never were the liberties of England in so great danger. A few more steps in advance, and the English parliament would become a thing of memory and tradition, and the will of the sovereign the only law of the state. The suspicions of imposture in the reported birth of a prince had destroyed all the hopes of an heir to the throne who might reverse his father's policy. In this great crisis the eyes of all the friends of freedom were turned to William, Prince of Orange and Nassau.

"He was now," says Macaulay in his eloquent description of him, "in his thirty-seventh year. But both in body and in mind he was older than other men of the same age. Indeed, it might be said that he had never been young. His external appearance is almost as well known to us as to his own captains and counsellors. Sculptors, painters, and medallists, exerted their utmost skill in the work of transmitting his features to posterity, and his features were such as no artist could fail to seize, and such as once seen could never be forgotten. His name at once calls up before us a slender and feeble frame, a lofty and ample forehead, a nose curved like the beak of an eagle, an eye rivalling that of an eagle in brightness and keenness, a thoughtful, and somewhat sullen brow, a firm and somewhat peevish mouth, a cheek pale, thin, and deeply furrowed by sickness and by care. That pensive, severe, and solemn aspect could scarcely have belonged to a happy or good-humoured man; but it indicates in a manner not to be mistaken, capacity equal to the most arduous enterprises, and fortitude not to be shaken by reverses or dangers.

"The first movements of his ambition were most carefully watched every unguarded word uttered by him was noted down; nor had he near him any adviser on whose judgment reliance could be placed. He was scarcely fifteen years old when all the domestics who were attached to his interest, or who enjoyed any share of his confidence, were removed from under his roof by the jealous government. He remonstrated with energy beyond his years, but in vain. Vigilant observers saw the tears more than once rise in the eyes of the young state prisoner. health, naturally delicate, sank for a time under the emotions which his desolate situation had produced. Such situations bewilder and unnerve the weak, but call forth all the strength of the strong. Surrounded by snares in which VOL. I.-No. III.

His

an ordinary youth would have perished, William learned to tread at once warily and firmly. Long before he reached manhood he knew how to keep secrets, how to baffle curiosity by dry and guarded answers, how to conceal all passions under the same show of grave tranquillity. Meanwhile he made little proficiency in fashionable or literary accomplishments. The manners of the Dutch nobility of that age wanted the grace which was found in the highest perfection among the gentlemen of France, and which, in an inferior degree, embellished the Court of England; and his manners were altogether Dutch. Even his countrymen thought him blunt. To foreigners he often seemed churlish. In his intercourse with the world in general he appeared ignorant or negligent of those arts which double the value of a favour and take away the sting of a refusal. He was little interested in letters or science. The discoveries of Newton and Leibnitz, the poems of Dryden and Boileau, were unknown to him. Dramatic performances tired him; and he was glad to turn away from the stage and to talk about public affairs, while Orestes was raving, or while Tartuffe was pressing Elvira's hand. He had indeed some talent for sarcasm, and not seldom employed, quite unconsciously, a natural rhetoric, quaint, indeed, but vigorous and original. He did not, however, in the least affect the character of a wit or of an orator. His attention had been confined to those studies which form strenuous and sagacious men of business. From a child he listened with interest when high questions of alliance, finance, and war were discussed. Of geometry he learned as much as was necessary for the construction of a ravelin or a hornwork. Of languages, by the help of a memory singularly powerful, he learned as much as was necessary to enable him to comprehend and answer without assistance everything that was said to him, and every letter which he received. The Dutch was his own tongue. He understood Latin, Italian, and Spanish. He spoke and wrote French, English and German, inelegantly, it is true, and inexactly, but fluently and intelligibly. No qualification could be more important to a man whose life was to be passed in organising great alliances and in commanding armies assembled from different and varied countries."

He had been born in troublous times, with great expectations, and many enemies. The common people loved his house, but the republican oligarchy hated it. Fatherless and motherless from his earliest childhood, the nobles surrounded him with spies. He became reserved and suspicious, and prematurely old, and from constant practice in the art of selfcontrol became perfect master of his passions. When he grew up to man's estate, the humbling of France became the darling passion of his life. For this he toiled in sickness and anxiety; for this he risked his life in the thickest of fiercest battles; for this he wore down by military fatigues a constitution naturally feeble; and for this he was ready to undertake any enterprise, however desperate it might seem, but only after weighing it well, and taking counsel of himself. Therefore, when proposals were made to him by the Whigs for the invasion of England, in 1686, they were coldly received, and for the time disregarded. He perceived that matters had not yet reached extremities in England, that the church had not yet received enough wrongs and insults to induce her to give up her favourite doctrine of non-resistance, and that the Tory gentry had not yet lost all faith in the

