Churches; and it would seem strange that a blessing is given to those who hear and understand and keep the sayings of this book; and, above all, that if any man shall add to it he shall suffer its plagues, and if any man shall take from it he shall lose his place in the book of life. No, Dr. Davidson, there is something too real, too substantial here to be ranked with poetic imagery. And as you by your own confession do not understand the book, it is not worth while to point out the mistakes into which you have fallen with regard to the interpretations of Birks and Elliott, and others who think that they do understand the Apocalypse.

The Church-yard Manual, intended chiefly for Rural Districts. By W. HASTINGS KELKE, A.B., Rector of Drayton Beauchamp; with Designs for Church-yard Memorials, kindly furnished by G. G. Scott, Esq. and W. Slater, Esq., Architects. London: Cox. 1851. THE author of this gracefully got up little volume modestly disclaims for it all pretension to literary merit, putting it forth as a practical manual for the use of clergymen, churchwardens, and those who are interested in sepulchral memorials. About one-half of the book is devoted to the "Sacredness," the "Care," and the "Claims" of Church-yards, to "Church-yard Memorials," and "Inscriptions." The other half comprises a collection of some five hundred epitaphs, many of them original and all well selected. There is a Christian and graceful spirit displayed in the treatment of the subject; and the illustrations, delicately and effectively engraved, vastly enhance the value of the work.

Shall we Spend 100,000l. on a Winter Garden for London; or on Endowing Schools of Design in Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Belfast, Glasgow, Leeds? A Letter to the Right Hon. the President of the Board of Trade. By FRANCIS FULLER, Member of the Executive Committee of the Great Exhibition, Chairman of the Council of the Society of Arts for 1849-50. London: Ollivier. 1851.

THE question propounded in this title, sufficiently explicit as to the aim and tendency of the pamphlet, has already, we believe and hope, been practically answered. The fate of the Crystal Palace is all but sealed, and the pledge will be redeemed as it ought to be. The only marvel with us is that there was ever any hesitation on the subject. For the rest, there is a manly, straightforward, and sensible exposition of subject, and must produce conviction on every candid and unprejudiced mind. We commend it to the perusal of all who have any doubts on the matter.

The New Testament Expounded and Illustrated, according to the usual Marginal References, in the very Words of Holy Scripture; together with the Notes and Translations, and a complete Marginal Harmony of the Gospels. Part II. Epistles and Revelations. By CLEMENT MOODY, M.A. Longmans. 1851.

WE return thanks to Mr. Moody, in the name of the working clergy, for this completion of his valuable work. Few but those who have but little time to spare, and yet continually require to search the Scriptures diligently, can sufficiently estimate the importance of a work like this, which brings all the passages which bear upon any text under the eye at one view. Most persons have only one point to determine at one time, and many of the references may not bear on that one point and yet may bear upon the text in other points of view. When all the references are presented in one page we select at once those which we need, and the work proceeds rapidly and pleasantly; but, if we have to turn up every separate reference, we soon find so many to be irrelevant to the point in hand that we grow weary with ample time at command, and very few have the time to waste in such a manner.

All sound divines--such as Wake, and Horsley, and Burgesshave pressed upon their clergy the great importance of incessant consultation of the marginal references in order to elucidate Scripture by Scripture, and to counteract the narrow sectarian bias which is sure to grow up in a man who limits himself to a portion of Scripture, and dwells exclusively on a few favorite texts. It is probable that the greater number of young clergymen resolve on such a course; but the all-absorbing cares of a parish, combined with the laborious nature of the task, generally render their good resolutions vain, if not physically impossible. With Mr. Moody's work in their hands, however, they would be without excuse; for the labour is no more than reading the foot-notes of an ordinary Bible.

And we may add that it is comprised in a very moderate compass: for, though the print is sufficiently clear, it makes but two thin parts, or one quarto volume of ordinary thickness.

The Magazine for the Young. London: Mozley.

THIS publication, like the one last noticed, does not fall off, but rather increases, in interest; and the latter numbers will be made especially acceptable to our juvenile friends by a series of letters on the Great Exhibition.

Pre-Raphaelitism. By the Author of Modern Painters. London: Smith, Elder, and Co. 1851.

IF, in our repeated notices of the works of Mr. Ruskin, we have succeeded in interesting our readers in his labours, they will thank us for drawing their attention to a pamphlet marked by the originality and vigour of thought which characterize all his productions. We have not space, if even we had the ability, to enter critically into the artistical question involved; but we cannot withhold our tribute of admiration from the chivalric courage with which Mr. Ruskin has stepped forward in defence of three young artists whom all the world of art has almost unanimously condemned, and who, whatever may be the faults of their style and we are not prepared to extenuate them-have certainly succeeded in one particular at least-namely, in producing daguerreotypes of nature. But, listen to the eloquent pleading of their gifted advocate, who, from having been cried down on the publication of the first edition of "Modern Painters" (now passing into a fifth), has established himself as a quoted authority on matters of art:

"That two youths, of the respective ages of eighteen and twenty, should have conceived for themselves a totally independent and sincere method of study, and enthusiastically persevered in it against every kind of dissuasion and opposition, is strange enough; that in the third or fourth year of their efforts they should have produced works in many parts not inferior to the best of Albert Durer-this is perhaps not less strange. But the loudness and universality of the howl which the common critics of the press have raised against them—the utter absence of all generous help or encouragement from those who can both measure their toil and appreciate their success-and the shrill, shallow, laughter of those who can do neither the one nor the other-these are strangest of all-unimaginable unless they have been experienced.