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Stuarts.. But when these proposals were repeated in 1687, he began to take them into serious consideration, and to make preparations for acting upon them. Arms were bought secretly in various parts of Germany, ostensibly for the King of Sweden and some of the German Princes. But the French ambassador took the alarm, and transmitted reports of all he had heard and seen to his master, who duly made them known to James. The steps which this unfortunate monarch took in consequence only made matters worse. He determined to recruit the army with Irish, and the army, as well as all the English people generally, hated the Irish as cordially as the people of South Carolina now hate negroes. Many of the officers threw up their commissions and refused any longer to serve; the whole kingdom was in a blaze. James was in great perplexity, but could not for a long time persuade himself that the Prince of Orange entertained any design against England. The King of France offered him assistance to the extent of forty thousand men, whom he volunteered to land at Portsmouth, but he feared, and with reason, that once in England, it would not be easy to get rid of them.

At last the great Whig leaders signed an address to the Prince of Orange, formally inviting him to make a descent upon England, and pledging themselves to support him. William had now a fleet of fifty sail, most of them third or fourth rates, and commanded by Dutch officers, then the most skilful seamen in the world. There was also a fleet of transports, hired for carrying over the army, consisting of five hundred vessels. There were four thousand horses and dragoons in pay; horses for artillery, baggage, and volunteers, numbered seven thousand, and there were arms for twenty thousand men.

Then came the prince's declaration, justifying the step he was about to take-the invasion of his father-in-law's kingdom. It set forth at great length all the violations of the laws of England of which James had been guilty, and then all the remedies which had been vainly tried. Petitioning had been made a crime; endeavours had been made to pack the parliament; the writs were addressed to officers not legally qualified to carry them into effect; and the supposititious birth of an heir had been palmed off upon the nation. Seeing, therefore, no other way of remedying these great and crying evils, William declared that he felt himself bound, for his wife's sake, to accept the invitation of divers men of all ranks in England, and in particular of many of the lords spiritual and temporal, to govern England, and see that a parliament was lawfully chosen, and might deliberate freely, with which he pledged himself to concur in all things that might tend to the peace and happiness of the nation; he promised that he would preserve the church and the established religion, grant liberty of conscience to all, and would refer the question of the Queen's delivery to parliament. In addition to this, he published a proclamation, calling upon the soldiers and sailors to join him in defence of their religion and liberties.

Now came a variety of advices from England. Many thought that he ought to bring a large fleet, but that the army should not exceed six or seven thousand men, as the expedition would not then be so likely to offend the people's prejudices by having the appearance of an invasion; and they thought he should land somewhere in the north, below Hull or in Burlington-bay, as Yorkshire abounded in horses, and the gentry were devoted to the cause, the country plentiful, and the roads good until within fifty miles of London. But all this was lost on William. He would not trust himself in such an enterprise with an army which could not give battle to the king's troops, even if they all remained faithful; and the naval officers said that it would be madness to attempt a landing on the north coast in wintry weather. The English Channel was therefore determined upon. The StatesGeneral of Holland voted William a loan of four millions of guilders.

In the beginning of October, the troops were embarked, and on the nineteenth the Prince himself went on board, and they all set sail. But the next day the wind settled in the north

west, and a great storm arose, and for two days the fleet had to contend against its fury, but on the third was forced to put back into port completely baffled, and many of the vessels so shattered that they sank in the harbour. In the interval which was occupied in refitting, prayers for the success of the expedition were offered up in all the churches, at which the Princess Mary assisted with great devotion.

When James heard of all this, he could no longer conceal his fears. He sent for the bishops, and implored their advice. They recommended him to abandon his arbitrary proceedings against the church and the universities; and when they were required to prepare a prayer for the present occasion, it was so worded that those who wished well to the Prince of Orange might join in it; and many of the clergy prayed openly for an east wind, calling it "the Protestant wind." And, doubtless, not trusting much in the efficacy of the bishops' supplications, all the forces in Scotland were ordered into England, and many regiments also were brought over from Ireland. The writs for a parliament were made ready, the charters which had been taken away from the various corporations were ordered to be restored again, and directions were given to the Bishop of Winchester to put the president of Magdalen College again in possession. The wind changed, the Prince's fleet was blown back, and then the orders were revoked; thus showing the hypocrisy of the court.

In the meantime the Dutch fleet lay at Helvoet Sluys, as for three weeks it continued to blow a violent gale, which on the twenty-sixth of October reached such a pitch, that many gave the whole design up for lost. The Prince, however, maintained his usual calmness and tranquillity. On the twentyeighth the wind moderated, and on the first of November the expedition again sailed with the evening tide. On the fourth, after many delays, it arrived off Torbay, and at noon on that day Lord E. Russell came on board with a pilot. In four hours after the Prince and Marshal Schomberg landed, to reconnoitre the country.

Bishop Burnet, who had accompanied the expedition, immediately on landing hastened to congratulate the prince. What followed may best be given in his own words: "As soon as I was landed, I made what haste I could to the place where the Prince was, who took me heartily by the hand, and asked if I did not now believe in predestination. I told him I would never forget the providence of God, which had appeared so signally on this occasion. He was cheerfuller than ordinary."

During the first few days, the troops that had been disembarked suffered greatly from want of shelter. The weather was wet; the baggage was still on board the ships; and the Prince himself had no better accommodation than could be afforded by a hut, from the top of which his banner waved. At last, the prospect cleared, and the horses and everything else were landed without difficulty.

On Tuesday, the 6th of November, William's army began to advance into the country. At Newton Abbot his declaration was solemnly read to the people, and during the two following days he took up his quarters at Ford, the seat of the ancient family of Courtenay. Exeter surrendered at the first summons, and on the 9th William made his entry in great pomp. Macaulay has described the scene which followed with all that brilliancy of colouring and picturesqueness of grouping which has given to many of his essays as well as to his history the charm of a romance. In his words we shall, therefore, depict the ceremonial.

"Such a sight had never been seen in Devonshire. Many went forth half a day's journey to meet the champion of their religion. All the neighbouring villages poured forth their inhabitants. A great crowd, consisting chiefly of young peasants, brandishing their weapons, had assembled on the top of Holdron Hill, whence the army marching from Chudleigh first descried the rich valley of the Esk, and the two massive towers rising from the cloud of smoke which overhung the capital of the west. The road all down the long descent, and through the plain to the banks of the river, was lined, mile after mile, with spectators. From the West-gate to the Cathedral-close, the pressing and shouting on each side were

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such as reminded Londoners of the crowds on the Lord Mayor's-day. The houses were gaily decorated; doors, windows, balconies, and roofs were thronged with gazers. An eye accustomed to the pomp of war would have found much to criticise in the spectacle. For several toilsome marches in the rain, through roads where one who travelled on foot sank, at every step, up to the ancles in clay, had not improved the appearance either of the men or of their accoutrements. But the people of Devonshire, altogether unused to the splendour of well-ordered camps, were overwhelmed with delight and awe. Descriptions of the martial pageant were circulated all over the kingdom. They contained much that was well fitted to gratify the vulgar appetite for the marvellous; for the Dutch army, composed of men who had been born in various climates, and had served under various standards, presented an aspect at once grotesque, gorgeous, and terrible to the islanders, who had in general a very indistinct notion of foreign conntries. First rode Macclesfield, at the head of two hundred gentlemen, mostly of English blood, glittering in helmets and cuirasses, and mounted on Flemish war-horses. Each was attended by a negro, brought from the sugar plantations on the coast of Guiana. The citizens of Exeter, who had never seen so many specimens of the African race, gazed with wonder on the black faces, set off by embroidered turbans and white feathers. Then with drawn broadswords came a squadron of Swedish horsemen in black armour and fur cloaks. They were regarded with strange interest; for it was rumoured that they were natives of a land where the ocean was frozen, and where the night lasted through half the year, and that they themselves had slain the huge bears whose skins they wore. Next, surrounded by a goodly company of gentlemen and pages, was borne aloft the prince's banner. On its broad folds, the crowds which covered the roofs and filled the windows read with delight that memorable inscription, The Protestant Religion and the Liberties of England.' But the acclamations redoubled when, attended by forty running footmen, the Prince himself appeared, armed on back and breast, wearing a white plume, and mounted on a white charger. With how martial an air he curbed his horse, how thoughtful and commanding was the expression of his ample forehead and falcon eye, may still be seen on the canvas of Kneller. Once those grave features relaxed into a smile. It was when an ancient woman, perhaps one of

THE MUSEUM THE ruins of the ancient palace of the Thermes (Therma), and the grounds, they covered, were purchased, about the year 1340, by Pierre de Chaslus, Abbé de Cluny, in the name of the order to which he belonged. More than a century afterwards, Jean de Bourbon, another Abbé de Cluny, and son of Jean I., Duc de Bourbon, laid the first foundations of the Hôtel de Cluny, on the site occupied by a part of the ancient Roman palace.