"And as if these were not enough, private malice is at work against them, in its own small, slimy, way. The very day after I had written my second letter to the Times in the defence of the Pre-Raphaelites, I received an anonymous letter respecting one of them from some person apparently hardly capable of spelling, and about as vile a specimen of petty malignity as ever blotted paper. I think it well that the public should know this, and so get some insight into the sources of the spirit which is at work against these men-how first roused it is difficult to say; for one would hardly have thought that mere eccentricity in young artists could have excited an hostility so determined and so cruel-hostility which hesitated at no assertion, however impudent. That of the absence of perspective' was one of the most curious pieces of the hue and cry which began with the Times, and died away in feeble maundering in the Art Union. I contradicted it in the Times-I here contradict it directly for the second time. There was not a single error in perspective in three out of the four pictures in question. But, if otherwise, would it have been any

VOL. XXX.-I I

thing remarkable in them? I doubt, if, with the exception of the pictures of David Roberts, there were one architectural drawing in perspective on the walls of the Academy. I never met with but two men in my life who knew enough of perspective to draw a Gothic arch in a retiring plane, so that its lateral dimensions and curvatures might be calculated to scale from the drawing. Our architects certainly do not; and it was but the other day that, talking to one of the most distinguished among them, the author of several most valuable works, I found he actually did not know how to draw a circle in perspective. And in this state of general science our writers for the press take it upon them to tell us that the forest-trees in Mr. Hunt's Sylvia, and the bunches of lillies in Mr. Collin's Convent Thoughts, are out of perspective!"

But the pamphlet has a philosophical as well as an artistical bearing; and there is so much of truth in the following passage, as well as much that is suggestive, that we need plead no apology for the quotation :—

"The first thing then that he has to do, if unhappily his parents or masters have not done it for him, is to find out what he is fit for; in which inquiry a man may be very safely guided by his likings, if he be not also guided by his pride. People usually reason in some such fashion as this: I don't seem quite fit for a head-manager in the firm of and Co.: therefore, in all probability, I am fit to be Chancellor of the Exchequer.' Whereas, they ought rather to reason thus:-'I don't seem quite fit to be head-manager in the firm of and Co., but I dare say I might do something in a small greengrocery business. I used to be a good judge of pease'-that is to say, always trying lower instead of trying higher until they find bottom : once well set on the ground, a man may build up, by degrees, safely, instead of disturbing every one in his neighbourhood by perpetual catastrophes. But this kind of humility is rendered especially difficult in these days by the contumely thrown on men in humble employments. The very removal of the massy bars which once separated one class of society from another has rendered it tenfold more shameful in foolish people's, i. e. in most people's eyes, to remain in the lower grades of it than ever it was before. When a man born of an artisan was looked upon as an entirely different species of animal from a man born of a noble, it made him no more uncomfortable or ashamed to remain that different species of animal than it makes a horse ashamed to remain a horse, and not to become a giraffe."

The author recurs in this pamphlet to his first and favourite subject the genius of Turner-to the discussion of whose merits many pages of it are devoted; and they will be read with interest as tracing the progress of that distinguished artist to his present pinnacle of fame.

Many, doubtless, will be at issue with the author on some points involved in this as well as in his other treatises on art; but no impartial mind can deny them the merit of honesty and earnestness of purpose, and of patient and laborious study of his

subject. This pamphlet has attraction for the general as well as the artistic reader. It has already created a sensation in the world of art.

Jewish School and Family Bible. The First Part, containing the Pentateuch, newly translated, under the Supervision of the Reverend the Chief Rabbi. By Dr. A. BENISCH. Darling. 1851. THE English authorised version forms the basis of this new translation, with only such deviations as were necessary to render the sense more literally in some places; or to give it the Jewish rather than the Christian colouring where the original may be understood in more senses than one. We think that it is very useful to the critical student to know in what way the Jews understand the Hebrew Scriptures: it often serves to elucidate doubtful passages; and, in the present translation, it is scrupu lously endeavoured in all instances to render the same Hebrew word by the same English word-an exactness which our translators expressly disclaim-but which we think a decided advantage, as the literal meaning is certainly the first thing to think of. Where the literal is departed from in the text, it is given in a foot-note.

A Brief Sketch of the Establishment of the Anglican Church in India. By MAJOR-GENERAL PARLBY, C.B. London: Skeffington and Southwell.

1851.

FOR the orthodoxy of this unpretending, but valuable little book the permitted dedication to the Master of the Temple is a sufficient warrant; and the manner in which the gallant author has treated the subject does high honour to the clearness of his views; while it exhibits an amount of information only to be acquired under the favourable circumstances in which the General was professionally placed. Nor does the author travel out of his way into the intricate, and often devious, paths of polemical discussion. "It would be presumption (he modestly states in his preface) to venture on any discussion of the peculiar tenets of the Anglo-Episcopal Church, or to touch on those new doctrinal and theological questions which, to be properly handled, must be undertaken by those who, from their sacred calling, and from the studies incidental to their profession, are fitly qualified to argue and explain them." It is interesting to trace, under the guidance of this little book, the progress made by religion in India, and to mark from what small beginnings and under what unpropitious circumstances the Church in India has attained to its present importance; and it is impossible not to recognise the power of God overruling all things to His own glory and to the advancement of