In every country, there are certain families which seem to be especially entrusted with the mission of developing the arts, and endowed with the requisite taste for doing so. Such was, in France, towards the latter part of the sixteenth century, the family of Pierre d' Amboise, Lord of Chaumont sur Loire, and Seneschal of Charles VII. Jacques d' Amboise, who was appointed Abbé de Cluny in 1481, but who did not really succeed Jean de Bourbon till September 1485, continued, in 1490, the works of the Hôtel de Cluny, which had been abandoned at the death of his predecessor, and in fifteen years he terminated "the construction from top to bottom, including exterior and interior ornamentation." It was with the 50,000 angels accruing from the property of those religious personages who had died in England in one year (the pastor was looked on as the heir of his flocks), that Jacques d' Amboise finished the Hôtel de Cluny: this sum, which would represent at present £25,000, enabled him to make use of all the elegant styles of decoration which were suggested to him by the best artists of various countries. The Hôtel de Cluny,

the zealous Puritans who, through twenty-eight years of persecution, had waited with firm faith for the consolation of Israel-perhaps the mother of some rebel who had perished in the carnage of Sedgemoor, or in the more fearful carnage of the Bloody Circuit-broke from the crowd, rushed through the drawn swords and curvetting horses, touched the hand of the deliverer, and cried out that now she was happy."

There are few Americans who are not acquainted with the events of the year following this triumphal entry, the precipitate flight of the last of the Stuarts, the battles of the Boyne, and of Aughrim, the sieges of Derry and Limerick, and the final overthrow of all the hopes of the dethroned monarch, the final settlement of the rights of the subject and the duties of the crown by the Bill of Rights, and the establishment of the Protestant religion in England beyond all doubt or dispute. These events have hardly yet become matters of history. In our own age blood has flowed in the old quarrel of the Revolution. Orange is still a colour which rouses one portion of the British people to fury, as red is considered offensive by a bull. The memory of the outlawed remnants of James's army is still held in reverence by the Irish peasant, who listens with bated breath to fireside stories of the exploits of the "Tories" and "Rapparees." To this day, when the Protestant farmers meet at fairs, and assemble in the public houses to be merry, if one rises to propose the traditional toast of the "Glorious, pious, and immortal memory of the great and good King William," he cautiously inquires, "Whether there is a hole in the house?" The playing of a tune celebrating William's triumphs is still sufficient to rouse a village into madness. It is not much more than one hundred years ago since the last of the royal house of Stuart made a final effort to recover the throne of his ancestors; and not more than eighty years since, in remote parts of England, old men might be found who passed their glasses across the water-jug before drinking the king's health.

But all this is now vanishing before the march of education; the extinction of the race of the Stuarts, has caused the extinction of jacobitism,-and the growth of knowledge and of Christian charity is causing the "Boyne Water" to fall harmless on "Croppy" ears. In a few years more there will not be a man in the United Kingdom who will see in the Revolution of 1688 aught else than the triumph of civil and religious liberty. Is there a Roman Catholic in the room?

OF CLUNY.

the only municipal monument of the middle ages which now exists in Paris, presents a beautiful type of that intermediate period in which the traditions of the Italian Renaissance were confounded, in a few rare chefs-d'œuvre, with the traditions of the pointed style of architecture. This fine edifice has preserved the slender arisses of its turrets and chapel intact, as well as the chased mouldings of the open-worked gallery and of the sculptured dormers which surmount its principal façade. As it remained the inalienable property of the Abbés de Cluny up to the Revolution, it has received within its walls the most distinguished guests, from the widow of Louis XII., Mary, sister of Henry VIII. of England, and from James, King of Scotland, to the princes and cardinals of the house of Lorraine, and the nuncio of the Pope, in 1601.

Having become national property through the Revolution, the Hôtel de Cluny saw its chapel successively converted into a school of anatomy and a bookseller's warehouse, until Monsieur du Sommerard borrowed the use of it, in 1832, for the reception of a collection of furniture, utensils, arms, and of all kinds of objects of art of the middle ages. This was the future museum of the national antiquities of France.

And now. this museum, which at present comprises ten chambers, including the chapel, contains paintings, sculptures of every kind ivory, bronze, wood, and marble- - manuscripts, tapestry, glass windows, glass wares, enamelled articles, crockery-ware, stones, jewellery, arms, ironmongery, rich

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